1. Hōʻikeʻike
ʻO Nickel kahi mea koʻikoʻi nui i hoʻohana nuiʻia ma kaʻoihana, AerERPPACE, ikaika, a me nā noimika e pili ana ma muli o ke kū'ēʻana o ka corrosion, ka ikaika ikaika, a me ke kūpaʻa.
ʻO ka hoʻomaopopoʻana he kumu kūʻai nui no nā mea hana no nā meaʻenehana a me nā meaʻepekema pili no ka meaʻo ia ka mea i pili i nā helu kaupaona, Hoʻolālā hoʻolālā, Kauhini, a me ka hana holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO kaʻatikala e pili ana i keʻano o ka nickel maʻemaʻe ma ka mahana o ka lumi (20 ° C) ma kahi kokoke 8.908 g / cm³ (Oole 8,908 kg / m³).
ʻO kēia mau noi waiwai intrinsic i lalo o nā noi a Nickel i nā haʻawina kiʻekiʻe, Nā Kūlana Kūlana, a me nā lole nani.
2. He aha ka hana o ka nickel
Huakai ua weheweheʻia e like me ka nui o kēlā me kēia helu helu (p = m / v). No ka nickel, ua kū mai kona mau density mai ka nui atomika (58.6934 u) a me ke alo o ka maka (Fcc) ʻO ka hoʻolālā crystal, ʻO nā'āpana i nā atom.
Ma keʻano maʻamau a me ke kaomi, Hōʻikeʻo Nickel i kahi pānaʻi fcc i hoʻopaʻaʻia me kahi lattice mau loa 0.352 nm, ka hanaʻana i kānaʻano hana o ka 8.908 g / cm³.
3. ʻO nā mea nui e hoʻopilikia ana i ka nani nickel
ʻO keʻano o ka nickel (~ 2.098 g / cm³ at 20 ° C no ka ultra-kiʻekiʻe-hoʻomaʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe) ʻaʻole i paʻa mauʻia; Hoʻololi ia me ʻo Menu ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, AliLila, keka ao, a me ke kaumaha.
ʻO Menu ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe: ʻO ka mea hoʻokele mua o nāʻano hana density
ʻO ka'ōlelo kiko'ī o 8.908 ʻO G / CM³ e hoʻopili pono i ka ʻO Ultra-High-Prily nickel (≥99.99%), e like me ka nicicoltic nicicl i hoʻohanaʻia i nā mea uila a me nā mea hana pololei.
I ka hanaʻoihana, Ua hiki i ka nickel ke hiki i kēia maʻemaʻe.
Palau, Inā manaʻo paha (nā mea'ē aʻe) a iʻole he hewaʻole (Nā Ores Sate, ka hoʻoiliʻana i nā mea maʻi), Eʻae i nā atom i nā atom i loko o ka latting crystal, ʻO ka hoʻololiʻana i ka density e pili ana i ko lākou mau atomika a me ka noʻonoʻo.
Nā mea maʻamau a me kā lākou hopena (ʻikepili mai ka leka uila Asm, Volume 2):
| Poino | Huakai (g / cm³) | ʻO ka noʻonoʻo maʻamau i ka nūpepa kūʻai | Ka hopena o ka nicikel density (g / cm³) | Hoʻololiʻo Densrity vs. Mickel maʻemaʻe |
| 'Eron (Lia) | 7.874 | 0.5-1.0% | 8.85-8.90 | -0.01 i -0.06 |
| keleawe (Cu) | 8.96 | 0.1-0.5% | 8.91-8.93 | +0.002 i +0.02 |
| KālekaʻAʻI (C, mooki) | 2.267 | 0.01-0.05% | 8.90-8.91 | -0.001 to -0.008 |
| Sulfur (S) | 2.07 | 0.005-0.01% | 8.905-8.907 | -0.001 to -0.003 |
| Oxycongen (Ooe, aila) | 1.429 | 0.001-0.005% | 8.907-8.908 | Hōʻoleʻole |
AliLila: Tailoring density no ka hana
ʻO Nickel Formes Alloys me nā mea e like me keleawe (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Mybridelu (Mo), tungsten (W), a hao hao (Lia), ka hanaʻana i nā mea me nā densities eʻokoʻa i ka mea eʻokoʻa loa mai ka nickel maʻemaʻe.
