ʻO keʻano me ka alumini: Mai ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe al i nā alloys

1. Hōʻikeʻike

Ua hoʻohanaʻo Aluminum i waena o nā metatile nui loa a me nā meta nui i hoʻohanaʻia i kēia lā, ʻO nā hana underpinning mai Aerospace i nā mea uila.

Kona hui pūʻana o kaupaona kukui, maikaʻi maikaʻi, and Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion hana ia.

E hana, 'ōwili, a iʻole e hui pū me Aluminim, Pono eʻike pono nā mīkini hana i ka wā e hoʻololi ai i nā loli i ka wai.

Ma kēiaʻatikala, Ua hana mākou i loko o ka hoʻohuiʻana o Alumini, NūPAKAI KAHOLOHE, ʻO nā kaʻina hana, a me nā kūpono kūpono.

Ma ka weheweheʻana i kēia mau kiko'ī, Manaʻo mākou e hoʻoponopono i nā meaʻepekema a me nā mea hana i nā meaʻenehana i hanaʻia me nā meaʻike kūpono no ka hoʻomaikaʻiʻana i nā kaʻina hana alumini.

2. He aha ka manaʻo o ka menting?

Ma ka thermodynamics, 'ōlelo Malting Point hōʻailona i ka mahana ma kahi o kahi paʻa a me kāna mau wai wai nui i loko o ka hoʻopiliʻana i ka equilibrium.

I kēia mahana kūpono, ʻO ka mea paʻa e pili ana i ka wela e wela e wāwahi i ka lattice crystal,

ke hoʻololiʻana i kahi wai i ka wā e hoʻomau ana i ka wela o ka wela a hiki i ka hoʻopauʻana.

ʻO kekahi mau mea nui e hāʻawi i ka mahana e like me ka mahana:

• ʻO Menu ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe: ʻO nā mea kanu maʻemaʻe, ʻO nā wahi i weheweheʻia. Hiki i nā mea hoʻokūkū ke hoʻonui i ka pālahalahaʻana i ka neʻeʻana a me ka hoʻemiʻana i ka mahana onset.
• Ka paipai: E like me ka paʻakikī, Hoʻonui pinepine nā wahi meloting e like me ka Kālepaʻo Clapeyron,
  ʻO nā loulou e loli ana i ke kaomi a me ka mahana ma nā palena o nā bee i ka nui o ka nui a me nāʻokoʻa a me ka komoʻana.
• AliLila: ʻO ka huiʻana me ka aluminim me nā mea e like me ka silicon a iʻole nā ​​mea kūʻai aku wai and Nā Sodia Solidus Nā laina ma ke kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi.
  ʻO ka wai wai e hōʻike ana i ka mahana ma luna o ka mea e piha ai ka alloy,
  ʻOiai e hōʻike ana ka mea paʻa i ka mahana ma lalo nei he piha piha. Ma waena o kēia mau lainaʻelua, ʻO ka momona a me ka coofeist wai.

3. ʻO keʻano o ka mencing o ka alumini maʻemaʻe

Waiwai maʻamau: 660.32 ° C (1220.58 ° F)

Ma lalo o ke kaomiʻana o ka atmopheric maʻamau (0.1 Mpa), Maluhia aluminum melts ma 660.32 ° C (1,220.58 ° F).

E hōʻoia i nā limahana hana i kēia waiwai me ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā cells kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe-pololei a me nā hoʻohālikelike i hōʻoiaʻia me nā kumuwaiwai hōʻoia.

Heluhelu pinepine nā thermocoums i nā thermoidular.,
No laila nā mea hana i hoʻonohonoho pinepineʻia i nā pahu huluhulu 680-700 ° C Ma mua o ka nininiʻana.

ʻO nā mea nui e hoʻonui nei i ka manaʻo olununum

Ka hopena o nā mea'ē aʻe

I ka wā a Alloying aluminim, mau mea e like me Silikino (A), Magnesum (Mg), keleawe (Cu), a me zinc (Zn) hoʻololi i konaʻano mening:

