Aluminm extrusion: Hana Hoʻolālā, Alloys, a me na noi noi

1. Hōʻikeʻike

ʻO ka extrusion alumini kahi kaʻina hana metala koʻikoʻi e hiki ai i ka hana ʻana o nā ʻaoʻao cross-sectional paʻakikī me ka pololei kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻopau maikaʻi loa..

ʻO kāna noi ākea mai nā paia pale kūkulu hale a me nā papa pukaaniani a hiki i nā mea hoʻolālā automotive., nā papa lewa, uila uila, a me nā mea kūʻai aku.

Hāʻawi kēiaʻatikala i kahi hohonu, ka ʻimi makaʻala nui o ka alumini extrusion, e uhi ana i na kumu kumu,

koho mea, Nā hana hana kiko'ī, hoʻolālā mea hana, ʻano mīkini a me ka ʻili, nā noi nui, Loaʻa a me nā palena, kūlā, a me ka mālama maikaʻi.

2. He aha ka Aluminum Extrusion?

Ma kānaʻano, extrusion he hoʻoheheʻe plastic Ke kaʻina hana.

He mamo nei aluminum kiole (he mea wela mua, ʻāpana cylindrical o ke alumini alumini) hookomoia iloko o ke keena, a hoʻohana ka hipa hydraulic i ka ikaika e pana i ka billet ma kahi puka make kino.

E like me ka metala e ʻomi ʻia ma lalo o ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe, e kahe ana a puni na lihi o ka make, e puka mai ana ma ka ʻaoʻao lōʻihi ma ke ʻano he moʻolelo hoʻomau nona ka ʻāpana keʻa e like me ka puka o ka make.

ʻO ka mea nui i kēia kaʻina hana ʻo ka alumini emi ka ikaika o ka hua me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana,

hiki iā ia ke hoʻololi maʻalahi i nā wela kiʻekiʻe (maʻamau 400-500 °C no nā alumini extrusion maʻamau).

Ke puka ka extrudate i ka make, paʻa i ka geometry pololei o ke ʻano make, me ka hoʻemi iki ʻana o ka ʻāpana keʻa ma muli o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe make a me ka emi ʻana o ka billet i ka wā hoʻomaha..

3. Nā mea a me nā huila

Hoʻohana mau ʻia nā Aluminum Alloys no ka Extrusion

ʻOiai ke alumini maʻemaʻe (1100) hiki ke extruded, ʻO ka hapa nui o nā noi hoʻolālā a me nā hana kiʻekiʻe e koi i nā māka alloyed.

'Ōlelo 6xxx series (Al-mg-si) hōʻike ʻia ma kahi o 70-75 % o na profile extruded a puni ka honua, ma muli o kona kaulike maikaʻi o ka ikaika, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, a me ka hoihoi.

ʻO nā moʻo koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe:

ʻO nā mea waiwai nui e pili ana i ka Extrudability

• Kahe Kahe a me ka Mahana Nani: ʻO ka ikaika e koi ʻia no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i kahi billet e pili ana i kona koʻikoʻi hua i ka wela extrusion.
  ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā huila me ke koʻikoʻi kahe haʻahaʻa i nā wela wela, akā hiki ke kaumaha i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe.
• ʻO ka hana paʻakikī a me ka pane hoʻopaʻa makahiki: Alloys e pane maikaʻi i ka ua (Age) hāwanaʻu (E.g., 6061, 6063)
  hiki ke extrusion-quenched a laila ʻelemakule (i ka T5 a i ʻole T6 wela) e hoʻokō i nā ikaika kiʻekiʻe.
• Mākaʻikaʻi: ʻO nā huila ikaika kiʻekiʻe (7000 Nā mo'ānō, 2000 Nā mo'ānō) ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka pohā wela ke ʻole ka mālama pono ʻana o ke kaʻina hana (Hoʻolālāʻo Die, homogenization billet, wikiwiki extrusion).
• Ka Hoʻoponopono Kūʻai Kūʻai: Homogenization (e paʻa ana i ka billet ma kahi mahana waena ma mua o ka extrusion alumini) kōkua i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka dendritic segregation, e hoemi i ka poha, a hoʻokō i nā ʻano mīkini like ʻole.

4. Ke Kaʻina Hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā Aluminum Alloys

Hoʻomākaukau ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua ʻana

Mea Pili a me ka hoolei ana

• ʻO nā billet alumini i hoʻohana ʻia no ka extrusion maʻamau e hele mai mai ke anuanu (Dc) hoʻolei ʻana a hoʻolei mau ʻia paha.
  Loaʻa nā huila maʻamau i ka 6xxx-series (E.g., 6063, 6061, 6105) a me kekahi mau 7xxx- a i ʻole nā ​​māka 2xxx-series inā makemake ʻia ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe.
• Ma mua o ka alumini extrusion, hoʻolei ʻia nā billets pinepine a homogenization ʻO ka hana wela (E.g., 500–550 °C no 6–12 hola) e hōʻemi i ka hoʻokaʻawale kemika a hoʻoheheʻe i nā pae eutectic haʻahaʻa.
  Hāʻawi ka homogenization i kahi microstructure like ʻole, hōʻemi i ka wela-pōkole (māhā i ka wā wela deformation), a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka extrudability holoʻokoʻa.

Nānā Ili a me ka Mīkini

• Once homogenized, ʻIke ʻia nā billet no nā hemahema o ka ʻili (Nā'ōpala, paʻipaʻi oxide, a iʻole nā ​​manaʻo).
  Hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia nā anomali a i ʻole ka billet.
  He lealea, ʻO ka ʻili o ka oxide-free e kōkua i ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi a i ʻole ka hoʻomehana frictional kūloko i hiki ke hoʻomaka i nā māwae.

Hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua i ka Extrusion Mahana

• Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Billets i loko o kahi umu wela preheat billet, kahi i wela like ai
  ka wela extrusion pahu hopu (maʻamau 400–520 °C no ka nui o 6xxx-series, haʻahaʻa iki no ka 7xxx-series e pale i ka ulu ʻana o ka palaoa).
• Hoʻopili i ka mana mahana (± 5 ° C) he mea nui. Inā anu loa ka billet, ʻoi aku ke koʻikoʻi o ke kahe, e hoʻonui ana i ka ikaika extrusion e pono ai a me nā māwae pilikia.
  Inā wela loa, ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ka palaoa a i ʻole ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā eutectics haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa hiki ke hoʻonāwaliwali i ka billet.
• Pili nā manawa hoʻomaʻamaʻa billet i ke anawaena a me ka mānoanoa o ka paia.
  A 140 mm (5.5") ʻO ke anawaena billet e koi maʻamau i 45-60 mau minuke i loko o kahi kapuahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia maikaʻi e hiki ai i ka mahana like ʻole mai ke kumu a i ka ʻili..

Hoʻonohonoho Paʻi Extrusion a Hoʻouka Billet

ʻAno Paʻi Extrusion

• ʻO ka Hydraulic Direct-Feed Press: ʻO ka mea maʻamau. Hoʻokuʻu ka hipa hydraulic i ka billet ma kahi hui make paʻa.
  Ua helu ʻia ma “tonnage” (ʻo kahi laʻana, hiki i ka mīkini paʻi 3,000-ton ke hoʻoulu i ~3,000 metric-tonnes o ka ikaika).
• ʻAʻole pololei (i hope) Extrusion Press: Kau ʻia ka make ma luna o ka hipa kāne neʻe, e kaomi ana i loko o kahi pahu billet paʻa.
  Aneane hoʻopau ʻia ka hakakā ma waena o ka billet a me ka ipu, hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke kaomi pono. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ia mau paʻi (200–1,200 tona) akā hiki ke hoʻokō i nā lakio extrusion kiʻekiʻe.
• Hydrostatic Extrusion Press: Hoʻokomo ʻia ka billet i loko o kahi keʻena i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka wai kaomi (ʻaila maʻamau).
  E like me ka paʻi ʻana i ka ikaika, hoʻopuni like ke kaomi wai i ka billet, e kahe ana ma ka make.
  ʻO kēia mau mīkini paʻi kūikawā e hōʻemi i ka friction a ʻae i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā alloys brittle a ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kumu kūʻai.

ʻO ka hoʻouka ʻana a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka Billet

• Hāpai ʻia kahi billet preheated (pinepine ma o ka overhead crane a i ʻole ʻōnaehana billeting automated) a waiho ʻia i loko o ka pahu.
• Kauwaena/Hoʻopololei: ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hale hana hou e hoʻohana i kahi mea hoʻopololei a loaʻa paha ke apo ma ka waha ipu; Pono e hoʻopili ka billet me ka maka make e pale aku i ka eccentricity.
  Hiki ke hōʻino i ka make a i ʻole ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā ʻano kahe like ʻole (e alakaʻi ana i nā māwae o ka ʻili a i ʻole ke ʻano kūpono ʻole).

Hoʻohana i ka Dummy Block / Alahaka Make

• I extrusion pololei, aia kahi "puʻu dummy" pōkole (he mea hookomo mohai) kau ʻia ma waena o ka maka hipa a me ka billet.
  Mālama ka dummy block i ka make mai ka hāmare hikiwawe inā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke anawaena o ka billet a i ʻole ke kuhi hewa liʻiliʻi..
• Hoʻopili mua ka hipa i ka poloka dummy, a laila e hoʻoili i ka ikaika ma luna o ka billet i ʻoi aku ka lōkahi.
  I hoʻokuʻu ʻole ʻia, na ka hipakane ponoi e lawe i ka make, no laila ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia kahi poloka dummy ʻokoʻa.

ʻO ke kahe metala a me ka pilina make

Hoʻonui ʻia ʻo Ram a me ke kūkulu ʻana i ke kaomi

• Aia ka billet i ke kūlana, ka mea hana (a i ʻole he ʻōnaehana mana CNC) hoʻomaka i ka extrusion stroke.
  Hoʻokumu ka ʻaila hydraulic pump i ke kaomi a hiki i ka neʻe ʻana o ka hipa kāne i mua, hoʻoomi i ka billet.
• E like me ka pahu hipa, piʻi ka piʻi kālā o loko. I ka extrusion pololei, ʻO ka hakakā ʻana ma waena o nā pā pila a me nā pā ipu e hoʻopau i kekahi ikehu; ma ke ʻole a i ʻole hydrostatic, haʻahaʻa loa nā poho frictional.

Make Geometry Komo

• Angle Komo: Loaʻa i kahi die maʻamau kahi ʻāpana komo liʻiliʻi (pinepine 20–30°) e alakaʻi ana i ka metala mai ka ʻāpana billet nui aʻe i ke ʻano kiʻi liʻiliʻi.
  Inā pāpaʻu loa kēia kihi, hiki i ka metala ke pelu a i ʻole ka "hoʻohuli" o nā laina kahe; inā pali loa, hiki ke kaawale ka metala mai ka ili make, ka hoʻoulu ʻana a me ka nalu ʻili.
• Ka lawe ʻana / Wahi Hoʻomua: Ke loaʻa i kahi ʻaoʻao nā lua he nui a i ʻole nā ​​​​hollows paʻakikī,
  e hoʻokumu ka mea hoʻolālā make i "ʻāpana porting" e hoʻokaʻawale i ka metala billet i nā kahawai kaʻawale, a laila e hui hou i ke ʻano hope.
  ʻO ka lawe ʻana kūpono e pale i nā pilikia shuffling metala (nā māwae o loko, lamination).

