1. Hōʻikeʻike
CF3 kila kila, ʻO kahi lālā o ka Austetitic e hoʻolei i kaʻohana kila kila, ʻo ia ka hoʻolei kalapona haʻahaʻa e like me ka papa hana kaulana 304L (Loaʻa iā mākou S30403).
Ua wehewehe ʻia ma lalo o ASTM A351 a hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā ʻoihana kahi e kū ai ka corrosion, wawahua, a ʻo ka castability ka mea nui.
'Ōlelo “C” ma CF3 ke kū nei no "Corrosion-resistant", “F” denotes the steel grade (304L e kūlike), a me ka helu “3” ʻike ʻia kona ʻano kalapona haʻahaʻa (≤ 0.03%).
Kahiki, Ua puka mai ʻo CF3 ma ke ʻano o ka pane ʻana i nā pilikia corrosion ma nā noi chloride-waiwai a me ka welding-intensive..
ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā māka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka waena o ke kenekulia 20 he mea nui ia e hiki ai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hale welded kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe me ka ʻole o ka pono o ka mālama wela post-weld..
Ma muli o kāna hui kaulike o ka maikaʻi o ke kumukūʻai, Hana, a me ke kū'ē i ka sensitization,
Ke hoʻomau nei ʻo CF3 i mea koʻikoʻi nui i ka hoʻolei ʻana i ke kila kila ma waena o nā kemika, petrochemimical, Ke hana kino wai, a me nā ʻāpana hana ʻai.
2. Kinohi & Metralurgy
ʻO keʻano koho
ʻO ka pākēneka kaumaha maʻamau (Wt.%) o nā mea hoʻohuihui i loko o CF3 kila kila, e like me ka wehewehe ʻana e ka ASTM A351, oe:
| Mua | Kaonaʻeha (Wt.%) | Hana |
|---|---|---|
| Chromium (Cr) | 18.0 - 21.0% | Hoʻoikaika i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion ma o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive |
| Nickel (I) | 8.0 - 11.0% | Hoʻopaʻaʻia, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ductility a paʻakikī |
| KālekaʻAʻI (C) | ≤0.03% | Hoʻemi i ka sensitization; hoʻomaikaʻi i ka weldability |
| Mang kāne (Mn) | ≤1.5% | Hoʻonui i ka hana wela; deoxididhier |
| Silikino (A) | ≤2.0% | E hoʻolaha i ka limu i ka lawaiʻaʻana; deoxididhier |
| Phoshorus (P) | ≤0.04% | NA MEA KA MAU KAHI; pono e hoemi ia i mea e hoemi ai i ka brittleness |
| Sulfur (S) | ≤0.04% | NA MEA KA MAU KAHI; hiki i ka S keu ke hoemi i ka paakiki |
| 'Eron (Lia) | Kaulike | Mantal element |
'Ōlelo NA LAPORL THELELY KOMIA (≤ 0.03%) hoʻemi nui i ka pilikia o ka ua chromium carbide ma nā palena palaoa i ka wā wili.,
e hana ana i ka CF3 i mea kū'ē i ka intergranular corrosion me ka ʻole o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka wela ma hope o ka weld.
Moloka: Austetetic matrix & Kāpena Carbide
CF3 kuhiliʻole kila i piha ʻO ka microstruc molsteticic me kahi kubiko i waena o ka maka (Fcc) Lattila, mea kokua i:
- ʻO ka paʻakikī maikaʻi loa ma nā mahana ambient a me ka cryogenic.
- ʻO ka hana manekene ʻole i ke kulana annealed.
- Ke kū'ē i ke koʻikoʻi ʻinoʻino (SCC) i loko o nā kaiapuni chloride he nui.
Ma muli o kona ʻano kalapona haʻahaʻa, Aia ka CF3 liʻiliʻi chromium carbide, ma nā palena ʻai.
Hoʻonui kēia i ke kū'ē i ka sensitization, he kūlana i hana ʻia ai nā ʻāpana chromium-depleted a lilo i mea palupalu i ka hoʻouka ʻana.