• Silikino (Al -ʻae) alloys (E.g., A356, A319) Hōʻike i nā hoʻohuihui etutectic a puni 12.6 wt % A. Kā lākou mau mika e hoʻopauʻia ai 577 ° C, Aia ma kahi kokoke i ka wai wai 615 ° C.
• Magnesum (AL-mG) Apana (E.g., 6061 alloy) e hoʻolei i ka wai wai i kahi kokoke 650 ° C a me ka paʻa i 582 ° C, e hana ana i kahiʻano o ka haunaele 68 ° C.
• keleawe (Al-c) and Zinc (Al-zn) hoʻololi i ka hoʻololiʻana i ka neʻeʻana: ʻo kahi laʻana, 7075 (Al -zn -mg - me) he wai wai kokoke 635 ° C a me kahi paʻa a puni 475 ° C, he pālahalaha o ~ 160 ° C.
• Hōʻikeʻia kēlā me kēia mellot all i lalo o kāna kiʻi kiʻi, a pono nā mea hana e pono ai
  a iʻole e hoʻonui maikaʻi i ka wela ma luna o ka wai e hōʻoia ai i ka piha piha a me ka hana ponoʻana i nā'āpanaʻokoʻa.

Nā mea haumia a me nā wai inu / paʻa kino

ʻO nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o 'Eron (Lia), nickel (I), a iʻole chromium (Cr) hana e like me nā haumia,

pinepine pinepine i nā hoʻohui kikowaena kikowaena (E.g., Al₃) a ke kaumaha nei i ka mahana wela e kekahi mau kiʻekiʻe.

ʻo kahi laʻana, Kau wale 0.1 wt % Lia hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka wai wai e ~ 2-3 ° C.

Lawe aku nā mea loaʻa i kēia ma o ka hanaʻana i nā flux (chrlode- a iʻole ka fluoride-e pili ana) a me ka degosing e wehe i nā momi a me ka hydrogen,

Pēlā e hoʻowalewale ai i ka paila ilo a me ka hoʻemiʻana i ka gap ma waena o ka solidus a me ka wai.

Ke hilinaʻi nei i ka noʻonoʻoʻana (Kālepaʻo Clapeyron)

Ma lalo o nā koina kiʻekiʻe, Ua piʻi akuʻo Alumini a Alminim i kahi manawa ma kahi o kahi kokoke 6 K / GPA.

No ka hapa nui o nā kaʻina hana hana e hana ana a kokoke paha 1 ancy, Hōʻike kēia hopena i ka hōʻoleʻole.

Akā naʻe,, ʻO ka noiʻi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (E.g., ʻO nā hoʻokolohua o Diamond-anvil cell) Hōʻike i kēlā 1 GPA, Ua piʻiʻo Alumini a Alminim i kahi a puni 666 ° C.

ʻOiaiʻaʻole pono e pili pono i ka hoʻopiliʻana i ke kauʻana, Kuhi kēiaʻikepili i keʻano o ke kaomiʻana i nā mea e pili ana i ka equidi.

4. Nā'ōnaehana alloy a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻaʻana

Aia ma lalo nei he mea hanaʻoleʻole a me keʻano nui o ka papa inoa o nā allus maʻamau a me ko lākou mea e pili ana i ka solidus / wai (hoʻomālamalama) mahana.

I nā hihia he nui, Hōʻike kēlā me kēia allolo i ka Nā haʻona ma waena o ka solidus (ʻO ka onene o ka Melting) a me ka wai (piha piha) Ma muli o ke Alloying a me nā hana etutectic.

Nā leka a me nā nānā:

• AL ALMInim (1100) melts pololei ma 660.3 ° C (1 220.5 ° F); Kālepa 1100 E hōʻike paha i kahi liʻiliʻi ± 1 ° C (± 1.8 ° F) ʻokoʻa ma muli o nā mea i hoʻopiliʻia.
• Al-si canding alloys (A356, A380, ADC12, A413) pili nā waiwai waiwai mai 546 ° C (1 015 ° F) i ~ 577 ° C (1 071 ° F), Me ka wai wai kokoke i 595-615 ° C (1 103-1 139 ° F).
  ʻO ka hoʻopiliʻana i nā manawa paʻa i loko o kekahi (E.g., A356) ʻO nā micrstructure maikaʻi a me nā mea hana maikaʻiʻole.
• Mg-beaing i nā alloys (5052, 5083, 6061, 6082, 6063) hōʻike nā mea paʻa i waena o 545 ° C (1 013 ° F) and 582 ° C (1 080 ° F),
  ʻOiai e waiho ana i waena o ka wai ma waena 640 ° C (1 184 ° F) and 655 ° C (1 211 ° F).
  E like me ka piʻiʻana o ka mg, ua hāʻule ka mea paʻa i lalo, ʻO ka pālahalahaʻana i ka'ōpū.
• Ikaika-ikaika 7000 Nā mo'ānō (7050, 7075) Hōʻikeʻia Nā wahi ākea ākea,
  nā neuectics kokoke i 470-475 ° C (878-887 ° F) a me ka wai e pili ana i 635-640 ° C (1 175-1 184 ° F).
  E mālama pono (māla hūhulo, HPDC) he mea pono e pale i ka huki wela.
• ʻO nā allunim a me nā mea waiwai waiwai (2024, 2014) ai nā waiwai paʻa kokoke i kahi kokoke iā 490-502 ° C (914-935 ° F)
  and Kokoke kokoke iā 640-642 ° 100 (1 184-1 188 ° F)-ʻO ka nui o ke kikowaena nui o ~ 140 ° C (≈ 252 ° F), Ke koi nei i ka hoʻokele ma keʻano kūpono e pale aku ai i nā hemahema.
• Nā mea hana hou (Al -li, ʻIliʻili, AlBbemet, nano-allosys) tweak melting keʻano o ka hana waleʻia e kekahi mau kiʻekiʻe wale nō akā e hāʻawi i nā mea hoʻohana kūʻokoʻa a me ka hoʻololiʻana.