Lawe mau (ʻĀina) Māhele

• Ma hope o ka ʻāpana porting, ka "lōʻihi pili" (kapa ʻia hoʻi ʻāina) he pololei, pauku kea mau o ka make e hoopau ana i na ana a hoomalu i ka pau ana o ka ili.
• Lōʻihi ʻO ka maʻamau ka 4-8 mm no nā pā lahilahi 6xxx-series extrusions;
  ʻO nā bearings lōʻihi e hoʻonui i ka pololei o ke ana akā koi i ka ikaika extrusion kiʻekiʻe a hoʻonui i ka wela frictional. ʻO nā bearings pōkole e hoʻemi i ka ikaika akā hāʻawi i ka hoʻomanawanui.

Die Lubrication and Coating

• He kiʻi lahilahi o lubricant hoʻonui ʻia i ka graphite a i ʻole ceramic Hoʻopili ʻia i ka maka komo o ka billet a i kekahi manawa i nā paia pahu.
  Hoʻemi kēia lubricant i ka friction, hooloihi i ke ola make, a kōkua i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka ea paʻa.
• He mea koʻikoʻi ka lubrication kūpono no nā extrusions ratio kiʻekiʻe (> 50:1) a i ʻole no nā mea hao paʻakikī e hoʻokuʻu ʻia (e like me 7000-series).
• Ua uhi ʻia kekahi mau maka make me nā ʻāpana pale ʻaʻahu (E.g., tungsten carbide spray, nickel aluminide) e hōʻemi i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka ʻili ʻana.

Hoʻoulu ʻia ʻo Friction and Weat Generation

• E like me ke kahe ʻana o ka metala ma ka make, ʻO ke kuʻekuʻe ma waena o ka alumini a me ka ʻili make e hoʻohua ai ka wela, e hoʻokiʻekiʻe i ka mahana o ka metala ma 20-50 °C ma luna o ka wela billet.
  ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka wela ke kumu o ka palaʻai palaoa, haehae ʻili, a i ʻole make ʻeha.
• ʻO ka extrusion indirect a me ka hydrostatic e hoʻemi nui i ka wela ma ka billet/container interface, e hiki ai i nā lākiō extrusion nui aʻe me ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻokomo wela.

Nā ʻano like ʻole i nā ʻano Extrusion

pololei (Ka hilahila) Hānehi

• Hoʻonoho: Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo Die i kahi kāmaʻa bolted ma mua o ka pahu. ʻO ka hipa kāne (ma o kahi poloka dummy) hoʻokuke i ka billet i mua i kahe ka metala ma ka make paʻa.
• Loaʻa: ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka alignment make a me ka hoʻouka ʻana; mea paahana pololei; maʻamau ma waena o nā mīkini extrusion nui loa.
• PAHUI: He mea koʻikoʻi ka hakakā ʻana ma waena o ka billet a me nā paia ipu (20-70 % o ka huina extrusion kaomi),
  e koi ana i kahi paʻi ikaika loa no ka ratio extrusion i hāʻawi ʻia. Hoʻonui ka friction kiʻekiʻe i ka lole make.

ʻAʻole pololei (i hope) Hānehi

• Hoʻonoho: Kau ʻia ka make ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka hipa kāne. Ke hele ka hipa i loko o ka pahu, paʻa ka billet, a kahe ka metala i hope ma o ka make i loko o nā māla extrusion.
• Loaʻa: ʻAʻohe pahu/billet friction, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke kaomi hipa kāne pono (i kekahi manawa ma ka 20-40 %).
  No ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka extruding brittle a i ʻole nā ​​mea pā pōhaku lahilahi.
• PAHUI: Pono e kau ʻia ka make ma luna o ka hipa kāne, no laila, pono ka puka o ka hipa kāne he hakahaka a hoʻonohonoho kūikawā paha; piʻi ka paʻakikī paʻahana holoʻokoʻa.
  ʻOi aku paha ka manawa hoʻonohonoho, a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻololi ʻana i kekahi mau paʻi.

Hydrostatic Extrusion

• Hoʻonoho: Hoʻopuni ʻia ka billet e kahi wai (E.g., pono) i loko o ke keʻena pani.
  E like me ka paʻi ʻana i ka wai, hoʻohana like ʻia ke kaomi a puni ka pōʻai billet, ke koi ʻana iā ia ma kahi make ma ka puka o ke keʻena.
• Loaʻa: ʻAneʻane ʻaʻole ke kuʻekuʻe ʻana ma ka ʻaoʻao make a me nā paia ipu—e ʻae kēia i nā ratio extrusion kiʻekiʻe loa (pinepine > 100:1)
  a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻāpana ikaika kiʻekiʻe a paʻakikī paha (E.g., kekahi mau māka 7xxx a i ʻole 5xxx) me ka luhi ole.
  ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻili, me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa o ka waimaka o luna.
• PAHUI: He kiʻekiʻe loa ke kumukūʻai o nā lako. Pono e hoʻopaʻa pono ʻia nā keʻena ma lalo o ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe; hiki i kekahi leak wai ke hoʻopilikia i ka palekana.
  He haʻahaʻa ka throughput no nā ʻāpana nui, no laila mālama ʻia ka extrusion hydrostatic no nā koʻokoʻo ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, Nā Wires, a i ʻole nā ​​moʻolelo kūikawā.

Hoʻolili a hoʻopaʻa

Ke kumu o ke kinai ana

• ʻO ka hapa nui o nā alumini alumini wela (E.g., 6xxx-moʻo, 7xxx-moʻo) hilinaʻi i ka hoʻoluʻu wikiwiki (Queech) ma hope koke o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana e "paʻa" i kahi hopena paʻa supersaturated.
  Ma hope aku, ʻO ka ʻelemakule kūlohelohe a i ʻole ka ʻelemakule kūlohelohe e hoʻopaneʻe i nā hana hoʻoikaika.
• ʻAʻole hoʻi ʻo Quenching i ka ulu ʻana o ka palaoa i loko o nā ʻāpana e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe.