Kekahi koena delta ferrite (maki < 10%) aia paha ma hope o ka paʻa ʻana, ʻoi aku i nā mea hoʻolei one.
e kōkua i ka pale ʻana i ka pohā wela i ka wā paʻa, akā he liʻiliʻi ka hopena i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion a i ʻole ka paʻakikī ke mālama ʻia ma nā pae i hoʻomalu ʻia.
3. ʻO ASTM A351 CF3 a me nā mea like honua
| Kū-starder | Keiawai | Kahuna | Papa Kaulike |
|---|---|---|---|
| Astm A351 | Papa CF3 | USA | 304L hoolei kalapona haahaa |
| ASME SA-351 | Papa CF3 | USA (code boiler) | Kūlike ka moku kaomi |
| I 10283 | Gx2crni19-11 | Hui ʻEulopa | Ho? Ole o 1.4306 (304L) |
| ISO 11972 | G-X2CrNi19-11 | Anterhi | Hoʻohui like honua |
| He g5121 | SCS13A | Iapana | 304L hoolei papa |
4. Nā Pīkuhi Propertinies
| Waiwai waiwai | Waiwai maʻamau |
|---|---|
| Ikaika ikaika | ≥485 mpa |
| Ka ikaika (0.2% Kahiki) | ≥205 mpa |
| Ewangantion | ≥30% |
| Hālulu | 140-190 hb |
| Hopena paʻakikī (Lumi Paʻa) | > 100 J (Chary v-notch) |
| Ka palena o ka momona | 240-270 mpa (i ka lewa, Polu) |
| Pale pale | Maikaʻi a hiki i 870°C |
I nā mahana kiʻekiʻe, e emi mālie ana ka ikaika o ka tensile a me ka hua, but the alloy retains sufficient structural integrity up to 400–500 °C, making it viable for moderate thermal service.
5. Thermal & Nā Pūnaewele Pūnaewele
| Waiwai | Waiwai |
|---|---|
| Huakai | ~ 7.9 g / cm³ |
| Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua | ~ 16 w / m · k (I 100 ° C) |
| Pono o ka hoʻonuiʻana | 17.3 μM / m · m · ° C (20-400 ° C) |
| ʻO keʻano o ka uila | 0.72 μ · · m |
| Pane magnetic | Non-magnetic (Anned) |
| ʻO ka pale oxidation | Good up to ~800°C |
6. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻolei ʻana o CF3 Kuhili ʻole
CF3 stainless steel—cast equivalent of 316—brings molybdenum‑enhanced corrosion resistance into complex geometries.
To harness its full potential, foundries must account for its unique casting behavior, from melt handling to solidification control.
Kaulikeia & Ka nininiʻana
CF3 melts between 1450 ° C a 1550 ° C, slightly higher than CF8 due to its Mo content.
At a pouring superheat of 1500–1560 °C, CF3 achieves a fluidity of 220–280 mm (ISO 243), enabling fill of thin‑walled sections down to 4 mm.
Akā naʻe,, excessive superheat can increase gas pickup a me ka oxidation, so operators typically limit superheat to 50 ° C wai.
Paʻa paʻa & Shrinkage
Me a kūʻoleʻina o ka aneane 60–90 °C, Hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻo CF3 ma luna o kahi wā wela ākea ma mua o nā alloy austenitic maʻalahi.
NOEHUI, e hoike ana Linear shrinkage no 1.9–2.3 %, pono e ho'ēmi pono i ka hoʻolālā kumu.
E pale kikowaena kīʻole, hana enekinia kuhikuhi i ka hōʻoia: ke kau ʻana i nā risers insulated ma luna o nā wahi wela a me ka hoʻohana ʻana lihuli e hoʻokē ʻai i ka hau ma nā ʻāpana mānoanoa.
Hanai & Hoʻolālā Riser
Hāʻawi ʻia i kona emi haʻahaʻa, Loaʻa nā hoʻoheheʻe CF3 mai nā risers nui e hānai 30-40 % o ka nui hoolei a lakou e kokua nei.
