Lijevanje od titana – Zašto je potrebno specijalizirano lijevanje

1. Uvod

Lijevanje od titana postala je kamen temeljac u industrijama koje zahtijevaju materijale visoke performanse i precizno-inženjerske komponente.

Poznat po svojoj Izuzetan omjer snage i težine, vrhunska otpornost na koroziju, i biokompatibilnost, Titanium se ističe kao jedan od najpremnijeg inženjerskog materijala koji su danas dostupni.

S gustoćom samo 4.51 g/cm³, Titanium nudi čvrstoću čelika s gotovo polovicom težine, čineći ga neophodnim za zrakoplovstvo, medicinski, morski, i obrambene prijave.

Međutim, Ova jedinstvena svojstva također predstavljaju značajne izazove. Titanij Visoka tališta (1,668° C) i snažna reaktivnost s kisikom i dušikom čine konvencionalne metode lijevanja nepraktičnim.

Specijaliziran Usluge lijevanja od titana stoga su ključni za proizvodnju složenih, high-precision components while preserving the alloy’s mechanical integrity and corrosion resistance.

2. What Are Titanium Casting Services?

Titanij casting services are specialized manufacturing solutions designed to create near-net-shape components from titanium and titanium alloys through controlled melting and mold casting techniques.

These services require advanced facilities capable of handling titanium’s high reactivity, Visoka tališta (1,668° C), and unique metallurgical behavior.

Unlike conventional metal casting, titanium casting demands vacuum or inert-gas environments (Tipično Argon) to prevent contamination by oxygen, dušik, or hydrogen, which can cause brittleness and surface defects.

Uz to, high-purity ceramic molds (coated with yttria or zirconia) are used because titanium can react with traditional mold materials such as silica or alumina.

Key features of titanium casting services include:

• Precision Production: Ability to create complex geometries and thin-walled components with minimal machining.
• Advanced Melting Techniques: Utilization of Vakuumsko indukcijsko otapanje (Vim) ili Induction Skull Melting (ISM) to maintain alloy integrity.
• Tretmani nakon lijevanja: Procesi poput Vruće izostatsko prešanje (Bok), surface machining, i chemical milling to enhance mechanical properties and surface finish.

3. Titanium as a Material – Why Specialized Casting is Necessary

Titanium’s headline advantages—steel‑like strength at ~40% lower density, superb corrosion resistance, i biokompatibilnost—come with a set of metallurgical and processing characteristics that make conventional foundry practice unusable.

Successful titanium casting therefore hinges on stringent atmosphere control, inert mold chemistries, high‑energy melting technologies, and post‑casting densification/conditioning.

Thermophysical Reality: Why Ordinary Foundry Tooling Fails

Visoka tališta (1,668 ° C / 3,034 ° F)

• Titanium melts ~2–3× hotter than aluminum (660 ° C) and significantly above many steels (often quoted ~1,370 °C for casting grades).
• Na tim temperaturama, standard silica- or alumina-based ceramics react with molten titanium, forming brittle intermetallics and oxygen-enriched surface layers.
• Otopina:Yttria (Y₂O₃), cirkonija (Zro₂), or yttria‑stabilized zirconia (Ys) facecoats are mandatory despite being 5–10× more expensive than conventional refractories.

Niska toplinska vodljivost

• Titanium’s thermal conductivity is roughly one quarter that of steel (≈15–22 W/m·K vs. ~45–50 W/m·K for steels).
• Proizlaziti: non-uniform cooling, steep thermal gradients, i elevated porosity/shrinkage risk if gating/risering and cooling control are not meticulously engineered.
• Expect 6–8% volumetric shrinkage, necessitating robust directional solidification strategies.

