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1. Introduction ASTM A36 is the standard specification for a low-carbon structural steel widely used for plates, shapes, bars and […]

1. Introduction Polypropylene (PP) is a semicrystalline thermoplastic polyolefin notable for low density, broad chemical resistance, and cost-effective processing. It

In advanced industrial systems—gas turbines, reheating furnaces, chemical reactors and aerospace hardware—materials are routinely expected to survive extreme thermal and

1. Introduction Polyethylene (PE) is a polymer produced by polymerisation of the monomer ethylene (CH₂=CH₂). First commercialised in the 1930s,

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) occupies a unique position among polymers: a semicrystalline, aromatic thermoplastic engineered for sustained performance in environments that defeat

1. Introduction Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a fully fluorinated, semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer best known for an exceptionally low coefficient of friction,

Producing high-quality aluminum extrusion feedstock and castings demands integrated control of alloy chemistry, melt cleanliness, thermal history and solidification behaviour.

Nylon material (polyamide) is one of the most widely used families of engineering polymers. Since its commercial introduction in the