Nā ʻano o ka hoʻoluʻu

• ʻauʻau ʻauʻau wai: ʻO ke ala maʻamau. I ka puka ʻana o ka extrudate wela i ka make, hele pololei ia i loko o ka ʻauʻau wai (hohonu ~ 150-200 mm).
  Kahe kahe a me ka wela auau (pinepine 60–80 °C) hoʻomalu ʻia i maʻalili like ka profile.
• Hoʻopiʻi Quench: ʻO nā nozzles kaomi kiʻekiʻe e kāpīpī i ka wai (i kekahi manawa me ka ea) ma ka ʻaoʻao. He kūpono no nā ʻāpana keʻa paʻakikī kahi e paʻa ai kekahi mau ʻāpana ʻāwaha i ka wai inā e hoʻokomo wale ʻia.
• Hooluu Ea / Ea Koi: Hoʻohana wale ʻia no nā alloys kahi ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi ke kinai wikiwiki ʻana (E.g., 6063 inā ʻae ʻia ka huhū T4).
  Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he "pre-cool" ma mua o ke kinai ʻana i ka wai e hōʻemi i ka haʻalulu wela.
• Huihui Quench: Ke hoʻohana nei kekahi mau mea kanu i ka pae mua o ka ea (e hooluolu mai 500 °C a hiki i ~250 °C), ukali ʻia e ka ʻūhā wai a i ʻole ka hoʻolulu ʻana.
  Hoʻemi ʻia kēia ala hoʻokalakupua i ka warping ma nā ʻaoʻao lōʻihi a mānoanoa paha.

E pale ana i ka Ha'alulu wela

• Ka luu ana a 500 Hoʻokomo koke ʻia ka ʻaoʻao alumini °C 20 Hiki i ka wai °C ke hoʻoulu i nā koʻikoʻi tensile ma luna o ka mea anuanu ma waho a me nā koʻikoʻi compressive i loko.
  Inā hanaʻino loa ka hōʻoluʻolu, hiki i ka ʻaoʻao ke pohā a i ʻole ke kuʻuna.
• Hoʻokomo nozzle kūpono, hoʻoponopono kahe kahe, a me ka mālama ʻana i ka wela o ka wai e hōʻoia i ka hoʻoluʻu like ʻana a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi kūloko.

ʻO ka hoʻopololei a me ka hoʻopololei ʻana ma hope o ka extrusion

ʻO ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka Profile

• I ka wā e maʻalili ai ka ʻaoʻao extruded, hoʻopaʻa like ʻole (ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi a i ʻole asymmetrical pauku keʻa) hiki ke kulou a wili paha.
  Pono e hoʻoponopono ʻia kēia mau hoʻoheheʻe ʻana e kūpono i nā ʻae pololei (Astm b221, I 755).

Nā Mīkini Hoʻopololei

• ʻO kahi hana kikoo maʻamau:

• • Hoʻopili ʻia kekahi ʻaoʻao o ka ʻaoʻao, a ua pili kekahi i kahi hydraulic (a i ʻole mechanical) hukihuki.
  • Elongated ka profile (4-5 % o kona loa) ma ka hoohana ana i ka ikaika tensile i hoomaluia.
  • Hoʻopaʻa ka ʻaoʻao pololei i ke kūlana, ka mālama pono ʻana i ka wā e haʻalulu ana.
  • Hoʻokahi manawa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma lalo o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa, Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka ʻaoʻao a ʻae ʻia e "punawai hope" iki; no ka mea i hāʻawi ʻia ka mea i ka wā o ke kau ʻana, ʻoi aku ka pololei ma mua o ka wā ma mua.

• Manawa Kaapuni: Hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia ka ʻōlima i loko o nā minuke o ke kinai ʻana, ma mua o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka palaoa nui.
  ʻOi aku ka pōkole o nā kiʻi 6 m hiki ke kikoo i hookahi apana; nā ʻaoʻao lōʻihi (a i 12 m a oi aku) hoʻopili ʻia a lawelawe ʻia ma nā ʻāpana.

Hoopololei wale

• No kekahi mānoanoa, kiʻekiʻe-rigidity profiles, he mea hoopololei mama (E.g., mīkini paʻi a i ʻole ka mīkini pae) hiki ke hoʻohana me ka ʻole o ka elongation tensile nui.
  Akā naʻe,, no nā ʻano hiʻohiʻona pā lahilahi a i ʻole asymmetrical, makemake ʻia ka hoʻopololei piha ʻana e pale i nā pilikia springback.

ʻO ka ʻelemakule a me ka hoʻohaunaele

Heat-Treatable vs. ʻO nā alloys hou

• ʻO nā alloys wela (E.g., 6000-Nā mo'ānō, 7000-Nā mo'ānō, kekahi 2000-series) loaʻa ka ikaika ma o ka paʻakikī o ka ua.
  ʻO ka hoʻopau wikiwiki ʻana ma hope o ka extrusion e hana i kahi hopena paʻa supersaturated;
  ʻelemakule ma hope (ma ka lumi wela a i ʻole ka wela kiʻekiʻe) hoʻopaneʻe i nā pae hoʻoikaika (Mg₂Si i 6xxx, η′/η i 7xxx).
• ʻO nā alloys hou (E.g., 1xxx a me ka hapa nui o nā huila 5xxx) hilinai i ka paakiki hana (H-huhū).
  Ma hope o ka loaʻaʻana, e hoʻomau pinepine ʻia lākou i ka hoʻoilo, akā, ʻaʻole pono ka ʻelemakule artificial ma hope mai no ka ikaika loa.

Na Huhu Ma'amau

• T4 Kamahahiʻi (kūlohelohe'ōpiopio): Hoʻopiʻi ʻia ka ʻaoʻao extruded a laila mālama ʻia i ka mahana ambient no nā lā a i ʻole pule.
  He kūpono ma kahi o ka ikaika kūpono (~70–80 % o T6) ʻae ʻia.
• T5 OMPER (ʻelemakule hana ʻole me ka hoʻoponopono ʻole): Hoʻomaʻalili koke ka ʻaoʻao extruded (Quetch) a laila waiho ʻia i loko o ka umu kahiko (E.g., 160–175 °C no ~6–10 hola).
  Hāʻawi i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe ma mua o T4 akā ma lalo o T6.
• T6 Magper (Hoʻohui + ʻO ka wā kahiko): Hoʻoponopono ʻia ka ʻaoʻao i ka hoʻonā wela (E.g., ~530 °C no 1-2 mau hola), ua hala, a laila heʻelemakule loa (E.g., 160–180 °C no 8–12 hola).
  Hoʻopuka i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe loa no 6xxx-series (E.g., 6061-T6) a i ʻole 7xxx-moʻo (E.g., 7075-T6) Kuhi.

