Huli i kekahi papa inoa mea hana, a e ʻike ʻoe i kahi ʻohana holoʻokoʻa o nā mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma lalo o ka ʻohana keleawe: ke keleawe ʻulaʻula i loko o ka uwila uila, na kiwi keleawe gula ma na paipu paipu, ka ilo keleawe i loko o nā pahu hoʻoili mana, a me ka paipu cupronickel kala i loko o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoluʻu kai.
Kūkulu ʻia nā mea a pau ma luna o kahi matrix kumu keleawe, ʻokoʻa naʻe ko lākou kala, paakiki, mea kūʻai uila, pale ʻino a me ke kumukūʻai no ka paona.
ʻO ka manaʻo kuhihewa maʻamau i waena o nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā mea ʻenekini hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea i hōʻike ʻia kēia mau alloys i kahi hierarchy maikaʻi - ʻo ke keleawe maʻemaʻe ka "maikaʻi" a ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole., nā mea ʻokoʻa kūʻai aku. ʻAʻole kēia i ka loiloi ʻenehana kumu o ka hoʻolālā keleawe keleawe.
Hōʻike kēlā me kēia ʻōnaehana alloy i kahi mea i manaʻo ʻia, hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia o nā tradeoffs: ʻO nā mea ʻenekinia e hāʻawi i kahi ʻāpana o ka conductivity maoli a me ka ductility o ke keleawe e wehe i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, E kāʻei i ke kū'ē, ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana a i ʻole ka machinability.
ʻAʻohe mea keleawe maikaʻi loa ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa; aia wale nō nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no nā kūlana lawelawe kūikawā.
1. He ʻike maka wale nō ke kala, ʻaʻole he ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa intuitive loa ma waena o nā alloy keleawe he kala, akā, ʻo ka waihoʻoluʻu wale nō ka mea hōʻike hilinaʻi ʻole. He hopena ʻaoʻao ʻike ʻia o ka haku melemele, ʻaʻole ia he maʻamau mākaʻikaʻi.
keleawe hana maʻemaʻe
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula e hele mai mai kahi kokoke ʻole i hoʻohui ʻia keleawe.
Ma na maemae maluna 99.7%, paʻa ka mea i ka ʻike maka o ke keleawe, hāʻawi iā ia i ka leo metala mahana maʻa.
ʻOi aku ka hohonu o nā māka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe; Hiki i nā mea haumia ke hoʻololi i ka helehelena i kahi ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele.
keleawe
keleawe ʻO ke kumu, he keleawe-zinc alloy. I ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka zinc, neʻe mālie ke kala mai ka ʻulaʻula melemele ma 90% keleawe i ke gula melemele ma 70% keleawe, a hope loa i kahi hina hina-melemele ma 50% keleawe.
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona "brass gold" maʻamau o ka hapa nui o nā lako a me nā ʻāpana paipu e pili ana i ka 60-65% ʻike keleawe..
Bronze
Bronze ʻaʻohe kala ʻano hoʻokahi, no ka mea, ua wehewehe ka hua'ōlelo i ka ʻohana holoʻokoʻa o nā ʻāpana keleawe i hoʻohui ʻia me nā mea ʻē aʻe ma waho o ka zinc.
- He leo ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula maʻamau ka tin keleawe.
- Hiki i ke keleawe alumini ke gula-melemele a ʻike pinepine ʻole ʻia mai ke keleawe..
- ʻIke like paha ke keleawe silikoni me ke keleawe kalepa maʻamau.
ʻO ka patina ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ʻike ʻia ma nā mea hana keleawe kahiko he huahana corrosion i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā makahiki a i ʻole mau kenekulia o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i waho., ʻaʻole ke kala i hana ʻia.
Copingickel
ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka nikela e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke kala ʻulaʻula o ke keleawe, metala keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo.
Papa me 10% ʻO ka nickel he ʻano mahana wela; nā māka me 30% ʻO ka nickel he ʻano keʻokeʻo kālā keʻokeʻo e like me ke kila kuhili ʻole i ka nānā mua ʻana.
Papaoina, Kāleka, Hiki ke hoʻololi i ka helehelena a me ka uhi ʻana i hiki ke hoʻopunipuni i ka ʻike.
Hoʻihoʻi mau ka hoʻohui hilinaʻi i ka mea hoʻohui kumu, ʻaʻole ʻike maka.
2. Kūʻai kēlā me kēia mea hoʻohui i kahi waiwai i hoʻonohonoho ʻia no kekahi
Loaʻa i ke keleawe maʻemaʻe ka uila a me ka thermal conductivity, ductility maikaʻi a me ka maikaʻi o ka corrosion kū'ē.
Akā he palupalu, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a ʻaʻahu wikiwiki ma lalo o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana.
Hoʻohui ʻia nā mea hoʻohui i ka "dilute" keleawe, akā, e kūʻai i kahi hapa o kāna conductivity no nā ʻano hana koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe.