5. Nā ana a me nā hana hoʻoholo

Pono ka papa kuhikuhi a me ka papa hanaʻo Aluminum a Alminim. Nā mea hana a me nā mea noiʻi e hilinaʻi nei:

ʻO ka carnametyʻokoʻaʻokoʻa (Dsc)

Dsc squar wela e kahe ana i loko o kahiʻano liʻiliʻi alumini liʻiliʻi (5-10 mg) e like me ka mahana o ka mahana ma kahi helu iʻikeʻia (E.g., 10 ° C / min).

'Ōlelo hope o ka hopena a 660.3 ° C Hui PūʻIa i ka wela o ka wikiwiki (ahu 10.71 kj / mol, Oole 394 J / g).

Loaʻa i nā mea kani nui e loaʻa ai i nā mea kani kiʻekiʻe ± 0.5 (Malting Point 156.6 ° C) a me zinc (419.5 ° C).

ʻO ka nānāʻana i ka nānāʻana (Dta)

I dta, he mea kuhikuhi (Nā Mea Hana) Aʻo ka sample aluminim e kaʻana like i ka papahana like. Kaʻokoʻa ma waena o lākou e hōʻike ana i kahi onel.

ʻOiaiʻoi aku ka pololei ma mua o DSC, Hāʻawiʻo DTA i ± 1 ° C hoʻonā, e hana pono ai no ka hōʻikeʻana i nāʻano alloy i ka wā e pono ai me nā pale holoi holoi.

ʻO nā hōʻikeʻo Thermocouple-i hoʻokumuʻia

E hilinaʻi pinepineʻia nā mea hana Type k (NICR-makemake) Oole Pākuʻi N (Ninksi-kekahi) ʻO Thermocoups i hoʻokomoʻia i loko o ka moltenlum.

E like me ka mea e hiki ai i keʻano 660 ° C, Ua nānā iki nā mea hana i kahi manawa pōkole Plateau (ʻO ke kāwele hau hau) e hōʻike ana i ka absorption wela wela.

Akā naʻe,, paulele hiki ke pana i ka mahana o keʻano 680-700 ° C ma mua o ka hāʻuleʻana o ka wai wai maoli.

Ua kōkua hou i ka calibration e kū'ē i nā metals.

Nā pilikia ma ka pololei (Oxiyan, Paulele)

ʻO ka inoaʻo Molten Aluminim e hana i kahi Nā Alluna (Al₂o₃) kiʻi ma luna o konaʻaoʻao, e hoʻopili ana i nā mea heluhelu i loko o ka wai.

Liilii, Pinemunim Pinemunim Kipaia e 20-30 ° C ma luna o kāna waihoʻoluʻu no ka mea, ua lohi nā mea kōkua nukle.

E lanakila i kēia mau pilikia, nā mea hana hana i nā kiʻina ma lalo o nā mea i hala (Aron) a iʻole e hoʻopili i nā fluxes e wāwahi i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma mua o ka laweʻana i nā ana.

Ua hoʻonohonoho pūʻia lākou i nā cell paʻa i nā thermocoups e kū'ē i nā kūlana i hōʻoiaʻia.