Nā Manaʻo Hoʻomaʻamaʻa

• Nui nā hale extrusion e hāʻawi iā T5 ma ke ʻano he lawelawe laina laina maʻamau no ka mea e pale aku i kahi umu hoʻonā ʻokoʻa..
  No nā ʻaoʻao nui a paʻakikī paha, hoʻonā ʻana ma hope o ka extrusion (e hoʻokō i ka T6) Hiki ke hana ʻia i loko o kahi umu puʻupuʻu i hoʻolaʻa ʻia ma hope o ka ʻoki ʻia ʻana o nā lōʻihi a pau i ka nui.
• Over -ging (paʻa i ka wela kiʻekiʻe a lōʻihi loa a i ʻole ma kahi wela kiʻekiʻe loa) hiki ke hōʻemi i ka elongation a i ʻole ke kumu i makemake ʻole ʻia ka coarsening of precipitates, hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻoʻoleʻa.

Direct vs. Kūkākūkā vs. Hydrostatic: Palapala Hoʻohālikelike

5. Nā hana lua a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻili

Ke ʻoki ʻia nā ʻaoʻao extruded maka a lōʻihi, pono nā noi he nui i ka mīkini lua a i ʻole ka hoʻopau nani.

ʻOki ʻana i ka lōʻihi

• Lele Oki-Oki Saws: ʻO nā keʻena ʻili ma ka laina e pili ana i ka wikiwiki extrusion—e hōʻoia i ka hana mau ʻana me ka ʻole o ka hoʻōki ʻana i ke kaomi extrusion.
• Pahemo Oki-Oki Saws: Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻupena lima a i ʻole nā ​​ʻoki pōʻai ma hope o ka extrusion holo e ʻoki i nā kiʻi i nā lōʻihi i kuhikuhi ʻia e ka mea kūʻai..

Hana Mīkini a me ka ʻeli ʻana

• CNC Milling, Hoʻomālamalama, a me ka Paʻi ʻana: No ka hana ʻana i nā lua, slots, a i ʻole nā ​​hiʻohiʻona paʻakikī.
  ʻO ka machinability o Aluminum e hiki ai i ka nui o ka hānai kiʻekiʻe a me ke ola mea hana lōʻihi inā hoʻohana ʻia ka geometry pono a me ka ʻoki ʻana i nā wai..
• Milling T-Slots a i ʻole nā ​​hiʻohiʻona komo hou: I kekahi manawa koi ʻia inā pāpā ke kumu kūʻai make a i ʻole geometry i ka extrusion pololei o kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona.

Nā mea kino kino

Anodizing

• Hoʻokumu i kahi hoʻomalu, papa ʻokikene porous (mānoanoa maʻamau 5–25 µm).
• Hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kū'ē kū'ē, paʻakikī paʻakikī, a me ka helehelena nani.
• ʻAe ʻia ke kala ʻana ma hope (kala kala) a iʻole e hōʻailona ana (hoʻonui i ka pale ʻaʻahu).

ʻO ka pauka

• Hoʻohana ʻia a hoʻōla ʻia nā pauka Thermoset polymer (180-200 ° C).
• Hāʻawi i kahiʻaʻahu, hoʻopau lōʻihi me ka ʻōpala maikaʻi a me ke kūpaʻa kemika.
• Loaʻa i loko o nā waihoʻoluʻu ʻole palena ʻole.

ʻO ka pena kiʻi (Aahu pulu)

• Nā laina pena maʻamau a i ʻole electrostatic.
• ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi i ka ʻoki ʻana ma mua o ka uhi ʻana i ka pauka akā koho pinepine ʻia no nā hui kala paʻakikī a i ʻole nā ​​​​hopena maʻalahi loa.

Hoʻopau Mechanical

• Hūnā: Hoʻopuka i kahi huaʻai laina like ʻole - kaulana no nā lima lima kūkulu hale a me nā mea hana.
• ʻO ka hoʻopololei/Kauhele: Loaʻa i ka hopena e like me ke aniani—hoʻohana mau ʻia no nā noi hoʻonaninani.
• Sandblasting a i ʻole Hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka Bead: Hāʻawi i kahi ʻano matte like ʻole a i ʻole satin—e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ma mua o ka pena e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pili.

Nā uhi kūikawā

• Pvdf (Polyvinylidene Fluoride) Nā pāpale: Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no nā mea hoʻolālā o waho (<0.3 ke palika anu).
  Hāʻawi ʻo PVDF i ka pale UV kūʻokoʻa, paʻa kala, a me ka hikiwawe.
• Wrinkle i uhi ʻia i ka pauda a i ʻole Wrinkled Finish: Hāʻawi i kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻoihana a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻonaninani.

6. Nā Hana Hana Nui o Aluminum Extrusion

Kūkulu a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻolālā

• Na Pani Puka Puka: Hoʻopili ʻia nā kiʻi 6063-T5/T6 me nā haʻihaʻi wela i hoʻohui ʻia, nā kahawai wai, a me nā sila wā.
• ʻO ka pā pale a me nā mea i mua: ʻO nā mullions paʻakikī a me nā transom i hoʻolālā ʻia no ke kūpono pololei, haawe makani kiʻekiʻe, hana thermal.
• Pākuʻi Kūʻai: Nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe modular, struts kākoʻo canopy, nā pale pale lalo.
• Nā hale kau ʻana o ka lā: ʻO nā kaʻa kaʻa māmā a me nā pale kau.