Alakaʻi pinepine ʻia ka hoʻohālikelike wela ʻeleʻele i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi ala, e hōʻoia ana i ke kahe ʻole o ka metala i nā ʻāpana ʻaelike.
Kahi mea hou aʻe, ʻO nā pale exothermic ma luna o nā risers koʻikoʻi e hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola hānai ʻana me ka hoʻonui ʻole ʻana i ka nui o ka poʻi.
Keila, Deoxidation & Inoculation
No ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka porosity kinoea, nā mea hoʻokumu maʻamau argon-purge ka CF3 i hooheheeia ma mua o ka ninini ana.
Hoʻohui pū lākou Silikino (0.3-0.6 %) and aluminum (0.02-0.05 %) deoxidizers, ʻo ia ka mea e hana ai i nā oxide paʻa a hoʻemi i ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.
Hope loa, he uuku rare-earth inoculant (E.g., 0.03-0.05 % Hana-Heaha) paipai maikaʻi, ʻaʻahu δ‑ferrite a pale i ka microshrinkage, ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kūpaʻa mechanical.
Nā ʻano hana hoʻolei kūpono no CF3 kila kila
| Ke Kūleʻa Kūlana | Nā noi maʻamau | Loaʻa | Mau olelo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sand cread (ʻOmaomao a ʻAʻole-Bake) | Nā kino valve, Nā Hale Hōʻikeʻike, flanges | - Kūʻai kūpono no nā ʻāpana nui - Hiki ke maʻalahi no nā hoʻolālā like ʻole |
- ʻOi aku ka paʻa o ka ʻili (Ra 6-12μm) - Pono ka mana paʻa no ka porosity |
| Nā pāpale pīpī pale | Nā uhi mea kani, nā pahu liʻiliʻi | - Ka pololei o ke ana (±0.3%) – Hoʻopau ʻili maikaʻi (Ra 3-6μm) |
– ʻOi aku ke kumu kūʻai o nā poʻi - ʻOi loa no nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a liʻiliʻi |
| Hoʻolei kālā (Makemake Wax) | Hanakai, Pāʻani Pūnaewele, ʻO nā'āpana kiʻekiʻe | – Hoʻopau ʻili maikaʻi (Ra < 3 μm) - Paʻakikī geometric kiʻekiʻe |
– ʻOi aku ke kumu kūʻai - Ua kaupalena ʻia i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi |
| ʻO Centricugual kāhea | Bussings, apo, Pipaila mau Pau | - Kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe – Haʻahaʻa porosity - Nā waiwai mechanical maikaʻi ma ke kuhikuhi radial |
- He kūpono wale no nā ʻāpana symmetric rotationally |
| Hoolei Momi | Nā mea koʻikoʻi i ka aerospace, nā noi nuklea | – Reduced oxidation – Cleaner microstructure |
– Expensive - Pono nā mea hana kūikawā |
| Cemic mold canding | ʻāpana pale wela paʻakikī | – Nā kikoʻī ili maikaʻi - ʻO ke kiko kikoʻī maikaʻi |
– ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka poʻi – ʻOi aku ke kumu kūʻai |
Nā Hana Hoʻomaʻamaʻa Wela
Ma hope o ka hoʻoleiʻana, Loaʻa maʻamau ka CF3 Hoʻoholo hōʻoluʻolu I ka nui o 1040-1120 ° C (1900–2050°F) a ukali ʻia e ka hoʻopaʻa wai wikiwiki. Hoʻohana kēia kaʻina hana i kekahi mau kumu:
- Hoʻoheheʻe i ke koena carbide, hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion
- Homogenizes ka microstructure, ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai ka paʻa
- Hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ductility a paʻakikī ma ka wehe ʻana i nā ʻāpana delta ferrite a i ʻole nā pahu palupalu
Oolea Ka Hoʻopumia a ka Ola i ka wā annealing he mea koʻikoʻi. ʻAʻole lawa nā uku hoʻopiʻi hiki ke hopena hōʻikeʻike and ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana i ka chromium I nā palena nui, ka hoʻohuliʻana i ke kū'ēʻana.
7. Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion
Genenation Corrison
I loko o nā wahi kūʻokoʻa a me ka ʻawaʻawa haʻahaʻa, Mālama ʻo CF3 i ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa ma muli o kāna kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive waiwai nui o ka chromium. ʻO ka maʻamau ka nui o ka corrosion < 0.05 mm / makahiki i ka wai inu a me nā ʻōnaehana wai ʻino.
Kū'ē Kū'ē Kūloko
Hōʻike ka alloy i ka hana maikaʻi i nā kaiapuni i loaʻa nā chlorides a hiki i ~ 200 ppm:
- ʻO ka heluʻana i keʻano kūlike (Wood): ~ 18
- Critical Pitting Temperature (Cpt): ~ 20-25 ° C (varies with chloride level)
ʻO ka hakakāʻana o ke kaumaha (SCC)
CF3’s low carbon content improves SCC resistance in chloride-bearing environments, particularly in the 50–100°C range, a known danger zone for austenitic grades.
8. Huahuai & Markinpalibility
CNC Mīkini
CF3 machines comparably to wrought 304, with a machinability index of ~45 % (IA MEA 304 equals 50 %).
Shops typically use carbide tools, cutting speeds of 100–150 m/min, and feeds of 0.12–0.18 mm/rev, delivering surface finishes around Ra 1.6 }m.
Welding
Fabricators weld CF3 using 309 Oole 312 filler alloys without preheat.
Post‑weld annealing at 1,050 °C for one hour restores corrosion resistance, reducing delta‑ferrite and dissolving weld‑zone carbides.
Hana & Hui pū
ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa hana o CF3 ma mua o ke kila kalapona, ia e tolerates anu hoemi ana a hiki i 40 %.
No ka pale ʻana i ka springback, Manaʻo nā mea hoʻolālā i ka radii piʻo o ka liʻiliʻi loa 3 × mānoanoa mea.
9. Hoʻohana ʻia o CF3 Kuhili ʻole
Nā Vilves, Pumps, a me na mea e pono ai ka wai
Ma ke kūlanakauhale a me ka ʻoihana hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai, ʻO ke kila kila CF3 kahi mea i koho ʻia no:
- Nā kino valve a me nā bonnets
- Nā mea kīwī a me nā mea hanaʻole
- ʻO nā paipu paipu a me nā hui
ʻO kona kū'ē i ka chloride-induced corrosion, ʻoiai i loko o nā wahi paʻakai paʻakai, hōʻoia i ke ola lawelawe lōʻihi me ka mālama liʻiliʻi.
ʻO ka haʻahaʻa kalapona maʻiʻo e hōʻemi i ka pilikia o sensitization i ka wā wili, he mea koʻikoʻi ia no nā ʻōnaehana paʻa paʻa.
Petrochemical a me ka ʻaila & Nā ʻāpana kinoea
Hoʻohana pinepine ka ʻoihana aila a me ke kinoea i ka CF3 no nā hoʻoheheʻe e hālāwai me nā wai corrosive, me nā hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide, a me nā kaiapuni waiwai CO₂. Nā mea noi maʻamau:
- ʻO nā mea hoʻonani
- Manifolds a me nā ʻāpana kahe
- Metering valves and flanges
I luna- and midstream systems, CF3 helps prevent stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and pitting, which are accelerated by high chloride content or wet sour gas.
Mea Hana Meaʻai a me Lako Lapaʻau
Pono nā ʻōnaehana kaʻina hana maʻemaʻe i nā mea me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion maikaʻi loa, Hoʻopau maikaʻi loa, a me ka launa pū me nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe (CIP / SIP). Ua kūpono ʻo CF3 i kēia mau koi, ke kūpono kūpono no:
- ʻO nā kiwi hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me nā pono paipu
- ʻO ka hui ʻana a me ka mīkini mika
- ʻO nā paila a me nā hale
Ia ʻO ka microstruc molsteticic, e paʻa mau ana ma hope o nā pōʻai sterilization, kokua e halawai FDA and 3-He mau kūlana maʻemaʻe ma nā wahi hana koʻikoʻi.