Hōʻuluʻulu ka papa ma lalo i ka mea e hāʻawi ai kēlā me kēia mea hoʻohui nui, a he aha ke ʻano hana i kūʻai ʻia aku.
| Mea hoʻohuihui | Loaʻa i ka hana mua | Nā Kūʻai Kūʻai maʻamau | Lunamakaainana UNS Papa |
| keleawe (kumu) | ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka uila/thermal conductivity, maikaʻi maikaʻi, pale ʻana i ka corrosion baseline | Haʻahaʻa ikaika, paʻakikī paʻakikī, maikaʻi ʻole ke komo ʻana | C11000 (Etp), C10200 (OFHC) |
| Zinc | Ka hoʻomaikaʻiʻana i ka ikaika, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka castability, hoʻonui i ke anu/wela formability, emi iho ke kumu kuai kumu | Hoʻemi i ka conductivity; ka pilikia o ka dezincification a me ke koʻikoʻi i ka pohā ʻana i ka pōʻino i nā kaiapuni koʻikoʻi | C27000 (Keleawe cretridge), C28000 (Ka hao Muntz) |
| Kū | Hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pale ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu, elasticity, ka hoʻomanawanui luhi a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion | Hoʻemi i ka conductivity; mea kiʻekiʻe a me ka uku hana | C51000, C51900 (Phosphor Bronze) |
| Aluminum | Hoʻonui nui i ka ikaika, ke kūʻē i ka ʻinoʻino o ke kai a me ke kūʻē ʻana i ka ʻino / cavitation | Hoʻokumu paʻakikī, wiliwili a me ka mālama ʻana i ka wela | C61400, C63000 (Ailunimina bronze) |
Nickel |
Ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka wai kai, ʻO ka hoʻomauʻana, keʻokeʻo kālā keʻokeʻo | Hoemi nui i ka conductivity; piʻi nui ke kumu kūʻai nickel | C70600 (90/10 Me ka mai ia makou), C71500 (70/30 Me ka mai ia makou) |
| Alakaʻi | Ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka machinability a me ka hana ʻokiʻoki no ka huli ʻana a me ka wili | ʻO ke olakino a me ke kaiapuni no ka pili ʻana i ka wai; ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻōpala | C37700 (Palau keleawe alakai) |
| Phoshorus | Deoxidizer ikaika; ʻO ke koena o ka phosphorus e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pale ʻana a me ka elasticity i nā keleawe keleawe | ʻO ka nui o ke koena phosphorus e hōʻemi i ka uila a me ka thermal conductivity o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe | C12200 (Dhp keleawe), nā māka keleawe phosphor |
| Chromium / Zirconium | ʻO ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wela palupalu i ka wā e mālama ai i ka hapa nui o ka conductivity keleawe | ʻO ka hana paʻakikī; pono ka paakiki makahiki no ka hana piha | C18150 (CuCrZr) |
ʻO kēia loiloi tradeoff ke kumu nui o ka hoʻolālā keleawe keleawe. ʻAʻohe māka lanakila ma kēlā me kēia metric; hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia kēlā me kēia papa no kahi mea nui.
3. keleawe hana maʻemaʻe: ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o "ke keleawe maʻemaʻe"
ʻO kēlā me kēia lā "ʻo ke keleawe maʻemaʻe" e uhi i kahi ʻano o nā māka hana i ʻike ʻia e nā pae haumia, ka ʻike oxygen a me ka hana deoxidation.
ʻAʻole lākou he mau kūlana maʻemaʻe like ʻole - ua hana ʻia lākou no nā ʻano hana like ʻole a me nā kūlana lawelawe.
keleawe electrolytic paʻakikī maʻamau: C11000
C11000 (e like me T2 ma ka ʻōnaehana maʻamau Kina) ʻo ia ka papa hana ʻoihana, me ka palena iki 99.90% keleawe + mea kala kala.
Kaulike ia i ka conductivity, kumaikalua, loaʻa a me ke kumukūʻai, a lanakila i ka uwea mana, busbar, ka mea hoʻololi a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wela ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.
keleawe ʻole okineka: C10200 (OFHC)
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā māka ʻole o ka oxygen ma lalo o ka mālama ʻia ʻana o nā lewa hoʻemi e hōʻemi i ka oxygen dissolved..
- Hāʻawi lākou i ka paʻa maikaʻi ma lalo o ka vacuum, nā wahi hoʻohaʻahaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe a me nā kūlana waiwai hydrogen, ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka hydrogen.
- Hāʻawi pū lākou i ka hoʻoheheʻe mau ʻana, ka hana ʻana o ka brazing a me ka ʻūhā.
- No ka uwea hale ma'amau, ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana mai C11000 a i C10200 ʻaʻole hāʻawi i ka pōmaikaʻi hana ʻike.
Hoʻoholo wale ʻia ka uku no ka uila uila, nā mea hoʻokele leo kiʻekiʻe a me nā noi hoʻomaʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe.
keleawe-deoxidized phosphorus: C12200
Hoʻohui ʻia ka Phosphorus i ka wā o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana e ʻohi ai i ka oxygen, e hana ana i ke keleawe e kū'ē i ka hydrogen embrittlement a maikaʻi loa ka hana ʻana, nā ʻano kulou a me ka brazing.
C12200 (like me TP2) ʻoi aku ka nui o ka phosphorus koena, ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka hilinaʻi maikaʻi loa a me ka hui pū ʻana, ma ke kumukūʻai o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka conductivity uila.
ʻO ia ka papa maʻamau no nā paipu ea, nā wili pahu hau a me nā mea hoʻololi wela, kahi ʻoi aku ka nui o ka formability a me ka leak-tight brazing ma mua o ka nui o ka conductivity uila.
ʻO ka C11000 a me ka oxygen-free copper i makemake nui ʻia no nā busbars conductivity kiʻekiʻe a me nā mea hoʻokele uila..
ʻO nā mea hao kūikawā kiʻekiʻe
ʻO nā papa e like me C18150 chromium-zirconium copper e hoʻohui i nā mea liʻiliʻi o nā mea hoʻohui e hoʻonui i ka mahana a me ka ikaika i ka wā e mālama ai i ka hapa nui o ka conductivity o ke keleawe..