Autoomotive a me ka halihali

• Nā lālā Chassis a me Frame: Nā lāʻau pōʻino i hoʻokuʻu ʻia, hoʻoikaika paʻa, nā ʻāpana hoʻokuʻu—e hoʻohana ana i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe 6005A a i ʻole 6061 nā alloys e hoʻokō i ka crashworthiness a me nā pahuhopu kaumaha.
• Alanui Hale, Na Puka Puka, a me na Hoolele Kino: ʻO nā extrusions e hāʻawi i ka hana nani a me ka hana.
• ʻO nā mea hana wela a me nā radiators: Nā mea hoʻoluʻu aila ʻenekini, AC evaporators, a me nā poʻomanaʻo condenser i hana ʻia e ka extruding kūikawā 6000-series a i ʻole 1xxx series alloys.

Aerospace

• Nā ʻaoʻao ʻēheu, Nā mea hoʻopaʻa pahu, a me Longerons: 6000- a me 7000-series alloys i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka ʻae ʻana i ka nui, a laila hoʻopaʻakikī i ka makahiki i T6 a i ʻole T651.
• Nā ʻāpana Kalaiaina Kalaiaina: ʻO nā pahu ma luna, nā ala noho, nā puka makani—i uhi pinepine ʻia a i ʻole ʻanodized no ka nani a me ka pale ʻana i ka lole.
• ʻO nā'āpana'āina: Ke hoʻohana nei kekahi mau ʻāpana e like me nā torque tubes a i ʻole nā ​​​​hale drive-shaft i nā profile extruded no ka ikaika māmā.

Elele a me ka Wela-Exchange

• Nā Puke Wela no nā Mea Elele Mana: Pio 6063 Oole 6061 nā profiles e hāʻawi ana i nā geometries fin paʻakikī a me nā wahi ākea nui.
• Nā Paʻa kukui LED: Hoʻolako ʻia nā Extrusions i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me ka hoʻokele wela, pinepine me nā kahawai i hoʻohui ʻia no nā ʻāpana LED a me nā wili.
• Hoʻopili i nā mea hoʻololi a me ka pahu kaʻa kaʻa: ʻO nā extrusions aluminika maʻemaʻe a i ʻole nā ​​​​palapala "aluminum core / copper-clad" i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka mana.

Nā huahana huahana a me nā lako

• Nā huahana hāmeʻa: Nā faile bicycle (6016, 6061 alloys), alapiʻi alapiʻi, ʻO nā pua pā hale.
• Hōʻike i nā ʻāpana a me nā waihona: Nā papa extruded modular no nā lako kūʻai, hale hōʻikeʻike kālepa, a me na hale hoikeike.
• Mea Lako: Nā wāwae papaʻaina, nā papa noho, kiʻi paheʻe—i anodized pinepine ʻia no ka nani o loko.

Mekini Hana a me ka Automation

• Nā Papa Mīkini a me ke Kiaʻi: 30×30 mm a hiki i ka 80×80 mm nā ʻaoʻao modular (ma muli o 6063 Oole 6105) me nā T-slots no ka hoʻokomo maʻalahi o nā paneli, nā poʻe hoʻopaʻapaʻa, kaniulail.
• Nā Ala Kaʻa Kaʻa a me nā alakaʻi hoʻoneʻe laina: Nā alakaʻi i hoʻokuʻu ʻia me nā ala heihei i hoʻohui ʻia no nā bearings pōpō, hiki i ka hoʻohālikelike, ʻōnaehana laina pololei.
• Pale Palekana a me nā Pale Pale: Māmā māmā, nā panela hiki ke hoʻonohonoho hou ʻia e kū i nā kūlana palekana ʻoihana (ISO 14120, OSHA).

7. ʻO nā pono a me nā palena o ka Aluminum Extrusion

Loaʻa

Hoʻolālā ʻoluʻolu a me nā ʻāpana keʻa paʻakikī

• Hiki i ka Extrusion i nā ʻāpana hollow paʻakikī, nā ʻaoʻao lehulehu,
  a me nā kaha i hoʻohui ʻia (E.g., uwea ducts, nā ʻāwīwī) paʻakikī a pipiʻi paha ia ma o nā ala ʻē aʻe.
• ʻO ka hoʻololi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻolālā make e hiki ke hoʻololi wikiwiki i ka geometry profile.

Hoʻohana Mea Kiʻekiʻe

• Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka wili ʻana mai ka pā a i ʻole ka forging a me ka mīkini, Hoʻopuka ka extrusion i ka liʻiliʻi o nā swarf / ʻōpala.
  Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe hou ʻia ka ʻōpala i hoʻohana ʻole ʻia a hoʻihoʻi ʻia i ka loop production billet me ka liʻiliʻi o ka pohō.

ʻOi loa ka Recyclability a me ka hoʻomau

• Hiki ke hana hou ʻia ka alumini me ~5 wale nō % o ka ikehu e pono ai e hana i ka alumini mua mai ka bauxite.
• Nui nā hui extrusion alumini e hana me ka hana hou ʻana i nā ʻōpala i pani ʻia, e hoemi ana i na koina kalapona.

Uku Paahana Haahaa I Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka Die Casting no ka holo ʻana

• ʻOiai make ka extrusion he kumu kūʻai nui ma mua (US $2,500–$15,000+ ma muli o ka paʻakikī),
  no ka nui o ka hana ana (mau tausani a ʻumi kaukani ʻāpana), hiki i ka alumini extrusion ke ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka hoʻolei make.

Nā koho hoʻopau kiʻekiʻe

• Hiki ke anodized nā ʻili i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e hāʻawi i ka lōʻihi, corrosions-resistant, a me nā hoʻopau nani.
• Nā mea paʻa paʻa (±0.15 mm) e ho'ēmi i ka pono no ka mīkini lua a wili paha.