Chemical Reactivity: The Alpha-Case & Ductility Killer

Reactivity Above ~600 °C

• Titanium aggressively reacts with kisik, dušik, vodik, i ugljik, formiranje Tio₂, Kositar, TiHₓ, and TiC pri povišenim temperaturama.
• Čak 0.1 wt% oxygen limenki halve elongation, osakaćeni život umora - fatal za zrakoplovne i medicinske dijelove.
• Zahtjev za lijevanje atmosfere:Vakuum ili argon visoke čistoće s Razina kisika < 50 ppm Tijekom taline, sipati, i rano učvršćivanje.

Alpha-Case Formation

• A tvrdoglav, krhki, površinski sloj obogaćen kisikom/dušikom razvija se kad god titanij kontakti reaktivna okruženja na visokoj temperaturi.
• Obavezno uklanjanje preko chemical milling (Hf -hno₃) ili precizna obrada za vraćanje performansi umora i loma.

Economic Imperatives: Waste Is Not an Option

Raw Material Cost

• Titanium spužva ili sirovina legura obično košta US $ 15–30/kg-~ 5 × aluminij i nekoliko puta tipični lijevani čelici.
• Kao rezultat, rasipna obrada "hog -out" od gredice (omjeri otkupa -do fly -a od 8–10:1) je često neekonomičan.
• Propozicija vrijednosti castinga:Blizu noćenja Dijelovi mogu smanjiti omjere otkupa do fluea prema ~ 1,5–2,0:1, materijalno smanjenje ukupnih troškova vlasništva.

Alloy Landscape That Raises the Bar

• Ti -6AL -4V (Razred 5) i Ti -6AL -4V ELI (Razred 23) dominate cast applications for aerospace and medical due to their 900–1,200 MPa UTS, Dobra čvrstoća umora,
  and acceptable castability—but only when melted, poured, and solidified under tightly controlled conditions (often followed by Bok).
• CP (Komercijalno čist) titanijum grades are used where maximum corrosion resistance and ductility matter more than ultimate strength.
• High‑temperature or specialty alloys (Npr., Ti‑6Al‑2Sn‑4Zr‑2Mo) unaprijediti tighten process windows due to more complex chemistry and microstructure demands.

4. Titanium Casting Processes

Titanium casting is fundamentally different from casting aluminum, čelik, or other common metals due to titanium’s reaktivnost, Visoka tališta, and stringent quality requirements.

Over the decades, the industry has developed specialized casting processes that can produce net- or near-net-shape titanium components with mechanical properties comparable to wrought products.

Investicijski lijev (Izgubljeni vosak)

Investicijski lijev, također poznat kao Proces izgubljenog voska, is the most widely used method for titanium components, Pogotovo u zrakoplovstvo (Oštrice kompresora, strukturni zagrada), medicinski implantati (hip and knee components), and industrial parts.

Ključni koraci:

1. Stvaranje voštanog uzorka: A wax replica of the final part is made, often with gating and risers integrated.
2. Zgrada keramičke školjke: The wax assembly is repeatedly dipped in yttria- or zirconia-based ceramic slurry and coated with refractory grains, forming a strong shell.
3. Dewaxing: The wax is melted and drained, leaving a hollow mold.
4. Vacuum Melting & Ulijevanje: Titanium is melted in a vacuum induction skull melter ili cold-hearth electron beam furnace, then poured into the mold under high vacuum or inert argon (<50 ppm o₂).
5. Uklanjanje školjki & Završnica: The ceramic shell is broken, and the part undergoes chemical milling or machining to remove the alpha-case.

Prednosti:

• Complex shapes with high dimensional accuracy (±0.25 mm for small parts).
• Blizu mreže minimizes costly machining.
• Dobar površinski završetak (RA 3-6 µm).
• Scalability for medium to high production volumes.

Ograničenja:

• Size limitations: Most titanium investment castings are under 35–50 kg, though larger parts up to 100 kg have been made.
• Kontrola poroznosti: Vruće izostatičko prešanje (Bok) is often required to improve density and fatigue properties.
• Higher cost compared to aluminum or steel investment casting.

Centrifugalno lijevanje

Centrifugal casting uses rotational force to distribute molten titanium into the mold cavity.