Hoʻoulu mana a me nā lako moana
- ʻO nā mea ʻōnaehana mahu a condensate
- ʻO nā pauma wai kai a me nā ʻāpana valve
- ʻO nā uhi hope hoʻololi wela
ʻO kona kū'ē i ʻinoʻino wai, mio popoele, and oxidation ma nā wela kiʻekiʻe hoʻonui i ka lōʻihi o nā mea i loko o kēia mau hoʻonohonoho koʻikoʻi.
I nā wahi moana, Hana pono ʻo CF3 i nā mea ʻelua lawelawe ʻili a me ka wai.
Nā noi e puka mai ana
- Pūnaehana hoʻokele hydrogen: Ma muli o kona ʻano non-magnetic a me ka māwae
- Nā mea hana pulu semiconductor: Kahi ultra-maʻemaʻe, pono nā mea hana ʻole
- Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe hoʻohui i hana ʻia: No ka ho'ēmi kaumaha a me ka hoʻohui hoʻolālā paʻakikī
10. Hoʻohālikelike me nā mea'ē aʻe
ʻO ke koho ʻana i ka papa kila kuhiliʻole kūpono no kahi noi i hāʻawi ʻia e pono ai ka ʻike hohonu o ka hana kālepa-off ma waena o nā koho i loaʻa.
CF3 kila kila, e like me ka hoʻolei kalapona haʻahaʻa like me 304L, hoʻohālikelike pinepine ʻia me nā mea pili e like me Cf3m, CF8, Cf8m, a hana ʻia 304 meaʻole.
| Waiwai | Cf3 (304L hoʻolei) | Cf3m (316L hoʻolei) | CF8 (304 Kiola) | Cf8m (316 Kiola) | 304L Hanaia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mybrideum (Mo) Anter | ʻAʻole | ʻAe | ʻAʻole | ʻAe | ʻAʻole |
| NA MANAOLO DOLIAMERA | ≤ 0.03% (Ke kala kala) | ≤ 0.03% (Ke kala kala) | ≤ 0.08% | ≤ 0.08% | ≤ 0.03% (Ke kala kala) |
| Chordid resistisan | Loli | Kūpono | Loli | Kūpono | Loli |
| Ke kū'ē kū'ē (Wood) | ~ 18 | ~ 25-27 | ~ 20 | ~ 25-27 | ~ 18 |
| Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion | Maikaʻi loa | Kūpono | Loli | Kūpono | Maikaʻi loa |
| Wawahua | Kūpono | Kūpono | Loli | Loli | Kūpono |
| Kālā | $$ | $$$ | $$ | $$$ | $$ |
| Ikaika (Tersele) | ~ 485 MPA | ~500 MPa | ~510 MPa | ~ 520 mpa | ~ 520 mpa |
| Ewangantion | ~ 40% | ~ 45% | ~ 45% | ~ 45% | ~ 45% |
| NoMame | Maikaʻi no nā ʻāpana hoʻolei | Maikaʻi no nā ʻāpana hoʻolei | Maikaʻi no nā ʻāpana hoʻolei | Maikaʻi no nā ʻāpana hoʻolei | Kūpono (no nā ʻāpana i ʻōwili ʻia a i hana ʻia paha) |
| Noi | Pūnaehana wai, ʻāpana meaʻai | Kekau, Marine, of 3Ikeha | ʻāpana ʻoihana nui | Marine, Kekau, of 3Ikeha | High-ductility, nā'āpana'āpana |
11. Hopena
Ma ka hōʻuluʻulu, CF3 kuhiliʻole kila merges i ka corrosion kū'ē o 304 me ka versatility o ka hoolei ana.
Kona kemika kaulike, paʻa mechanical profile, a i ʻike ʻia ka lōʻihi lōʻihi e hoʻolilo iā CF3 i koho mana no nā kaiapuni corrosive duty..