PAHUI

Kumukuai make mua no na ano paʻakikī loa

• Pono paha nā ʻaoʻao koʻikoʻi loa i nā make ʻāpana ʻāpana he nui a i ʻole nā ​​​​pale kūikawā (E.g., hana, WC Kolea), ʻO ke kumu kūʻai o ka hoʻokele kaʻa ma luna o US $50,000.
• No nā puke haʻahaʻa loa (< 100 m o ka moolelo), ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻāpono ʻia kahi hoʻonohonoho make maʻamau.

Nā Palena Geometric

• ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa: ʻO ka maʻamau 1.5 mm no nā wili maʻamau. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona lahilahi e hoʻonui i ka pilikia o ka pohā o ka ʻili, make haehae, a i ʻole ma hope o ka extrusion warping.
• ʻO nā ʻāpana keʻa i hoʻemi ʻia: Hiki i ka hoʻololi koke ʻana i ka ʻāpana keʻa ke kumu i ka hoʻopili metala (over-extrusion) a i ʻole ma lalo o ka extrusion; Pono nā hoʻololi maʻemaʻe a me nā fillets lokomaikaʻi.

'Ōlao'ōmaʻomaʻo

• Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā "laina make" a i ʻole "stringers" inā pau ka mālama ʻana i ka make, a inā ʻino ka maʻemaʻe o ka alloy.
• Hoʻokomo ʻole metala a i ʻole nā ​​kiʻi ʻoniʻoni oxide (mai ka mana lubrication maikaʻi ʻole) hiki ke alakaʻi i nā kīnā o luna i paʻakikī ke uhi, ʻoiai ma hope o ka anodizing.

ʻO nā hemahema o ka Alloy-Specific

• ʻO kekahi mau'āpana ikaika kiʻekiʻe (7000, 2000 Nā mo'ānō) ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi i ka maʻa wela a koi i nā mana kaʻina hana paʻa loa, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻonui ai i nā kumukūʻai ʻōpala a me nā mea hana.
• ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻokō ʻo 6xxx moʻo haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka wela kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole nā ​​koi luhi kiʻekiʻe i kekahi mau aerospace koʻikoʻi a i ʻole nā ​​noi pale..

8. ʻO nā kūlana kūpono a me nāʻoihanaʻoihana

Nā Kūlana pili

• Astm b221 ("Nā Kūlana Kūlana no nā Aluminum a me Aluminum-Alloy Extruded Bars, ʻO nā lāʻau, Nā hāmeʻa, Nā moʻolelo, a me nā paipu”):
  E wehewehe i ka hoʻohuiʻana, nā pono waiwai waiwai, a me nā ʻano hoʻomanawanui no nā ʻano like ʻole a me ka huhū.
• I 755/I 12020: Nā kūlana ʻEulopa no nā kiʻi alumini extruded-e wehewehe i nā ʻae no nā ana laina a me nā kihi, Kahiki Pāʻani Waiwai, a me nā meaʻike.
• H4100 wale nō: ʻO ke kūlana Iapana e uhi ana i nā kikoʻī huahana extruded like.

Ke nānāʻole neiʻo Dimensonal

• Calipers a me Micrometers: Nānā lima no nā hiʻohiʻona hiki ke loaʻa me nā mea hana lima.
• Hoʻonohonoho i nā mīkini hōʻailona (Cmm): Kiʻekiʻe-pololei 3D scanning o ka paʻakikī, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i ka wā e hōʻoia ai i ka hoʻomanawanui paʻakikī a me ka maikaʻi no ka aerospace a i ʻole nā ​​​​pono kaʻa.
• ʻO nā mea nānā kiʻi Optical: Hiki ke hoʻohālikelike i ka ʻāpana laser non-contact i ka ʻāpana keʻa holoʻokoʻa me ka hoʻohālike CAD e ʻike ai i ka pale ʻana a i ʻole ke kapa make..

Nā hōʻike hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua

• Teence Manaʻo: ʻOki ʻia nā coupons mai nā ʻāpana extruded e ana i ka ikaika hua, ʻO ka ikaika hope loa, a me ka elongation ma nā ʻaoʻao longitudinal a me ka transverse (hiki ke noho ka anisotropy).
• Hōʻike paʻakikī: Nā hoʻāʻo ʻo Rockwell a i ʻole Vickers e hōʻoia i ke ʻano o ka huhū, ʻoi aku no ka ʻelemakule hana (T6) kūʻē i ka ʻelemakule kūlohelohe (T4).
• ʻO ka ho'āʻo loa ka palekana: Pono i kekahi manawa no nā mea hana koʻikoʻi (E.g., nā papa lewa) e hōʻoia i ka hana lōʻihi ma lalo o nā ukana cyclic.

Ka Loiloi o ka Ili

• Nānā nānā: Ke nānā nei i nā kīnā o ka ʻili e like me nā laina extrusion, Nāʻalā, Nā kiʻi kiʻi, a i ʻole nā ​​kīnā.
• ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka uhi: No nā mea anodized a i pena ʻia paha, nā hoʻokolohua maʻamau (E.g., ASTM D3359 lipine ho'āʻo) hōʻoia i ka hoʻopaʻa pono.
• ʻO ka ho'āʻoʻana: ʻO ka paʻakai paʻakai (Astm b117) a i ʻole nā ​​hoʻāʻo ʻana o ke keʻena haʻahaʻa e hoʻohālike i ka ʻike ʻana i waho no ka hoʻolālā hale a i ʻole nā ​​noi kai.

ʻO ka hōʻoia a me ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia

• Maikaʻi ʻIke Mea: Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia kēlā me kēia holo extrusion me kahi palapala hōʻoia wili, ka papa inoa o ka haku mele, huhū, Nā Pīkuhi Propertinies, a me nā hopena hoʻāʻo.
• ISO 9001 / Iatf 16949: Nui nā keʻena extrusion e lawelawe ana i ka automotive a i ʻole aerospace
  Hana nā OEM ma lalo o ISO 9001 (Hooponopono Pono) aiʻole IATF 16949 (maikaʻi kaʻa) nā ʻōnaehana e hōʻoia i ka paʻa o ka hana a me ka traceability.