This process is commonly applied to prstenovi, medicinski implantati, and components requiring fine grain structure and superior mechanical performance.

Ključne značajke:

• The rotating mold (up to thousands of RPM) Stvara a high-pressure field, forcing molten titanium into thin or complex features and reducing porosity.
• Typically conducted in vacuum or argon-filled chambers with precision-controlled induction melting.

Prednosti:

• Proizvodi gust, defect-free microstructures, often eliminating the need for HIP.
• Idealan za simetrični dijelovi poput prstenova, turbinski diskovi, and thin-walled cylindrical components.
• Fine surface finish and dimensional accuracy.

Ograničenja:

• Shape constraints: Works best for round or tubular geometries.
• Visoki trošak opreme due to specialized vacuum and rotational systems.

Emerging and Alternative Casting Methods

Cold Hearth & Plasma Arc Melting (PAM):

• Uses a water-cooled copper hearth i plasma arc to melt titanium without contamination from ceramic crucibles.
• Often used as a feedstock production step for investment casting (remelting and refining ingots).

Lijevanje uz pomoć dodatka:

• 3D-otisnut wax or polymer patterns (via SLA or FDM) are increasingly replacing traditional wax tooling, accelerating prototype development.
• Hibrid additive + lijevanje approaches reduce lead times by up to 50% for complex aerospace brackets.

Ceramic Mold Innovations:

• Sljedeća generacija yttria-alumina composites are being developed to improve thermal shock resistance and reduce costs.
• Research on sol-gel coatings aims to minimize oxygen pick-up and alpha-case thickness.

Metal Injection Casting (Mikrofon):

• A niche technique combining powder metallurgy and casting for smaller titanium parts.
• Not as widespread but promising for medical and dental devices.

5. Tretmani nakon lijevanja

Titanium castings, especially those intended for aerospace, medicinski, or high-performance industrial applications, require a series of tretmani nakon lijevanja to refine mechanical properties, eliminate defects, and achieve desired surface quality.

Vruće izostatsko prešanje (Bok)

Svrha: HIP is the most critical post-casting treatment for titanium, used to eliminate internal porosity and micro-shrinkage that naturally occur during solidification.

• Proces: Components are placed in a high-pressure vessel (100–200 MPa) pri povišenim temperaturama (typically 900–950°C for Ti-6Al-4V) under an inert argon atmosphere for 2–4 hours.
• Učinak:

• • Densifies the microstructure to >99.9% theoretical density.
  • Poboljšati fatigue strength by 20–30% compared to non-HIPed parts.
  • Reduces scatter in mechanical properties and enhances reliability.

Toplotna obrada

Svrha: Heat treatments adjust the microstructure (α/β phase distribution) for improved strength, duktilnost, i žilavost.

• Common Heat Treatments:

• • Ublažavanje stresa: 650–760°C for 1–2 hours to reduce residual stresses after casting and machining.
  • Solution Treatment and Aging (Stan):

• • • Otopina: ~925°C (below β-transus) 1–2 sata, air-cooled.
    • Starenje: 480–595°C for 2–8 hours to enhance strength.

• • Beta Anneal: >995° C (above β-transus), controlled cooling to increase fracture toughness, used for heavy-section castings.

• Podatkovna točka: STA-treated Ti-6Al-4V castings can achieve UTS of 850–950 MPa and elongation of 8–12%, approaching wrought properties.

Alpha-Case Removal

Alpha-case is a brittle, oxygen-rich surface layer (50–300 μm thick) formed during casting due to reaction with mold materials or residual oxygen.

• Removal Techniques:

• • Chemical Milling (Kiseli): Kisele otopine (HF-HNO₃) to uniformly dissolve alpha-case.
  • Mechanical Methods: Grit blasting, obrada, ili mljevenje (often combined with chemical milling).

• Važnost: Unremoved alpha-case can reduce fatigue life by do 50%.