Nā mea koho i kohoʻia a me nā pono:
| Alloy | Ka Hoʻolālā | Huakai (g / cm³) | ʻOkoʻaʻokoʻa vs. I | Palapala hana nui |
| Molol 400 | 65% I, 34% Cu, 1% Lia | 8.80 | -0.108 | Ke kū'ē neiʻo Marine Corrosionion |
| Actoel 625 | 59% I, 21.5% Cr, 9% Mo, 5% Lia | 8.44 | -0.468 | ʻO ka paleʻana o ka pā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe |
| Haddelloy X | 47% I, 22% Cr, 18.5% Lia, 9% Mo | 8.30 | -0.608 | ʻO nā keʻenaʻo Grobine Grobine |
| Nickel (30% W) | 70% I, 30% W | 10.0 | +1.092 | Radiation Shielding, E kāʻei i ke kū'ē |
| Kāhea 36 | 64% Lia, 36% I | 8.05 | -0.858 | Nā Kūlana Kūʻai Law |
Keka ao: ʻO ka hoʻemiʻana o ka hōʻike a me ka hoʻemiʻana
ʻO Nickel Hoʻonui me ka wela, ho'ēmi i konaʻano.
'Ōlelo laina laina o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka hoʻopiʻi (Cte) No Nickel is ~ 13.4 × 10 ° / ° C; 'ōlelo kokoke i ka Volumetric CTE is ~ 40.2 × 10⁻⁶ / ° C. Ke hoʻohana nei i kēia mau waiwai, Ua hōʻemiʻo Nickel's Density i ka mahana:
- I 100 ° C: Makana ≈ 8.908 G / CM³ × (1 - (40.2 × 10 °) / ° C × 80 ° C)) ≈ 8.88 g / cm³
- I 500 ° C: Makana ≈ 8.908 G / CM³ × (1 - (40.2 × 10⁻⁶ / ° C × 480 ° CI)) ≈ 8.73 g / cm³
- A 1455 ° C (Malting Point, wai nickel): Makana ≈ 8.70 g / cm³ (ʻOi aku ka nui o nā metals i nā mea iʻoi aku ma mua o nā solids ma muli o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka maʻi atomis)
ʻO kēiaʻano wela-hilinaʻi nui ke koʻikoʻi:
- Ke kāheaʻana i ke aniani kiʻekiʻe: Pono nā Mods no ka hoʻololiʻana i nā loli i ka wā e hoʻololi ai i nā hemahema o ka shrik.
- Na'Āpanaʻo Aerospace: ʻO Nickel Speheralloys ma nā mīkini jet (Ke hana nei ma 1000-1200 ° C) ʻike i ka hōʻemiʻana i ka hana e pili ana i ka hana a me ka kūpaʻaʻana.
Ka paipai: Ka hoʻonuiʻana a me ka hoʻonuiʻana
ʻO nā modilus nupepa (~ 170 GPA) Ke kū nei i ke kū'ēʻana i ka hoʻopiliʻana. Hoʻonui nui nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe:
- A 1 GPA (≈10,000 ATM, maʻamau o nā wahi hohonu hohonu): Hoʻonui ka density e ~ 0.5% (≈8.95 g / cm³).
- A 10 GPA (kaumaha nui, E.g., Nā Kūlana Kūʻai): Ua piʻiʻo Density i ~ 9.3 G / cm³.
Mea lako wai hohonu: ʻO nā'āpana inoaʻo Nickel-Plated ma nā submmersible e pono me nā hoʻololiʻana o ka hana me keʻanoʻole.
ʻO ka hana haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe: Nā kaʻina e like me ke kaomiʻana o ka wela wela (Hip) E hoʻohana i ke kaomi e hōʻole i nā alloys nickel, ʻO ka hōʻemiʻana i ka pososity a hoʻonui i ka hana hope loa.
4. Ke anaʻanaʻo Tensity
Archdedes ' He kaupaona nui a me ka hydrostatic
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona Nickel i hoʻoiliʻia i loko o kahi wai, a ua heluʻia ka density mai nā pūʻali koa Butoyan. He maʻalahi keʻano o kēiaʻano hana no nā'āpana nui.
X-ray dicexraction (Xrd)
ʻO XD ka heluʻana i ka hewaʻana mai ka pattice parattice o ka hoʻolālā crystal o Nickel (anaʻia ma o x-ray souttering). ʻO kēia ala:
- NO KE KAHUI: Kūpono no nā waiwai waiwai a iʻole nā'āpana (E.g., Na'Āpanaʻo Aerospace).
- Pololei loa: ± 0.0001 g / cm³ no ka mickel maʻemaʻe, E like me keʻano o ka hanaʻana i ka picking atomic ma mua o nā waiwai nui.
- PAHUI: Koi i kahi hoʻohālike maikaʻi (ʻaʻole kūpono no nā powders a iʻole amorpouus nickel).
