1. Введение
1.4122, commonly referenced by its European designation X39CrMo17-1, is a martensitic chromium stainless steel designed to deliver a blend of твердость, wear resistance and reasonable corrosion performance.
It occupies a practical middle ground between tool steels and corrosion-resistant stainless grades: hardenable by heat treatment to high strengths and abrasion resistance, yet offering better resistance to corrosion than many carbon steels.
2. Что такое 1.4122 Нержавеющая сталь
1.4122 (также называется X39CrMo17-1) является а martensitic chromium нержавеющая сталь — a hardenable, magnetic stainless grade designed to deliver a balance of high hardness/wear resistance и Умеренная коррозионная стойкость.
Engineers choose 1.4122 for components that require sharp edges and durable cutting surfaces (Столовые приборы), precision shafts and spindles, wear parts and certain valve or pump components where moderate corrosion resistance is adequate.
It is distinct from austenitic stainless steels (НАПРИМЕР., 304) that are non-magnetic and highly corrosion-resistant, and from ferritic grades that are not hardenable by quenching;
1.4122’s defining characteristic is its martensitic microstructure after quenching, which produces high hardness and strength.
3. Химический состав 1.4122 Нержавеющая сталь
Below is a clean, professional table showing the chemical composition ranges for 1.4122 (X39CrMo17-1) stainless steel together with a concise, engineering-focused description of the role each element plays in this alloy.
| Элемент | Диапазон (wt%) | Primary role(с) — concise |
| В (Углерод) | 0.33–0.45 | Main hardening agent — increases martensite hardness and wear resistance; reduces toughness and weldability at high levels. |
| Герметичный (Хром) | 16.5–17.5 | Provides corrosion passivity and contributes to hardenability and carbide formation. |
| МО (Молибден) | 0.80–1.30 | Improves hardenability, strength and resistance to localized corrosion. |
| В (Никель) | ≤1.00 | Minor toughness aid; kept low to retain martensitic response. |
| Мнжен (Марганец) | ≤1.50 | Deoxidizer and mild hardenability aid. |
И (Кремний) |
≤1.00 | Deoxidizer and modest solid-solution strengthener. |
| П (Фосфор) | ≤0.04 | Impurity — kept low to avoid embrittlement and fatigue loss. |
| С (Сера) | ≤0.015 | Minimized (not a free-machining grade) because it lowers toughness and fatigue performance. |
| Фей (Железо) | Баланс | Matrix element — forms the martensitic steel base. |
| Trace elements (Из, V., Cu, Не, и т. д.) | обычно <0.05–0.20 | Small micro-alloying effects or tramp elements; can refine grain or slightly modify properties when present. |
4. Механические свойства 1.4122 Нержавеющая сталь
Mechanical properties vary with heat treatment state. Below are representative ranges used for design guidance.
| Состояние / treatment | Твердость (HRC) | Предел прочности (Утюр, МПА) | 0.2% Proof / Урожай (МПА) | Удлинение (А, %) | Чарпи V-Notch (примерно, Дж) |
| Мягкий / нормализован (доставка) | ~20–30 HRC | ~500–700 MPa | ~300–450 MPa | 10–18 % | 30–60 J |
| Утомил & tempered → ~40 HRC (typical engineering temper) | ≈38–42 HRC | ~800–950 MPa | ~600–800 MPa | 8–12 % | 15–30 J. |
| Утомил & tempered → ~48–52 HRC (Высокая твердость) | ≈48–52 HRC | ~1,000–1,300 MPa | ~800–1,100 MPa | 3–8 % | 5–20 J. |
| Maximum hardening (около 55+ HRC) | >55 HRC | >1,300 МПА | высокий (approaching UTS) | низкий (<3 %)* | низкий (<10 Дж) |
5. Magnetic and Physical Properties of 1.4122 Нержавеющая сталь
Understanding the magnetic and physical properties of 1.4122 stainless steel is critical for design engineers, particularly when specifying components for precision machinery, инструмент, or applications where thermal expansion and conductivity matter.