Površinska obrada

Kvaliteta površine is critical for fatigue performance, otpor korozije, i estetika (especially for medical implants).

• Obrada:

• • Abrasive Blasting or Poliranje: To achieve Ra ≤ 1–3 μm for aerospace; <0.2 μm for medical implants.
  • Elektropopoliranje: Smooths micro-roughness, often used in orthopedic components.
  • Pasivacija: Nitric acid or citric acid treatments to enhance corrosion resistance.

Nerazorna ispitivanja (NDT) i osiguranje kvalitete

• Radiografsko testiranje (Rt): Detects internal porosity or inclusions.
• Ultrazvučno testiranje (UT): Identifies subsurface flaws, especially in thick sections.
• Inspekcija fluorescentnog penetranta (FPI): Finds surface cracks or porosity after finishing.
• Standardi: Aerospace parts adhere to AMS 2630/2631, while medical implants follow ASTM F1472 or F1108 protocols.

Final Machining

Titanium castings are typically delivered blizu mreže, but critical surfaces (Parenje sučelja, precizna provrta) require final machining.

• Izazovi:

• • Low thermal conductivity causes tool wear and heat buildup.
  • Zahtijeva carbide or coated tools, niske brzine rezanja, and abundant coolant.

Optional Coatings & Površinski tretmani

Some high-performance applications use additional treatments to enhance surface performance:

• Anodiziranje: Improves corrosion resistance and aesthetics (common in medical implants).
• PVD or Thermal Spray Coatings: Applied for wear or thermal barriers in aerospace engines.
• Pečenje laserskog udara: Induces surface compressive stresses, improving fatigue life by up to 2×.

6. Key Technical Challenges in Titanium Casting

Casting titanium (and its most common alloy, Ti -6AL -4V) is fundamentally harder than casting steels, Ni‑base superalloys, ili aluminij.

Kombinacija very high reactivity, high melting temperature, niska toplinska vodljivost, tight property requirements,

and stringent certification regimes forces service providers to engineer every step—melting, dizajn kalupa, ulijevanje, očvršćivanje, and post‑processing—under unusually tight controls.

Below are the principal challenges, why they occur, their consequences, and how best‑in‑class foundries mitigate them.

Reaktivnost, Alpha‑Case, and Mold/Metal Interactions

The challenge

Pri povišenim temperaturama, titanium reacts aggressively with kisik, dušik, vodik, i ugljik, and with conventional refractories (Npr., silica, glinica).

This forms a brittle oxygen/nitrogen‑enriched “alpha‑case” layer (često 50–300 µm debeo, but can exceed 500 µm if poorly controlled), degrading fatigue strength and ductility.

Why it happens

• Thermodynamic drive: Titanium’s strong affinity for O, N, H above ~600 °C.
• Inadequate atmospheres: Residual O₂ > 50 ppm or N₂/H₂ ingress during melt/pour leads to interstitial pickup.
• Reactive molds: Non‑inert shell facecoats (silika/glinica) react with molten Ti, forming brittle intermetallics and raising oxygen content.

Mitigations

• Vakuum / inert gas (argon) okruženje with O₂ levels < 50 ppm (often 10⁻³–10⁻⁴ torr vacuum).
• Inert facecoats: yttria (Y₂O₃), cirkonija (Zro₂), or YSZ shells (6–12 slojeva) to minimize reaction.
• Post‑cast alpha‑case removal preko chemical milling (Hf -hno₃; typical removal 100–300 µm) or precision machining / mršavljenje.
• Tight chemistry control: keep O, N, H within alloy specifications (Npr., O ≤ 0.20 wt% for Ti‑6Al‑4V Grade 5; much lower for ELI).

Poroznost plina, Skupljanje, and Density Defects

The challenge

Even with vacuum or inert atmospheres, poroznost plina (H₂ pickup) i Poroznost skupljanja can form due to turbulent fill, slabo hranjenje, or low superheat.

Micro‑porosity directly compromises Život umora i žilavost loma.