Ua kuhikuhi ʻia lākou no nā electrodes welding resistance, nā uwea pili kaʻaahi a me nā papa alakaʻi.
| Nā māka US | Inoa maʻamau | Mana Hoʻohui | ʻokoʻa hana nui | Nā noi maʻamau |
| C11000 | Etp keleawe | ≥ 99.90% Cu+Ag, maʻemaʻe ʻoihana maʻamau | Loaʻa nui loa, Hoʻonlawa kūnuna | Nā kaula uila, nā pāpale wahine, nā hoʻololiʻana, sinks wela |
| C10200 | OFHC keleawe | Ultra-kiʻekiʻe maʻemaʻe, haʻahaʻa loa o ka oxygen | Paʻa i loko o ka vacuum a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā lewa | Mea uila uila, leo kiʻekiʻe, mea alakai pololei |
| C12000 | DLP Copper | Haʻahaʻa koena phosphorus deoxidized | Mea maikaʻi, kiʻekiʻe ka conductivity ma mua o DHP | Nā mea hana wela, laina pahu hau, paipu wiliwili |
C12200 |
Dhp keleawe | ʻOi aku ka nui o ke koena phosphorus deoxidized | ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka hilinaʻi brazing | Paipu AC, condenser coils, laina paipu |
| C18150 | CuCrZr | Chromium + hoʻohui zirconium | Ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe ma ka wela kiʻekiʻe, mālama i ka conductivity maikaʻi | Nā electrodes wiliwili, nā ʻāpana kaʻa, ʻāpana pili |
4. keleawe: hōʻike nā helu papa i ka haku mele ʻana, ʻaʻole kūlana maikaʻi
ʻO ke keleawe he ʻōnaehana keleawe-zinc alloy.
Hōʻike nā helu helu ma kahi kokoke i ke keleawe - C24000 he ~80% keleawe, C27000 (keleawe cretridge) he ~70% keleawe, C28000 (Ka hao Muntz) he ~60% keleawe.
He mea hoʻowalewale ka heluhelu ʻana i ka ʻike keleawe kiʻekiʻe ma ke ʻano he "ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi"., aka, he kuhihewa ia. Loaʻa kēlā me kēia papa i kahi puka aniani hana a me ka hana.
Nā māka keleawe maʻamau
| Nā māka US | Maikaʻi keleawe inoa | Nā hiʻohiʻona noʻonoʻo | Nā noi maʻamau |
| C22000 (keleawe kalepa) | ~90% | ʻulaʻula-gula kala, maikaʻi loa ke anu a me ka wela formability | Radiators, hana hanohano, nā hōʻailona, paipu paia lahilahi |
| C26000 (Keleawe cretridge) | ~ 70% | Papa kaha kiʻi hohonu maʻamau, ʻokoʻa formability | pahu pahu pahu, paipu radiator, ʻāpana hohonu |
C27000 (Hiila mele) |
~65% | Elasticity kaulike maikaʻi, ka ikaika a me ka hana stamping | Nā ʻāpana, Nā Kākoʻo, pili puna, radiators, Nā'āpana hōʻike |
| C28000 (Ka hao Muntz) | ~ 60% | ʻOi nui ka ikaika, maikaʻi hana wela, kumu kūʻai mea haʻahaʻa loa | ʻO nā kino pāpaʻi wela, lako lako maʻamau, KahawaiOli |
No ke aha i lanakila ai ke keleawe alakaʻi i nā faucets a me nā valve
Pono nā faucets a me nā valves i kahi hui koi o nā waiwai: pono lākou e hoʻolei ʻia a hana ʻia paha i loko o nā ʻano paʻakikī, mīkini ʻia me nā milo pololei a me nā ʻili hoʻopaʻa, a hāʻawi i ka ikaika kūpono a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.
He palupalu loa ke keleawe maʻemaʻe a lōʻihi, nā ʻāpana kaula i ka wā o ka mīkini, hana inefficient no ka nui-volo hana.
Hāʻawi nā keleawe maʻamau i kahi kaulike baseline maikaʻi.
Hoʻohui ʻia nā māka alakaʻi e like me C37700 ma kahi o 1-2% alakaʻi, ka mea e hana ai i nā ʻāpana palupalu ʻokoʻa i loko o ka matrix keleawe e hana like me nā mea haki i ka wā e hana ai.
Hoʻonui nui kēia i ka huli ʻana, ka wili ʻana a me ka paʻi ʻana i ka huahana, e hoʻolilo iā ia i mea hana mōʻaukala no nā kiwi a me nā mea pono.
No ka inu wai, Akā naʻe,, ʻO ka ʻike alakaʻi a me ka leaching pono e hoʻokō i nā kūlana huahana koʻikoʻi e like me NSF/ANSI 61.
Ke hoʻohana nui nei nā noi paipu hou i nā keleawe paʻakikī kepau ʻole, kahi silika, ʻO ka bismuth a i ʻole nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻololi i ke alakaʻi e mālama i ka machinability maikaʻi i ka wā e hālāwai ai i nā lula olakino a me ke kaiapuni.
Nā keleawe kūikawā
Ma waho aʻe o nā keleawe keleawe-zinc a me nā keleawe alakaʻi, nui nā ʻano like ʻole i hoʻohui ʻia no nā kaiapuni kikoʻī:
- keleawe keleawe (C44300 Admiralty keleawe): ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka tin e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pale ʻana i ke kai a pale i ka dezincification, hoʻohana ʻia no ka paipu condenser i ka lawelawe kai, pinepine me kahi hoʻohui arsenic liʻiliʻi no ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.