6. Hoʻololi i ka hanaʻana a me ka hanaʻana i nā hana

I nā hoʻonohonohoʻoihana, 'Olunu ka loli i ka wana; ʻO nā mea hana i nā mea hana ma o kahiʻano o nā hana kūikawā e hana ai i nā hale kūʻai maikaʻi:

ʻO nāʻano hana maʻamau

• Nā Kumuhana Pūnaewele: ʻO nā kālā uila uila uila uila uila uila.
  No ka mea, e hoʻokūkū ana i ka wela wela i loko o ka mea hao, ʻO kēia mau huluhulu ult aluminum kūpono loa ma 700-750 ° C.
• ʻO nā mea maikaʻiʻole: Uaʻaeʻo Gas-Fired i nā puʻuwai nui (a i kekahi mau tons) e hoʻoheheʻe ma 700-720 ° C. ʻO nā mea hana e skim e hoʻopau i ka wā e mālama ana i ka hoʻomehana liʻiliʻi o ka maverthoat.
• Nā Grountary Groundry: Hoʻopiliʻia nā pahu pahu i ka hoʻohuiʻana i ka ho'ēmiʻana a me ka hoʻouluʻana, ka mālamaʻana i ka mahana o ka huiʻana 700-750 ° C a me ka hāʻawiʻana i ka hui maikaʻiʻana no keʻano o ka homogematy.
• Nā mea maikaʻiʻole: Nā'āpana liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi (50-200 kg) ʻO keʻano wela a Alminim ma nā mea uila a iʻole ka propane, Ke kokoke kokoke ana 680-700 ° C a hiki i ka nininiʻana.

Fluxing and degusinging

ʻO ka hana maʻalahiʻo Molten Aluminim i ka hydrogen (solubilitili i 0.7 CM³ H₂ / 100 G AL a 700 ° C).

E ho'ēmi ʻO ka pololi, Loaʻa nāʻike i nā mea kanu lāʻau (Aron, nitrogen) ma o ka melt, E paipai i ka hydrogen e pakele.

Hoʻoholo lākou KaukaʻiKau-Typically i kahi hui o nā chrides a iʻole nā ​​fluoried, E hōʻoluʻolu maʻalahi i ka skim.

Ka hōʻemiʻana i ka fluxing fluxing e hōʻemi ana i ka oxide e pili ana i nā mea hou aku 80 %, E hoʻomaikaʻi pololei i ka hoʻopiliʻana i ke kūpaʻa hope loa.

Ka hoʻohanaʻana i kaʻenehana a me nā manaʻo kūpono

ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻaʻana i nā mea nui a Aluminim 13-15 kwh ma kēlā me kēia kila o ka mea hao.

He ʻokoʻa, Ka'ohila (kiʻi houʻia) aluminum koi wale 1.8-2.2 KWH POLOHE-A 85 % ka mālamaʻana i ka ikehu.

ʻO nā mea aloha o kēia mau hana Nā Kupa Pūnaewele Cerramic, Nā Mea Hana Hou, and ʻO ka ho'ōla wela wela eʻoki i ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka hoʻohanaʻana i kahi mea hou 15-20 %.

Nā kiʻi kiʻi ʻO ke kumukūʻai o ka ikaika no ka ton o ka niu kokoke, e like me ka hoʻomehanaʻana i nā moʻokāki no ka 60 % o ka huina o ke kumu kūʻai.

ʻO ka mālamaʻana i ka hanaʻana a me ka mana o ka mahana no ka maikaʻi

E hōʻoia pono i ka hoʻohuiʻana o ka hoʻohuiʻana a me ka hōʻemiʻana i ka macro-segregation macro-segregation, ʻO nā mea hana a nā mea hanaʻo Sit Molten Almininum me ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā mea hana Mechallers a iʻole nā ​​Electromagnetic.

Paʻa lākou i ka 700-720 ° C No kahi soak pōkole (5-10 mau minuke) ma mua o ka hoʻoiliʻana e hoʻopaʻa i nā umu.

E pili pinepineʻia nā mea paʻahana nā pyrterter pyroped-ʻOini ± 5 ° C Stability, Ke pale nei i ka nui o ka superheatingʻoiai e hōʻoia ana i keʻano o ka wai no nā'āpana'āpana'āpana.

7. Nā Kūlana a me nā kūpono kūpono

Metralurgy: Melting a kau i nā kaʻina hana

Loaʻa i nā URDER Callibrate Callibrate i 20-40 ° C ma luna o ka wai o Alloy e hōʻoia i ka hoʻopiha pihaʻana.