Typical signatures

• Poroznost plina: rounded pores, often near surface or in isolated pockets.
• Poroznost skupljanja: interdendritičan, clustered in hot spots or at the last‑to‑solidify zones.

Mitigations

• Vruće izostatsko prešanje (Bok): Commonly mandatory for aerospace/medical; Npr., 900–950 ° C, 100–200 MPa, 2–4 sata to collapse voids and achieve >99.9% gustoća.
• Optimized gating/risering korištenje CFD & solidification simulation (Magmasoft, Prokast, FLOW‑3D CAST) to ensure directional solidification and adequate feeding.
• Controlled pouring superheat: tipično 50–80 °C above liquidus to balance fluidity vs. reaktivnost; excessive superheat increases mold attack and alpha‑case.
• Low‑turbulence fill strategies (tilt‑pour, bottom‑fill, vacuum‑assist, or centrifugal) to reduce entrained gas and oxide films.

Točnost dimenzije, Izobličenje, and Residual Stresses

The challenge

Titanij niska toplinska vodljivost i high solidification shrinkage (6–8% volumetric) create strong thermal gradients, izazivajući izobličenje, ratna stranica, and residual stresses.

High shell preheat (često 900–1,000 °C) adds to mold creep risks.

Mitigations

• Finite element–based thermal/mechanical simulation to predict distortion and compensate in tooling (negative offsets).
• Rigid, well‑supported shells with engineered thickness where needed.
• Tight process window control for shell preheat, mold cool‑down rates, and part handling.
• Post‑cast stress relief / Bok to reduce residual stresses before finish machining.

Inclusion Control and Cleanliness

The challenge

Inkluzije (refractory fragments, oksidi, nitrides, karbidi) act as crack initiators, drastically reducing fatigue and fracture performance—fatal in aerospace and medical service.

Mitigations

• Induction Skull Melting (ISM) ili cold‑hearth electron beam melting to avoid crucible contamination and float out high‑density inclusions.
• High‑purity ceramic systems and strict housekeeping (alati, kaša, rukovanje).
• Melt filtration / refined practice Gdje je to moguće (though far more limited than in lower‑temperature alloys).
• NDT regimes (Ray, UT, FPI) tuned to detect inclusion sizes below critical defect dimensions.

Shell Integrity and Spalling

The challenge

Shells for titanium casting (yttria/zirconia) jesu skup, krhki, and susceptible to thermal shock.

Spalling or cracking during preheat/pour risks metal leaks, inkluzije, and dimensional errors.

Mitigations

• Optimized shell build (slurry viscosity, stucco distribution, layer count 6–12).
• Controlled drying and firing cycles to avoid differential shrinkage.
• Upravljanje toplinom: ramp rates, uniform preheat, and matching shell thermal expansion to minimize stress.
• Robust handling and inspection protocols to catch micro‑cracks pre‑pour.

Chemistry Control, Segregacija, and Certification

The challenge

Titanium alloys—especially Ti‑6Al‑4V and Ti‑6Al‑4V ELI (Razred 23)—have tight composition windows for oxygen, dušik, vodik, and residual elements.

Deviations reduce ductility and fracture resistance. Segregation during solidification can create localized property drops.

Mitigations

• Spectrometric melt chemistry verification (pre‑ and post‑pour) s full heat/lot traceability.
• Iskoristiti premium revert management (čist, controlled recycled material) to keep interstitials low.
• Bok + toplotna obrada to homogenize microstructure and eliminate micro‑segregation.
• Quality systems & certifications (AS9100, ISO 13485, Nadcap for NDT, ugrijan, i kemijska obrada) to enforce discipline and auditability.

Inspection and Qualification Burden

The challenge

Because titanium castings often serve in mission‑critical roles, a NDT and qualification burden is heavy:

• Radiografija (Rt) for internal porosity/shrinkage.
• Ultrazvučno testiranje (UT) for volumetric defects.
• Inspekcija fluorescentnog penetranta (FPI) for surface‑breaking cracks.
• Mehaničko ispitivanje (zatezanje, žilavost loma, umor) i microstructural evaluation (alpha‑case depth, inclusion counts).