- Koho Kohoia (C68700): ʻO ka alumini a me ka trace arsenic e hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion i ke kahe kai, i kuhikuhi ʻia no ka mea kanu mana a me nā condensers moku.
- Kūpono keleawe mangenese: Hoʻonui ka manganese i ka ikaika, ʻaʻahu i ke kūpaʻa a me ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana i ka corrosion no nā ʻāpana kai kaumaha a me nā mīkini.
5. Bronze: he ʻohana holoʻokoʻa o nā alloys, ʻaʻole hoʻokahi mea
Hoʻohui ka poʻe he nui i ke keleawe me nā mea hao keleawe-tini, ʻo ka mōʻaukala ke ʻano kahiko loa.
I nā huaʻōlelo ʻenehana hou, ʻO ke keleawe he huaʻōlelo umbrella no ka aneane ʻo nā ʻāpana keleawe a pau kahi i hoʻohui ʻia ʻaʻole zinc.
Hana kēia i ke keleawe i ka ʻohana keleawe like ʻole.
Tin a me phosphor keleawe: Kāhele, nā mīkini a me nā pūnāwai
ʻO ke keleawe Phosphor e like me C51900 he ~6.5% tin a me ~0.1% phosphorus.
Hoʻonui ka tin i ka ikaika, pale ʻaʻahu a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion; Hana ka phosphorus ma ke ʻano he deoxidizer a me ke koena o ka phosphorus e hoʻomaikaʻi hou i ka lole a me nā waiwai elastic.
ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka emi o ka conductive ma mua o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe, ʻO ke keleawe phosphor ke kūpaʻa i ka piʻo pinepine ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana.
ʻO ia ka mea maʻamau no nā mea hoʻopili uila, nā mea kani, nā pūnāwai pololei.
ʻO nā māka kiʻekiʻe e like me C52100 e hāʻawi i ka ikaika a ʻoi aku ka pale ʻana i ke kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe a me ka conductivity haʻahaʻa.
Aluminum keleawe: gula i ka nana aku, kaumaha-hana i ka hana
ʻO nā keleawe alumini e like me C61400 a me C63000 ke nānā pinepine i ka nānā like me ke keleawe, akā, aia kā lākou hana i kahi papa ʻokoʻa.
Hoʻokumu ka alumini i kahi paʻakikī, paʻa alumini oxide papa ili e hāʻawi kūʻē kūʻē i ka wai kai, ka ʻili a me ka cavitation.
Ua kuhikuhi ʻia lākou no nā propellers moana, moku moku, Nā kino kino, nā mea hana koʻikoʻi a me nā puʻupuʻu haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe.
ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻolei ʻana, ka mālama wela a me nā koi wili, me ka noʻonoʻo nui i ka maikaʻi o ka hana.
Nā keleawe kūikawā no nā noi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia
- keleawe silikoni (C65500): Hoʻohui i ka ikaika maikaʻi, elasticity, weldability a me ka corrosion kū'ē no nā pūnāwai, nā hale wili a me nā lako kai.
- keleawe Beryllium (C17200): Loaʻa i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe loa a me ka elasticity ma hope o ka paʻakikī o ka makahiki, hoʻohana ʻia no nā pūnāwai pololei, nā mea hoʻohui a me nā mea hana ʻole.
ʻO ka uahi Beryllium a me ka lepo wili e koi i nā mana palekana o ka hana. - Kromium-zirconium keleawe: ʻO nā ʻāpana keleawe kiʻekiʻe e hoʻonui nui i ka ikaika a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka mahana ʻoiai e mālama ana i ka hapa nui o ka conductivity keleawe..
ʻO lākou ka maʻamau no ke kū'ē i nā electrodes welding, nā uwea pili kaʻaahi a me nā papa alakaʻi.
| ʻAno keleawe | Lunamakaainana UNS Papa | Ka ikaika kumu | Nā noi maʻamau |
| keleawe keleawe | C51000 | ʻAʻahu kaulike, corrosion a formability | Bussings, punawai, ʻāpana ana |
| Phosphor Bronze | C51900 | ʻO ka elasticity maikaʻi loa, ka luhi a me ka ʻaʻahu | Nā Kākoʻo, Hoʻokaʻaʻike, Kauluhi, Kāhele, nā hua'ōlelo |
| keleawe phosphor kiʻekiʻe | C52100 | ʻOi aku ka ikaika a me ka lole ma mua o nā māka haʻahaʻa | Nā puna wai kaumaha, nā papa kuʻi, Bussings |
| Aluminum keleawe | C61400, C63000 | Ikaika ikaika, wai kai maikaʻi / ka paleʻana i ka cavitation | Nā mea hoʻolele moana, Nā Vilves, Pumps, nā kaumaha kaumaha |
keleawe silikoni |
C65500 | Maikaʻi maikaʻi, weldability a me ka corrosion kū'ē | Punawai, nā hui welded, lako kai/kemika |
| keleawe Beryllium | C17200 | Ka ikaika a me ka elasticity ultra-kiʻekiʻe ma hope o ka ʻelemakule | Nā pūnāwai pololei, nā mea hoʻokomo mold, mea paahana ole |
| Cu-Cr-Zr | C18150 | Ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe ma ka wela kiʻekiʻe, mālama i ka conductivity maikaʻi | Nā electrodes wiliwili, nā ʻāpana kaʻa, ʻāpana pili |
6. Copingickel: no ke aha mai 90/10 and 70/30 mau māka ola i ka wai kai
Copingickel (copper-nickel alloy) ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka ʻōnaehana binary copper-nickel.
Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo Nickel i ke keleawe, e hoʻololi ana i ke kala kala-keʻokeʻo, hoʻonui i ka ikaika a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, a me ka hoemi ana i ka uila.
ʻO nā māka kīʻaha cupronickel binary maʻamau
- C70600 (90/10 kīʻaha): ~10% nikela, maikaʻi ke ʻano a me ke kūpaʻa maʻamau o ke kai, ke kumu kūʻai kūʻai kūʻai pae moana.
- C71500 (70/30 kīʻaha): ~30% nikela, ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka ikaika a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ke kahe ʻana o ke kai, ka papa kai premium.
ʻO ke kīʻaha i hoʻololi ʻia i ka hao: ka mea hana wai kai maoli
No ka paipu wai kai maoli a me ka lawelawe condenser, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā māka hao.
ʻO nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka hao a me ka manganese ʻaʻole ia he mea hoʻopihapiha hoʻopihapiha - hoʻomaʻemaʻe lākou a hoʻopaʻa i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni pale passive oxide., hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi loa i ka pale ʻana i ka ʻino a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka wai kai kahe.
ʻAʻole kūʻokoʻa ke kūpaʻa wai kai o Cupronickel. Hoʻoulu mālie ke kiʻi pale i ka maʻemaʻe, wai kai ea.
Ka holo kiʻekiʻe loa, wai haumia, ʻO nā kūlana kūpaʻa a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā galvanic me nā metala ʻokoʻa hiki ke kumu i ka pau ʻole o ka corrosion mua..
ʻO nā ʻohana cupronickel ʻē aʻe
ʻAʻole nā cupronickel a pau no ka lawelawe kai:
- Pania / Manganin: Hana ʻia no ke kiʻekiʻe, pale uila paʻa wela, hoʻohana ʻia no nā resistors pololei a me nā shunt.
- kālā nikela (zinc cupronickel): kala kala-keʻokeʻo, maikaʻi no ka formability, hoʻohana ʻia no nā hale mea kani, pale electromagnetic, mea hoʻonani a me nā mea nani.
ʻOiai kaʻana like nā mea a pau i ka hoʻohālikelike "cupronickel"., marine-grade C71500 a me ka precision resistor-grade constantan e lawelawe i na hana pili ole.
Nā Papa Kūʻai Kūʻai maʻamau a me Copper-Nickel Alloy Grades
| Waiwai / Kumu | Inoa maʻamau | Pūnaehana Alloy kokoke | Nā hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi | Nā noi maʻamau |
| US C70600 | 90/10 Copingickel | Me ka mai ia makou, me Fe / Mn i hoʻomalu ʻia ma muli o ka kikoʻī | ʻO ke kūpaʻa ʻino ʻana i ka wai kai, NoMame, a me ka wellingbility | Paipu moku, Kāhewa, nā mea hana wela |
| US C70620 | 90/10 Cu-Ni Marine Alloy | ʻOhana Cu-Ni-Fe-Mn | Hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana moana a me ka erosion-corrosion | Pūnaehana wai kai, Hoʻohanaʻoihana, Nā mea kanu mua |
| US C71500 | 70/30 Copingickel | ʻO Cu-Ni me nā mea hoʻohui i hoʻopaʻa ʻia | ʻOi aku ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion moana | Pūnaehana moana a me waho |
| CuNi10Fe1Mn-type alloys | 90/10 Navy Cu-Ni | Ma kahi o Cu-10Ni me Fe a me Mn | Kūlike i ka wai kai a me ke kumukūʻai | Nā mea hana wela, Kāhewa, Piping |
CuNi30Fe-type alloys |
70/30 Navy Cu-Ni | Ma kahi o Cu-30Ni me nā hoʻohui Fe | ʻOi aku ka nui o ka palena hana i nā kaiapuni koi | ʻO ka lawelawe kai kūwaho a koʻikoʻi |
| Alloy ʻano ʻano Constantan | Kuʻi keleawe-Nikeli | Pūnaehana Cu-Ni, pinepine me ka maʻiʻo Ni kiʻekiʻe | Paʻa uila pale | Nā mea pale, kānana ana, hūlili |
| Alloy ʻano Manganin | ʻAiʻa kūʻē pololei | Cu-Mn-Ni | Nā hiʻohiʻona kūpaʻa uila | Mea hana ana pololei |
| US C79200 | Nickel kālā | Cu-Ni-Zn | ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona kala-keʻokeʻo a me ke ʻano maikaʻi | Nā'āpana hōʻike, Nā Hana Kūlana, Nā Kākoʻo, kūlā |
Nānā: Pono e hōʻoia mau ʻia nā haku mele a me nā inoa like me ka ASTM pili, Meme, I, ISO, ʻo ia, Gb / t, a i ʻole ka mea kūʻai aku kikoʻī kikoʻī.
ʻAʻole hōʻoia ʻakomi nā inoa huila like i ka hoʻohālikelike waiwai piha.
7. No ke aha e ʻokoʻa ai ka conductivity ma ke ʻano o ka nui
ʻO ka hoʻokele uila i nā metala e hilinaʻi i ka neʻe ʻana o ka electron ma o ka lattice crystal.
I ke keleawe maemae, ʻo ka lattice maʻamau e hoʻopuehu liʻiliʻi i nā electrons, hāʻawi iā C11000 a me ke keleawe ʻole oxygen i kā lākou conductivity kiʻekiʻe.