9. Hopena

Ke kū nei ka extrusion alumini ma ke ʻano he ʻenehana pōhaku kihi i ka hana hou, hiki i ka hana pono o ka paʻakikī, ikaika-ikaika, nā ʻaoʻao māmā ma waena o nā ʻoihana lehulehu.

Ma ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i nā billet i hoʻomehana ʻia ma o nā mea make, Hiki i nā extruders ke hoʻokō i ka versatility geometric kupaianaha me ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea waiwai.

Ke hui pū ʻia me ka mīkini lua a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻili kiʻekiʻe (Anodichiz, ʻO ka paleʻana), Hāʻawi nā ʻaoʻao extruded i ka hana mechanical koʻikoʻi, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, a me nā mea hoʻopiʻi Aesthetic.

Loaʻa nā mea lawe nui:

• ALLOLOL koho: Noho mau ka 6000-series no kona ikaika kaulike, extrudability, a me ka hiki anodizing,
  ʻoiai ʻo 7000-series a me 2000-series alloys e kamaʻilio i nā koi ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka luhi..
• Ke kaʻina hanaʻana: Meticulous billet homogenization, mālama mahana, Hoʻolālāʻo Die,
  a he mea nui nā hana lubrication e hana i nā extrusions kīnā ʻole, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a i ʻole ke kiʻekiʻe extrusion ratio.
• Hana Hoʻolālā: E pili ana i nā kuhikuhina geometric (mānoanoa pā palena iki, Nā Kūpono, ʻāpana ʻaʻahu) hōʻoia i ka pololei o ke ana a pale i ka warping.
• Sustaintability: ʻO ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o ka alumini extrusion a me ka māmā māmā e lilo ia i linchpin o nā hoʻolālā hoʻemi kalapona i ka halihali., kūkulu hoʻi, a me nā mea hoʻohana uila.
• Nā Hō'īʻo: Nā mea hou kaʻina hana e puka mai ana (hydrostatic, Ultrasinatic), hui pupule (nano-kuʻi, hana i nā mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia),
  a hoʻohui pūʻia (ʻOihana Kahuna 4.0, ʻO nā ʻaoʻao "akamai" i hoʻohana ʻia e IoT) hoʻohiki e hoʻonui i nā mana o extrusion ma mua o nā hoʻokō o kēia lā.

Ke koi nui nei nā ʻoihana i ka māmā, Hana Hana Manaʻo, a me nā hāʻina hoʻomau, E hoʻomau ka ulu ʻana o ka extrusion aluminika,

alakaʻi ʻia e nā mea hou e hoʻomau nei i ka ʻepekema waiwai, ʻenehana hana, a me ka hana kikohoʻe.

He mea koʻikoʻi ka mālama ʻana i kēia mau mea hoʻomohala no nā mea ʻenekinia a me nā mea hoʻolālā e ʻimi nei e hoʻohana i ka mana piha o ka extrusion alumini i nā huahana a me nā ʻoihana e hiki mai ana..

E koho i nā lawelawe ʻo LangHe Aluminum Extrusion

LangHe hoʻohana i kāna mau mea hana extrusion hou, kōpili hao nui, a me ka ʻike kaʻina hana i hōʻoia ʻia e hāʻawi i nā hopena extrusion alumini turnkey ma waena o kahi ākea o nā noi.

mai nā mea hoʻolālā māmā a me nā ʻenehana ʻoihana a hiki i nā mea wela kiʻekiʻe a me nā hoʻopau hale.

Me ka mana koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi a me nā koho hāʻawi maʻalahi, kōkua mākou i kā mākou mea kūʻai aku e ʻike wikiwiki i ka waiwai o ka huahana.

No nā kikoʻī loea hou a i ʻole e noi i nā laʻana, e ʻoluʻolu e ʻoluʻolu e hoʻopili i ka LangHe hui ʻenehana.

 

FaqS

He aha nā ʻae a me nā ana e hiki ke hoʻokō i ka extrusion alumini?

• Nā Ana Ma waho: ʻO ka maʻamau ± 0.15 mm a ± 0.50 mm, ma muli o ka mānoanoa o ka paia a me ka hao.
• Iloko ('Ūhā) Anana: ʻO ka maʻamau ± 0.25 mm a ± 1.0 mm.
• Pololei: Ma hope o ke kau ʻana, hui pinepine nā profiles < 0.5 mm deflection no ka mika.
• ʻO nā paia mānoanoa a me nā ʻāpana keʻa maʻalahi e maʻalahi i ka hoʻomanawanui; nā pāʻili (< 1.5 mm) a i ʻole nā ​​moʻolelo koʻikoʻi paʻakikī paha i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻomanawanui a koi aku i ka mana kaʻina hana pololei.

He aha nā lāʻau lapaʻau maʻamau no nā profile alumini extruded?

• Anodizing: Hoʻokumu i kahi papa oxide lōʻihi (5-25 μM) e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, paakiki, a hiki i ke kala kala. He kūpono no ka hale hoʻonaninani a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea kūʻai aku.
• ʻO ka pauka: Hoʻohana electrostatic o ka pauka polymer, alaila hoola. Hāʻawi i ka lole, hoʻopau lōʻihi me ka ʻōpala maikaʻi a me ke kūʻē kemika.
• Pena wai (Pena Wai): ʻO nā ʻano hana pāpaʻi a i ʻole electrostatic no ke kala a i ʻole nā ​​koi kikoʻī.
• Hoʻopau Mechanical: Hūnā (laina laina), Kāleka (pau ka aniani), hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ke one / ʻeke (ʻano matte/satin).
• PVDF nā uhi (E.g., ʻO Kynar®): ʻO nā pale hana kiʻekiʻe no nā mea hoʻolālā o waho me ka UV kūʻokoʻa, Kekau, a me ke kū'ēʻana.