Mitigations

• Standardized qualification plans (Npr., Ams, ASTM F1108 for cast Ti‑6Al‑4V) s defined acceptance criteria.
• Process capability metrics (CP, CPK) on critical properties (UTS, produženje, O/N/H, defect size distributions).
• Digital traceability (MES/PLM systems) i Digitalni blizanci to correlate process signatures with inspection outcomes.

Koštati, Prinos, and Throughput Pressure

The challenge

• Yttria/zirconia shells, vakuum, Bok, and chem‑milling are expensive.
• Scrap or rework rates of even 5–10% can crush profitability given raw material costs of US$15–30/kg and high processing overhead.

Mitigations

• Dizajn za proizvodnju (DFM): early collaboration to reduce mass, eliminate hard‑to‑feed hot spots, and increase yield.
• Simulation‑first culture: use flow/solidification/stress simulations to hit “right‑first‑time.”
• Lean post‑processing cells integrating HIP → chemical mill → CNC finish to shorten lead time and reduce handling damage.
• Statistička kontrola procesa (Spc) on chemistry, temperatura, vacuum level, shell thickness, and defect metrics.

7. Mechanical Properties of Cast Titanium

Cast titanium (most commonly Ti -6AL -4V, u sklopu. ELI/Grade 23) can deliver wrought‑like performance when the process is tightly controlled and Bok (Vruće izostatsko prešanje) plus appropriate toplotna obrada primjenjuju se.

As-cast parts typically show higher porosity, lower ductility and fatigue life, i a coarser α/β microstructure than wrought equivalents; HIP and chem‑milling (to remove alpha‑case) are therefore routine for aerospace and medical hardware.

Baseline Mechanical Properties (Representative Ranges)

Values depend on alloy (Npr., Ti‑6Al‑4V vs. Cp ti), praksa otopljenja, postupak lijevanja, Veličina presjeka, Bok, and subsequent heat treatment.

Typical specification frameworks include ASTM F1108 (implantati), Ams / ISO / ASTM B standards for structural parts.

8. Major Application Areas of Titanium Casting

Titanium casting services are widely applied in industries where visoka snaga, lagan, i otpornost na koroziju su kritični.

Below are the main application sectors where titanium casting is indispensable:

Zrakoplovstvo i zrakoplovstvo

• Prijave: Aircraft engine casings, turbinske lopatice, strukturni okovi, Komponente za slijetanje, satellite housings.

Medical and Dental Implants

• Prijave: Hip and knee joint replacements, kosti, kavezi kralježnice, dental root implants, kirurški alati.

Industrijska i kemijska obrada

• Prijave: Pumpe, ventili, ronilaca, cijevi, heat exchanger components in chemical plants and desalination facilities.

Automobilski i moto sporkovi

• Prijave: Exhaust valves, turbocharger wheels, spojne šipke, suspension components for high-performance vehicles.

Proizvodnja energije i energije

• Prijave: Turbinske lopatice, hydroelectric components, nuclear reactor fittings, offshore platform parts.

Aplikacije u nastajanju

• Robotics and Drones: Lightweight titanium frames and joints.
• Potrošačka elektronika: Titanium casings for premium laptops and wearables.
• Additive Manufacturing Hybrid Casting: Custom and complex geometries combining 3D printing with casting.

9. Advantages and Limitations of Titanium Casting Services

Titanium casting services provide critical benefits for industries requiring visoka performansa, kompleks, i lagane komponente, but they also come with inherent technical and economic challenges.

Advantages of Titanium Casting Services

Complex Geometries and Design Flexibility

• Investment casting enables the creation of zapetljan, near-net-shape components, Smanjenje potrebe za opsežnom obradom.
• Complex hollow shapes or thin-walled parts (spustiti 1–2 mm) Može se postići, which would be impossible or costly with forging or machining.

