1. Introduction CD3MWCuN (UNS J93380, ASTM A890/A995 Grade 6A) is a high-performance super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) developed in the mid-1980s, specifically engineered to address the corrosion challenges of extreme

1. Introduction CD4MCu (commonly supplied to cast-steel specifications such as ASTM A890 Grade 1A for duplex castings with UNS number J93370) is a purpose-engineered duplex stainless casting that combines high

ASTM A744 CN7M is a cast, high-nickel, molybdenum- and copper-bearing austenitic stainless alloy engineered for aggressive chemical service—notably sulfuric and other reducing acids, chloride-bearing process streams and mixed acid duties.

1. Introduction ASTM A36 is the standard specification for a low-carbon structural steel widely used for plates, shapes, bars and welded components in building and general structural applications. It is

1. Introduction Polypropylene (PP) is a semicrystalline thermoplastic polyolefin notable for low density, broad chemical resistance, and cost-effective processing. It exists as isotactic homopolymer and as several copolymer families; additives

In advanced industrial systems—gas turbines, reheating furnaces, chemical reactors and aerospace hardware—materials are routinely expected to survive extreme thermal and chemical environments while retaining strength, dimensional stability and resistance to

1. Introduction Polyethylene (PE) is a polymer produced by polymerisation of the monomer ethylene (CH₂=CH₂). First commercialised in the 1930s, PE is now available in multiple engineered forms whose properties

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) occupies a unique position among polymers: a semicrystalline, aromatic thermoplastic engineered for sustained performance in environments that defeat commodity plastics and frequently substitute for metals. Its combination of

1. Introduction Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a fully fluorinated, semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer best known for an exceptionally low coefficient of friction, outstanding chemical inertness, a wide service temperature window, and excellent

Producing high-quality aluminum extrusion feedstock and castings demands integrated control of alloy chemistry, melt cleanliness, thermal history and solidification behaviour. Small amounts of impurities, inappropriate melting or degassing practice, or

Nylon material (polyamide) is one of the most widely used families of engineering polymers. Since its commercial introduction in the 1930s as a textile fiber, nylon chemistry and processing have

1. Introduction Polyoxymethylene (POM), commonly called acetal or by trade names such as Delrin®, is a semi-crystalline engineering thermoplastic prized for its combination of high stiffness, excellent wear and fatigue