Nā ʻātoma hoʻohuihui - zinc, kū, nickel, silika a me nā mea ʻē aʻe - hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka lattice keleawe e hoʻopilikia i kēlā periodicity.
E like me ke kānāwai o Matthiessen, Hoʻohui kēlā me kēia atom solute i kahi haʻawina hoʻopuehu hou, hoʻokiʻekiʻe uila.
Laulaha, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka huila a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka solute, ʻo ka haʻahaʻa o ka conductivity.
ʻAʻole kēia he hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka maikaʻi o ka waiwai - he hoʻololi i manaʻo ʻia.
- Kūʻai ke keleawe Phosphor i ka conductivity no ka elasticity a me ke ola luhi.
- 70/30 Kūʻai ʻo cupronickel i ka conductivity no ka pale ʻana i ka wai kai.
- Hoʻolālā ʻia ʻo Manganese cupronickel i mea kiʻekiʻe, kūpaʻa kūpaʻa, no ka mea, ʻo kāna hana he mea pale.
| ʻOhana keleawe | Lako uila / Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua | Ikaika & ʻAʻa | Kūleʻa ʻino | Kālā & Hoʻoponopono i ka moʻolelo |
| Lole keleawe | Kiʻekiʻe loa; Etp / ʻO nā māka OFHC ka pae ʻoihana | Hoʻohaʻahaʻa; hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia e ka hana anu a i ʻole microalloying | Maikaʻi i ka lewa a me ka wai maʻemaʻe; ʻokoʻa ma ka waena | Maʻiʻo keleawe kiʻekiʻe; He kūʻai kūʻai nā māka maʻamau; ʻO ka māka kiʻekiʻe loa / OF nā māka e lawe i ka uku |
| keleawe | Haʻahaʻa ma mua o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe; ke emi nei me ka Zn kiʻekiʻe a me ka maʻiʻo hao | ʻOi aku ka nui ma mua o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe; koho ākea o ka mīkini / Kākau / hehi koho | ʻAiʻino maʻamau; makaala no ka dezincification, ammonia SCC a me ka leaching kepau | ʻO nā keleawe melemele maʻamau he kūʻai kūʻai; ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi o nā māka kepau-ʻole kūikawā |
Bronze |
Haʻahaʻa maʻamau; ʻO nā māka keleawe kiʻekiʻe e like me Cu-Cr-Zr he mau ʻokoʻa | ʻO ka laulā ākea o ka lole, nā koho elasticity a me ka ikaika | He mau ikaika ko kēlā me kēia keleawe keleawe a me ke keleawe aluminika; ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke keleawe aluminika i ka wai kai a me ka ʻino | Kū, ʻO ka beryllium a me nā mea ʻē aʻe me ka mālama wela e hoʻonui i ke kumukūʻai nui |
| Copingickel | Haʻahaʻa loa ma mua o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe; hoʻohana kekahi mau māka i ka resistivity kiʻekiʻe ma ke ʻano he hiʻohiʻona | Hoʻonui me ka ʻike Ni a me ka hana anu; 70/30 ikaika ma mua o 90/10 | ʻOi aku ka ʻōnaehana Cu-Ni i ka wai kai, akā paʻakikī i ka holo wikiwiki a me ka fouling | Hana ʻia ka ʻike nikel a me ka palapala hōʻoia moana 70/30 a me nā māka i hoʻololi ʻia i ka hao me ke kumukūʻai |
8. No ke aha e ʻokoʻa ai nā kumukūʻai: ʻoi aku ia ma mua o nā mea metala wale nō
Hoʻokahi wale nō papa o ka ʻokoʻa kumu kūʻai ma waena o nā mea keleawe. ʻO ka waihona kumukūʻai piha he ʻehā mau pae.
Hoʻokele waiwai metala kumu
Ma lalo o nā kūlana mākeke maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka zinc ma mua o ke keleawe, no laila ke hoʻololi nei i kahi ʻāpana o ke keleawe me ka zinc e hōʻemi i ke kumu kūʻai kumu.
ʻO ia ke kumu i ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā keleawe melemele maʻamau i kēlā me kēia kilokani ma mua o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe.
Kū, ʻOi aku ka nui o ke kumukūʻai o ka nickel a me ka beryllium a ma lalo o ka nui o ka mākeke honua.
Nā keleawe kiʻekiʻe, 70/30 ʻO ka cupronickel a me ka beryllium keleawe no laila e noho i kahi bracket kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe.
Ka hoʻoheheʻe a me ka maʻemaʻe
Pono ke keleawe oxygen-free i ka hana hoohehee maalea, ka lewa a me ka nānā ʻana i ka maikaʻi ma mua o ke keleawe ETP maʻamau.
ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka ʻokoʻa hana i ka maka ʻōlohelohe, akā, he mea maoli ke kumukūʻai o ke kaʻina hana.
ʻano huahana a me ka hana ʻana
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike pololei ʻia kahi paona o ka pahu keleawe maʻamau me kahi paona o ka pahu keleawe ultra-thin i paʻa i ka micrometer mānoanoa o ka mānoanoa..
ʻAiʻi lahilahi, paipu capillary, Nā mea kūʻai aku i loaʻa, He ʻokoʻa loa ka hua o ka puna puna a me nā paipu i hōʻoia ʻia ma ke kai, nā pono lako a me ka nānā ʻana ma luna.
