Material

1. Executive Summary EN-GJS-400-15 is a widely used grade of ductile (spheroidal graphite) cast iron defined under the European EN […]

1. Introduction CD3MWCuN (UNS J93380, ASTM A890/A995 Grade 6A) is a high-performance super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) developed in the

1. Introduction CD4MCu (commonly supplied to cast-steel specifications such as ASTM A890 Grade 1A for duplex castings with UNS number

ASTM A744 CN7M is a cast, high-nickel, molybdenum- and copper-bearing austenitic stainless alloy engineered for aggressive chemical service—notably sulfuric and

1. Introduction ASTM A36 is the standard specification for a low-carbon structural steel widely used for plates, shapes, bars and

1. Introduction Polypropylene (PP) is a semicrystalline thermoplastic polyolefin notable for low density, broad chemical resistance, and cost-effective processing. It

In advanced industrial systems—gas turbines, reheating furnaces, chemical reactors and aerospace hardware—materials are routinely expected to survive extreme thermal and

1. Introduction Polyethylene (PE) is a polymer produced by polymerisation of the monomer ethylene (CH₂=CH₂). First commercialised in the 1930s,

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) occupies a unique position among polymers: a semicrystalline, aromatic thermoplastic engineered for sustained performance in environments that defeat

1. Introduction Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a fully fluorinated, semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer best known for an exceptionally low coefficient of friction,