| Свойство | Типичное значение | Инженерные последствия |
| Плотность | 7.75–7.80 g/cm³ | Weight calculations, dynamic load, Дизайн компонента |
| Теплопроводность | 19–24 Вт/м · к | Heat dissipation, machining and thermal distortion |
| Коэффициент термического расширения | 10–11 ×10⁻⁶ /K | Dimensional stability under thermal cycles |
| Удельное тепло | ~ 460 J/кг · к | Thermal management during processing |
| Магнитное поведение | Ферромагнитный | Consider in sensor proximity, electronic interference, magnetic assembly |
6. Коррозионная стойкость
1.4122 stainless steel provides Умеренная коррозионная стойкость, superior to plain carbon steels but inferior to austenitic stainless steels.
Environments where it performs acceptably
- Fresh water and mildly oxidizing industrial atmospheres
- Organic acids and mild chemical environments, when polished or passivated
Ограничения
- Not recommended for Обогащенные хлоридом среды (морская вода, рассол) where pitting and crevice corrosion become significant.
- Localized corrosion resistance decreases with increasing hardness and tempering that expose microstructural heterogeneities.
Surface finishing and passivation
- Полировка to a fine finish and химическая пассивация (НАПРИМЕР., nitric acid treatment) improve corrosion performance by strengthening the passive film.
- Покрытия (краски, покрытие) or cathodic protection are common for long service life in marginal environments.
7. Heat Treatment and Hardening
Термическая обработка tailoring is central to using 1.4122 эффективно.
Typical hardening schedule
- Austenitizing: heat to roughly 980–1020 °C (typical range for martensitic stainless steels; exact temperature depends on section size and furnace control) to form austenite.
- Гашение: rapid cooling in oil or polymer quench to transform to martensite. Water quenching may be used but increases risk of distortion and cracking.
- Отпуск: reheat to 150–600 ° C. depending on required final hardness/toughness balance.
Lower temper temperatures yield higher hardness and lower toughness; higher temp yields lower hardness but better ductility and impact resistance.
Hardening response
- Carbide-forming elements (Герметичный, МО) and carbon content drive hardenability. 1.4122 exhibits good response allowing designers to select temper cycles for specific mechanical targets.
Эффекты
- Strength increases dramatically after quench and temper.
- Стойкость can be restored partially by tempering; there is a well-known tradeoff between hardness and toughness.
- Механизм generally worsens after hardening; most machining is done in annealed or partially tempered conditions.
8. Machinability and Fabrication
Механизм
- Medium in annealed condition. In soft condition, 1.4122 machines comparable to other martensitic grades with appropriate tooling and cutting speeds.
Use sharp high-speed tooling, adequate coolant and conservative feeds when machining hardened portions. - Poor when hardened. Твердость >45 HRC substantially increases tool wear; grinding and carbide tooling are typical.
Сварка
- Ограничен. High carbon and martensitic structure make the steel susceptible to hydrogen-induced cold cracking. Welding generally requires:
-
- Разогреть (НАПРИМЕР., 150–250 °C depending on thickness)
- Low hydrogen electrodes
- Post-weld tempering or PWHT to relieve residual stresses and soften the HAZ
- For critical parts, welding is avoided or performed with post-weld heat treatment.
Формирование
- Холодный формирование: limited in hardened state; better to form in annealed condition and then harden.
- Горячая форма: may be used within controlled windows but requires subsequent heat treatment to restore designed properties.
9. Преимущества и ограничения
Преимущества 1.4122 Нержавеющая сталь
- Хорошая устойчивость: can be heat treated to a wide range of hardness and strength values.
- Balanced corrosion resistance: superior to carbon steels in many environments.
- Износостойкость: suitable for cutting edges, shafts and lightly loaded wear parts.
- Магнитный: useful where ferromagnetic behaviour is needed.
Ограничения 1.4122 Нержавеющая сталь
- Weldability limitations — requires preheat and PWHT for critical joins.
- Cold formability: poor in hardened state; must be formed in annealed condition.
- Corrosion limits: not recommended for seawater or high chloride environments without protective measures.
- Machining when hardened: high tool wear, special tooling required.