ʻO ka hōʻoia a me ka hōʻoia
ʻO ka hōʻoia wai inu (NSF / ASI), ka ʻae ʻana o ka ʻahahui kai (ABS, DNV), ʻO ka hōʻoia ʻana o ka moku kaomi a me ka traceability aerospace-grade e hoʻohui i nā hoʻokolohua, palapala a me ke kumu kūʻai hoʻokele maikaʻi ma mua o ka waihona kumu ponoʻī.
| Kumukuai | Pehea e pili ana i ke kumukūʻai | Ka hopena maʻamau | He aha e nānā i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā ʻōlelo |
| Lakiō Cu/Zn | ʻO ke kumu kūʻai maʻamau ʻo Zn ma lalo o Cu; ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana iā Zn e hōʻemi ana i ke kumu kūʻai kumu | He haʻahaʻa ke kumu kūʻai o nā keleawe melemele maʻemaʻe ma mua o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe | Hoʻohālikelike pū i ka lā kumu kūʻai metala a me nā huaʻōlelo hoʻihoʻi ʻōpala |
| Sno, I, E lilo i mea hoʻohui | ʻO kēia mau mea he pipiʻi a me ke kumu kūʻai, ʻoiai ma nā mea liʻiliʻi | keleawe kiʻekiʻe, 70/30 kīʻaha, ʻOi aku ka pipiʻi o BeCu | Mai noʻonoʻo i nā kūlana kumu kūʻai mau mai kahi kiʻi mākeke |
| ʻO Menu ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe & mana kinoea | Pono nā māka OF/HP i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, lewa a me ka hoao ana | Lawe ʻo OFHC i ke kaʻina hana a me ka uku maikaʻi ma luna o ETP | E hōʻoia inā pono maoli ka hana ʻole o ka oxygen |
| Huhū / Kauoha | Pepeki, hāwana, ʻO ka huhū pūnāwai a me ka huhū paʻakikī e koi i nā ʻanuʻu ʻokoʻa o ka ʻōwili / wela | Papa like, ʻokoʻa ka huhū = ʻokoʻa ke kumukūʻai a me nā waiwai | E wehewehe mau i ka huhū, ʻaʻole wale ka helu papa |
ʻano huahana |
ʻili pepa lahilahi, paipu capillary, ʻOkoʻa loa nā hua a me nā kumukūʻai o nā profiles a me nā forgings | Hiki ke kūʻai ʻia ke kumu kūʻai ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka pā | E nānā i nā ana, hoʻomanawanui, paulapua, ka nui kauoha liʻiliʻi |
| Huahaka.cona | Ka wai inu, Marine, ʻO ka moku kaomi a me nā māka aerospace e pono ai ka hoʻāʻo hou a me ka traceability | ʻOi aku ke kumukūʻai o nā mea i hōʻoia ʻia ma mua o nā mea kūʻai ʻole | Hoʻohālikelike i ke kumu kūʻai kūpono, ʻaʻole wale ke kumu kūʻai kumu |
| ʻO ke kumukūʻai mīkini | ʻO nā keleawe hana manuahi e hoʻemi i ka mea hana, ka manawa a me ka ʻōpala; hoʻonui nā mea paʻakikī i ka mīkini | 'Oi aku ka pipi'i mea hiki ke hoemi i ka huina pau o ke kumu kuai | E noʻonoʻo i ka nui o ke kumukūʻai, ʻaʻole wale ke kumu kūʻai no ka paona |
9. Hoʻomaka ke koho ʻana i nā mea mai nā ʻano hemahema
ʻAʻohe mea hoʻohui keleawe "maikaʻi loa".. ʻO ke koho kūpono e pili ana i ke ʻano hana hemahema e hoʻopau i ke ola lawelawe o ka mea.
| Ka Papa Hana | Mea Komua | Noonoo | Hooia hou |
| Nā pahu pahu uila, Kāleʻa, nā hoʻololiʻana | C11000, C10200, kiʻekiʻe-conductivity kiʻekiʻe-copper alloys | ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke kū'ē a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana ka pahuhopu mua | pae maʻemaʻe, maʻiʻo oxygen, huhū, ʻāpana keʻa, ʻano hui |
| ʻO ke ea a me nā paipu hoʻololi wela | C12200, keleawe pale ʻino / kīʻaha | He maikaʻi ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka brazing deoxidized copper; hoʻomaikaʻi i nā ʻāpana no ka media hoʻomāinoino | Pahu hau / kemika wai, Ka paipai, wawahua, pilenawinui, kahe lae |
| Nā Faucets, Nā Vilves, KahawaiOli | C28000, keleawe alakaʻi a i ʻole keleawe kepau i hōʻoia ʻia | Kaulike forgeability, machinability a me ka hana sila | ʻO ka mālama wai inu, nā palena leaching alakaʻi, kūʻē dezincification, maikaʻi uhi |
Kāhele, Nā'ōpio, Bussings |
keleawe keleawe, alumini keleawe a i ʻole nā mea hoʻoheheʻe keleawe kūikawā | E kāʻei i ke kū'ē, He mea koʻikoʻi ka hana anti-seizure a me ka hiki ke amo | Hoʻouka, ka māmā holo, lubrication, mea mating shaft, hoʻolei maikaʻi |
| ʻO nā paipu wai kai a me nā mea hoʻololi wela kai | C70600, C71500, ailunimina bronze | ʻO ka ʻae ʻana o Chloride, ʻO ke kūpaʻa erosion a me ka paʻa kiʻiʻoniʻoni pale | Ka palena velocity, maikaʻi wai, galvanic compatibility, kaʻina hana wiliwili |
10. Ua wehewehe ʻia nā manaʻo kuhihewa maʻamau
- ʻAʻole i manaʻo ʻia ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻike keleawe i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe. Kokoke ka keleawe ETP 100% keleawe akā ʻoi aku ka palupalu a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka pale ʻana ma mua o ka hapa nui o nā keleawe a me nā keleawe.