Haʻahaʻa loa i kahi mahana (E.g., Kaʻu iki 50 ° C wai) e hōʻeha i nā'ōpū a me nā hewa,

oiai ka nui o superheat (E.g., > 150 ° C wai) e hoʻokaʻawale i ka oxidation a me ka hana paʻa.

ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka melt maikaʻi i ka manaʻo o nā mea ponoʻole: ʻO ka ho'ōla maikaʻiʻana Elongeations

Nā luna 12 % I nā hale kūʻai A356, ʻOiai e hiki ai i ka mana maikaʻi ke hōʻemi i ka ductility i lalo 5 %.

Aerospace, Kaʻa kaʻa, a e hana

• Aerospace: ʻO ka hoʻopiliʻana i ka heluʻana o ka hāʻawiʻana i nā al-li alloys (wai ~ 640 ° C, SoUDUS ~ 510 ° C) koi aku i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe e pale aku i ka pososity i nā mea iʻoi aku i nā mea hana.
• Kaʻa kaʻa: ʻO ka nui o ke koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe e hānai ana i kahi a380 (wai ~ 595 ° C) No nā hihia i laweʻia e pono ai i nā molld 240-260 ° C Hōʻalo i nā moa.
• Kūkulu hoʻi: Extrusiam no 6061 no ka pukaʻana o ka puka aniani 500-520 ° C, ma lalo o ka wai, ka paleʻana i ka hana no ka hana paʻa.

ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me nā mea hoʻohui hoʻohui

• Fusion ulding: Gas tungsten arc welding (Gtaw) o 6061-T6 holo i DC Electrode maikaʻiʻole me ka helu wela e hoʻopiliʻia e hoʻomau i ka waiʻauʻau 650-700 ° C.
  Akā naʻe,, ka wela wela (HAZ) e hāʻule i lalo 500 ° C, e hoʻokau ana ināʻaʻole i loaʻa hou.
• Mea hoʻohuiʻaha (Slm / ebm): Pūnaewele Haununum (Nā'āpana'āpana 15-45 μm) i
  Pono ka Fusion Fautrot Fusion a iʻole nā ​​mea e hoʻopili ai i nā mea uila 1,000 ° C + e uku no no ka noʻonoʻo nui a me ka laweʻana.
  Pono e hoʻokaʻawale i nā hiʻohiʻona kaʻina hana i ke kīwī a me ka spatter, ʻOiaiʻo ka lalo haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o ke kila.

Ke hoʻolālā nei i ka mālama wela & Ka hana wela

Ua noho maikaʻi nā papa hana a iʻole nā ​​papa hana extrusion ma lalo o ka solidus-maʻamau maʻamau 350-550 ° C (662-1 022 ° F)-ʻO ka paleʻana i ka ho'ēmiʻana.

Ma hope o ka hoʻokumuʻana, E hoʻokaʻawale pinepineʻia nā alloys 515-535 ° C (959-995 ° F) a me ka quanching e hoʻokumu i nā t6 a iʻole nā ​​poʻe'ē aʻe.

Hōʻano hou i ka pono

ʻO ka lua o ka lua alumylim smetters e hoʻoheheʻe nui loa i nā alloys ma 700-720 ° C (1 292-1 328 ° F),

hoʻokō 90-95 % UA KUDALAIA ma ~ 0,5-0.8 kwh / kg-firming haʻahaʻa ma mua o ke kila hou (1,400-1,600 ° C / 2-4 kwh / kg).

8. Nā hoʻohālikelike me nā metala'ē aʻe

9. Hopena

ʻO keʻano o ka alumini, 660.32 ° C, Nā Hana Kūʻai Kūlana Kūlana, mai ka sumelting pume e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hana hoʻohui hoʻohui hoʻohui.

ʻO kāna mau haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e hōʻemi i ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka hana, Hoʻopau hou i ka recycling,

a hoʻohuiʻia i ke kāheaʻana i hoʻohālikelikeʻia i nā metala kiʻekiʻe e like me ke keleawe a me ke kila kila.

E hoʻomaka ana nā hana hana i ka wikiwiki no ka māmā, ikaika, aʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea hoʻohui alumini,

ʻO ka hoʻomaopopoʻana a me ka nānāʻana i ka hana alumini a Alminim.

Eʻimi hou i ka nano-Alloying, ʻO ke kaumaha nui loa, a me keʻano o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻana i nā hana

e hōʻole i ko mākouʻike i kēiaʻike i ka transition-solid i ka wai-e wehewehe i ka role i loko o ka huiʻana o nā metallinum.