Izvrsna svojstva materijala

• Omjer snage i težine: Titanium castings can achieve tensile strengths of 900–1100 MPa while being 40–45% lighter than steel.
• Otpor korozije: Outstanding resistance to seawater, kloridi, and oxidizing environments.
• Otpornost na umor: Titanium castings exhibit high cycle fatigue life, crucial for aerospace and medical applications.

Biokompatibilnost

• Titanium’s inertness makes cast components suitable for medicinski implantati i kirurški uređaji.

Cost Savings on Complex Parts

• Compared to machining from solid titanium billets, casting can reduce material waste by 40–60%, given titanium’s high raw material cost ($15–30/kg).
• Near-net-shape casting minimizes post-processing time and tooling costs.

Limitations of Titanium Casting Services

Visoki troškovi proizvodnje

• Titanium casting requires vacuum or inert gas environments to prevent contamination, as well as specialized furnaces and refractory molds (yttria, cirkonija).
• Tooling costs for precision investment casting can be high, making it less economical for low-volume custom parts compared to additive manufacturing.

Technical Complexity and Quality Control

• Titanij high reactivity (kisik, nitrogen pickup) can cause embrittlement or porosity if not carefully controlled.
• Defect risks: Vruće suze, šupljine, and porosity require non-destructive testing (Rendgenski, ultrasonic inspections), adding cost and complexity.

Limitations in Component Size

• Large titanium castings (>50 kg) are difficult to produce due to challenges in uniform cooling and mold stability.
• The majority of cast titanium components are pod 30 kg in aerospace applications.

Mechanical Property Variability

• Cast titanium components often have lower fracture toughness and fatigue strength compared to wrought or forged titanium alloys, unless post-casting treatments (Bok, toplotna obrada) primjenjuju se.

Duža vremena olova

• Precision investment casting involves multiple steps—wax pattern creation, zgrada keramičke školjke, izgaranje, lijevanje, I završni dio—resulting in lead times of 8–12 tjedna za složene dijelove.

10. Usporedba s drugim metodama proizvodnje

Titanium components can be produced through various manufacturing techniques, uključujući lijevanje, kovanje, obrada, i aditivna proizvodnja (Am).

11. Zaključak

Titanium casting is both an art and a science—requiring cutting-edge technology, precizna kontrola, and deep metallurgical expertise.

Despite its challenges, it remains indispensable for industries where performance, weight savings, and durability are critical.

By partnering with experienced titanium casting service providers, manufacturers can achieve high-quality, cost-effective solutions tailored to demanding specifications.

As aerospace, medicinski, and defense industries continue to push the boundaries of material performance, titanium casting will remain at the forefront of advanced manufacturing, complemented by innovations in digital design, hybrid production, i održivost.

Česta pitanja

Why is titanium casting more expensive than steel casting?

Titanium’s high raw material cost ($15–30/kg vs. $0.5–1/kg for steel), energy-intensive processing (vacuum furnaces), and specialized shells (yttria) make it 10–20× costlier.

Jesu li titanijski odljevi biokompatibilni?

Da. Alloys like Ti-6Al-4V ELI meet ISO 10993 standardi, with no cytotoxicity or allergic reactions, making them ideal for implants.

Koja je maksimalna veličina lijevanja od titana?

Most services limit parts to <50 kg; larger castings (>100 kg) have defect rates >20% due to shell fragility.

Kako se bacanje titana uspoređuje s kovanim titanom u snazi?

Cast titanium has 5–10% lower tensile strength but retains comparable corrosion resistance and offers 30–50% cost savings for complex shapes.

Mogu li odljevi od titana izdržati visoke temperature?

Ti-5Al-2.5Sn and Ti-6Al-4V retain 80% čvrstoće sobne temperature na 500 ° C, suitable for jet engine components but not as high-temperature as nickel alloys.