- ʻAʻole helu maikaʻi nā helu papa. keleawe like ʻole, ʻO nā helu keleawe a me nā helu cupronickel e wehewehe i nā kūlana haku mele, ʻaʻole kūlana.
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā helu mai nā moʻo like ʻole ma kahi pālākiō "kiʻekiʻe = maikaʻi".. - ʻAʻole like ka inoa waiwai i ka hoʻokō. ʻAʻole hōʻoia ʻo "Brass" ma ke kiʻi i ka palekana o ka wai inu; ʻAʻole hōʻoia ka "cupronickel" i ka hana wai kai kūpono.
Pili ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka pae pololei, huahaka.cona, kūlana hana a me nā kūlana hana. - ʻO ka papa wale nō ka ʻike piha ʻole. Piʻo maʻalahi ke keleawe annealed; ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ke keleawe huki paʻakikī.
ʻAʻohe mea e like me ka beryllium copper i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka makahiki. ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana i ka papa me ka huhū ʻole e waiho i ka hapalua o ka hoʻolālā i wehewehe ʻole ʻia.
11. Hopena
Lole keleawe, Keihei, ʻO ke keleawe a me ka cupronickel nā mea a pau e hāʻule i lalo o nā mea keleawe ma muli o ke keleawe ka mea kumu.
Akā i ka manawa e hoʻohui ai nā mea ʻenehana i ka zinc, kū, alumini a nickel paha, hoʻololi ʻia ka misionari o ka mea.
ʻO ke keleawe maʻemaʻe e pale i ka nui o ka uila a me ka wela. Hoʻohālikelike ke keleawe i ka hana ʻana a me ke kumu kūʻai no nā lako maʻamau a me nā paipu.
Hāʻawi ka Bronze i ka elasticity, komo i ke kū'ē a me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻonui ʻo Cupronickel i ka ʻāina o ke keleawe i loko o ke kai a me ke kūpaʻa uila pololei.
ʻAʻole kūʻokoʻa nā ʻokoʻa kumu kūʻai - ʻo ia ka hopena ʻike ʻia o kēia mau koho haku mele a me ke kaʻina hana.
ʻO ka manawa aʻe e loiloi ʻoe i kahi ʻāpana keleawe, ʻO ka nīnau maikaʻi loa ʻaʻole "he keleawe maoli kēia"?
ʻo ia: ʻO wai ka ʻohana o ke keleawe keleawe kēia, he aha nā mea i loko, a he aha ka pilikia i hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻoponopono?
FaqS
Ua manaoia ke keleawe he keleawe?
ʻAe. He keleawe a keleawe-zinc alloy, no laila, ʻo ke keleawe kona metala kumu. Akā naʻe,, He ʻokoʻa loa ka mīkini keleawe, lako uila, a me nā waiwai hana mai ke keleawe maʻemaʻe.
No ke aha i ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ke keleawe ma mua o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe?
Loaʻa i ka Bronze nā mea hoʻohui e like me ke tin, aluminum, Silikino, a i ʻole nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe e hoʻoikaika ai i ka matrix keleawe. ʻO ka mea kūʻai aku he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ka conductivity uila ma mua o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe.
No ke aha ke kumu kūʻai nui o ka cupronickel?
Hoʻopili ʻia nā kumukūʻai Cupronickel e ka ʻike nickel, ka hana ʻana i nā mea hao, hua huahana, a me nā koi noi noi.
ʻO nā māka kiʻekiʻe-nickel e like me 70-30 ʻIke pinepine ʻia ʻo Cu-Ni i ka nui o ke kumu kūʻai kumu waiwai pili nickel.
ʻO ka hui keleawe hea ka maikaʻi no ka wai kai?
ʻO ka pane e pili ana i ka māhele a me nā kūlana lawelawe.
Copingickel hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka paipu wai kai a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻololi wela, oiai ailunimina bronze makemake pinepine ʻia no nā ʻāpana kai kiʻekiʻe e like me nā valves, Pumps, huakai, a komo i nā ʻāpana.
He keleawe mau ke keleawe a me ke tini?
ʻAʻole. ʻO ke keleawe keleawe hoʻokahi wale nō ʻohana keleawe.
Hoʻohana pū nā noi ʻenehana hou i ke keleawe aluminika, Silikino Bronze, a me nā ʻāpana keleawe ʻē aʻe i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o ka māhele keleawe ākea.
ʻOi aku ke kumukūʻai o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe ma mua o ke keleawe?
ʻAʻole i nā manawa a pau ma nā huaʻōlelo i hoʻopau ʻia.
He ha'aha'a paha ko ke keleawe ma'amau no ka mea ua pani ka zinc i kekahi hapa o ke keleawe, akā, pili pū ke kumukūʻai huahana i ka hana ʻana, hoʻomanawanui, hua huahana, Nā Palapala Hoʻohui, a me ka nui kauoha.
Hiki i ke keleawe ke pani i ke keleawe?
I kekahi manawa, aka, aole oki.
He kūpono paha ke keleawe no nā lako, Nā'āpana match, a me nā mea mīkini maʻamau, ʻoiai ke koho pinepine ʻia ke keleawe i ka wā e hoʻohana ai ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe, ka ikaika momona, a i ʻole pono ka hana corrosion kūikawā.