Eia hou, me ka nui o ka hana honua makahiki 50,000 nā tona a me nā uku o ka ʻōpala ma lalo 6 %, Hāʻawi ʻo CF3 i nā pono waiwai a me ka hana.
Nānā i mua, ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka CF3 i loko o nā kahe hana hoʻoheheʻe hybrid-hoʻohui a me ka ʻimi ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻili e hoʻohiki ai e hoʻonui i kāna envelop lawelawe - e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana e noho mau ʻo CF3 i mea hoʻohui pōhaku kihi i nā noi ʻoihana..
LangHe ʻO ke koho kūpono kūpono no kāu hana hana e pono ai inā makemakeʻoe i ka maikaʻi kiʻekiʻe nā kila kila.
Nā nīnau nīnau e pili ana i ka CF3 Stainless Steel
Ua kūpono ʻo CF3 Stainless Steel no nā noi wela kiʻekiʻe?
ʻO CF3 ka mea maʻamau kūpono no nā noi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (a hiki i ka 800°F a i ʻole 427°C).
No nā wela kiʻekiʻe, a i ʻole i ka manawa ʻO ka pale oxidation i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe he mea koʻikoʻi,
nā papa ʻē aʻe e like me Cf8m Oole 316 kila kohu ʻole ʻoi aku paha ke kūpono ma muli o kā lākou mau waiwai wela kiʻekiʻe.
Hiki iā CF3 ke wili?
ʻAe, CF3 kila kila nui loa welible. ʻO kāna haʻahaʻa kalapona haʻahaʻa e hōʻemi i ka pilikia o ka hana carbide i ka wā wili, e hōʻemi ana i ka hopena o ka ʻino intergranular.
Akā naʻe,, paipai mau ia e hoohana nā ʻenehana wiliwili kūpono and nā lāʻau wela post-weld i ka hana ʻana me kēia mea i nā noi koʻikoʻi.
Ua kūpono ʻo CF3 no nā noi Cryogenic?
ʻAe, Hōʻike ka CF3 i ka paʻakikī maikaʻi ma nā wela haʻahaʻa, kūpono ia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā noi cryogenic e like me ke kinoea kūlohelohe liquefied (Lng) ka waiho ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana.
Hiki iā CF3 ke mālama i ka wela?
ʻAʻole hiki ke mālama ʻia ka CF3 no ka hoʻoikaika ʻana. Akā naʻe,, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia e hoʻomaha i nā kaumaha a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka machinability.
Pehea ka hana ʻana o CF3 Stainless Steel i ka wai kai?
Hāʻawi ʻo CF3 kū mālie i ka ʻino o ke kai, akā, ʻaʻole ia e like me CF3M a i ʻole CF8M, ka mea i hoʻonui i ka pale chloride ma muli o ke alo o Mybridelu.
I ʻO nā wahi kai moana me ke kiekie paʻakai, Loaʻa paha iā CF3 kekahi Pihaʻana ua holo ʻoi aʻe ka manawa, no laila ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o CF3M a i ʻole CF8M.
Pehea e mālama ʻia ai ʻo CF3 Stainless Steel?
ʻO ka mālama mau ʻana o ke kila kuhili ʻole CF3:
- ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe: Wehe i nā mea haumia e like me ka chlorine, SaulK, a me nā kemika e hiki ai ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.
- Nānā: Ke nānā nei i nā hōʻailona o pitting Oole Kāleʻa Crenice Corrosioni, nui loa Marine Oole kaiapuni kemika.
- Welding: E hōʻoia i ka pono post-weld ʻO ka hana wela e pale aku i ka pohā a i ʻole ka sensitization.
Hiki iā CF3 Stainless Steel ke hoʻohana i nā noi pili meaʻai?
ʻAe, Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo CF3 ma nā lako hana meaʻai ma muli o kona Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion and maʻalahi o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe.
Ua hoʻokō me FDA and 3-He mau kūlana maʻemaʻe, hana ia i kahi koho kūpono no kūleʻa Nā Vilves, Pumps, a me nā'ōnaehana piping.