10. Промышленное применение 1.4122 Нержавеющая сталь
1.4122 is used where a combination of Высокая поверхностная твердость, износостойкость, и умеренная коррозионная стойкость требуются:
- Cutlery and surgical tools: ножи, scissors and razors benefit from the balance of hardness and stainless behaviour.
- Mechanical engineering: валы, шпинции, pins and small gears that require precision, edge retention and good wear lifetime.
- Pumps and valves: стебли, seats and components exposed to fresh water or buffered fluids.
- Tooling and molds: for polymer processing and light tooling duties where corrosion resistance is helpful compared with plain tool steels.
- Other niche uses: Гонки, small structural components, and certain fasteners where hardness and magnetic response are advantageous.
11. Comparison with Related Stainless Steels
1.4122 (X39CrMo17-1) является а martensitic chromium stainless steel with balanced hardness, коррозионная стойкость, and wear properties.
To guide material selection, it is helpful to compare it with other commonly used martensitic and chromium stainless steels, включая 1.4034 (X46Cr13) и 1.4112 (X90CrMoV18).
| Свойство / Сплав | 1.4122 (X39CrMo17-1) | 1.4034 (X46Cr13) | 1.4112 (X90CrMoV18) | Engineering Notes |
| Углерод (В) | 0.36–0.44% | 0.42–0.50% | 0.85–0.95% | Carbon controls hardness and wear resistance; higher C increases hardness but reduces ductility. |
| Хром (Герметичный) | 16–18% | 16–18% | 16–18% | Chromium provides corrosion resistance; all three are martensitic grades with moderate corrosion resistance. |
| Молибден (МО) | 0.8–1,2% | 0–0.2% | 0.8–1,2% | Mo improves pitting and general corrosion resistance, особенно в 1.4122 и 1.4112. |
| Ванадий (V.) | След | След | 0.1–0,3% | V increases hardness and wear resistance, используется в 1.4112 for high-wear tools. |
| Предел прочности (МПА) | 800–1100 (утомил & закален) | 700–1000 | 1000–1400 | 1.4112 is a high-carbon grade designed for maximum wear; 1.4122 balances strength and toughness. |
Твердость (HRC) |
50–55 | 48–52 | 56–60 | 1.4112 achieves higher hardness due to higher carbon; 1.4122 suitable for tooling and shafts. |
| Коррозионная стойкость | Умеренный | Умеренный | От умеренного до низкого уровня | 1.4122’s Mo addition improves resistance to mild oxidizing environments over 1.4034. |
| Механизм | Умеренный | Хороший | Бедный | Высокий углерод 1.4112 is more difficult to machine; 1.4122 balances machinability with hardness. |
| Типичные приложения | Столовые приборы, инструмент, насосные валы, клапаны | Столовые приборы, Хирургические инструменты, механические детали | High-wear tools, ножи, industrial blades | Selection depends on required hardness, коррозионная стойкость, and machining constraints. |
12. Заключение
1.4122 (X39CrMo17-1) is a practical martensitic stainless steel that provides a versatile combination of твердость, wear resistance and moderate corrosion resistance.
Its capability to be tailored through heat treatment makes it a go-to choice for cutlery, валы, valve parts and tooling applications where a compromise between stainless behaviour and high hardness is required.
Часто задаваемые вопросы
What is the typical hardness range achievable for 1.4122 нержавеющая сталь?
In delivery/softened condition about 27–33 HRC. After quench and temper the alloy can be adjusted typically to ~40–55 HRC depending on tempering temperature and section size.
Является 1.4122 stainless steel suitable for seawater service?
No — it has only moderate chloride resistance. For seawater or highly corrosive environments, select duplex or austenitic stainless steels with superior pitting resistance.
Can I weld 1.4122 Компоненты нержавеющей стали?
Welding is possible but challenging. Use preheat, low-hydrogen consumables and post-weld tempering to avoid cracking and restore toughness.
How does heat treatment affect toughness?
Tempering at higher temperatures improves toughness but reduces hardness. Select tempering temperature to achieve the required balance for fatigue and impact loads.
В зависимости от приложения, 1.4034 may be an economical substitute for lower performance needs; 1.4112 or other high-C martensitics may be used where extreme hardness is required but note differences in corrosion and toughness.