Pycnometry (No nā pedders)
No nā poʻe pokel (hoʻohanaʻia ma ka hoʻohui hoʻohuiʻana a iʻole nā lole), ʻO Pycnometry hau (Astm D6226) ana i ka hana maoli e ka haʻaleleʻana i kahi hau (E.g., Helium) Ma ke keʻena i hoʻopaʻaʻia.
Hōʻalo kēia i nā hewa mai nā leo i nā moena moe, ʻO nā huaʻai i loko o ± 0.002 g / cm³ o ka waiwai o keʻano.
ʻO ka hōʻailonaʻana
Hiki i nā hemahema ke loli iki iki ma muli o nā haumia, Potiwale, Ke Ana Ana, a me ke ana, ʻO ka maʻamau maʻamau i loko o ± 0.01-0.02 g / cm³ no ka nickel kiʻekiʻe.
5. Ka pilina o kaʻoihana o nickel density
ʻAʻole wale ka hana o ka nickel i kahi waiwai waiwaiʻole -ʻo ia ka hopena i keʻano o ka mea hao a me kāna mau uku hanaʻia, hoʻopioʻia, a hoʻopiliʻia ma nāʻoihana.
Mai nā trubines turbines i nā mea kanu a me nā mea hoʻohui hoʻohui, Ua pāʻaniʻo Density i kahi hana pivotal i ka hana a me ka hana effiency.
Aerospace a me Handiation: Ke kaupaonaʻana a me ka ikaika
Nā mokulele a me nā wahi e koi ai i nā mea e noi ai ʻO nā kaulike ikaika-kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻe.
ʻOiaiʻo ka nickel maʻemaʻe (8.908 g / cm³), nā mea e pili ana i nā mea kanu Actoel 625 (8.44 g / cm³) Oole Haddelloy X (8.30 g / cm³) hoʻolako i kahi kiko'ī:
- 'Ōhua haʻahaʻa hoʻemi i ka mīkini holoʻokoʻa a iʻole ke kaupaonaʻana, ka mālamaʻana i nā wahie a me ka hoʻonuiʻana.
- ʻO ka hoʻomauʻana e hōʻoia i ka paleʻana i ka creep a me ka momona ma >1000 ° C.
Hoʻoloholo: A 1% ʻO ka hōʻemiʻana ma Turbine Turn Mass ma o ka hikiʻana i ka Olloy Dentity Optimization hiki ke hoʻopakele ʻO nā haneli mau o nā kilograms o Jet Fuel i kēlā me kēia mokulele.
ʻO Automotive a me nā mīkini kaumaha: Durability a me ka makemake
ʻO Nickel density e kūpono no ka laweʻana i ka'āina:
- Nā kaʻa uila (Evs): ʻO Nickel-Build Cathode (E.g., Nmc, Nca) E pili ana i ka ikaika o ka ikaika, kahi e hoʻomaikaʻi ai nā kaumaha kaumaha.
- Nā mea kino kaumaha: ʻO nā kākela Nickel lāuaʻo Nickel-copper alloys (Nā Densitisitisity ~ 7.8-8.8 G / cm³) Hāʻawi i ka paʻakikī a me nā pale pale i nā mīkini hana a me nā mea hana liʻiliʻi.
Ke kemika a me ke kaʻina hana: Corrossion resistivance me ka pono kūpono
I nā mea kanu lāʻau a me nā mea hoʻoponopono, Pono e pale akuʻo Nickel Allys ʻO nā maʻi corrosive, Alkaliis, a me nā kīʻaha kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe:
- Molol 400 (8.80 g / cm³): Kohoʻia no nā pale o Marine a me ke kaʻaahi moana ma muli o ke kū'ēʻana i ke kū'ēʻana.
- Handely C-Series (~ 8.9 g / cm³): Hoʻohanaʻia i loko o nā mea hana hōʻoia acid, Ma kahi o ka density i kaulikeʻia e kū'ē i ka paleʻana o ka corrosion a me keʻano kūlike.
ʻAʻole pili wale ka density ka ikaika ikaika aka hoi pū kekahi Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua and Hoʻololi i ka hana, ʻO nā mea koʻikoʻi ma nā mea kūʻai aku.
Kauhi, Kākau, a me ka hoʻohui hoʻohui: Ke kāohi nei i ka hoʻoponopono
ʻO keʻano o ka hanaʻana o Nickel i ka wā e hana pono ai i nā hana maʻamau:
- Kauhi: Ka ho'ēmiʻana i ka ho'ēmiʻana ma lalo (8.908 → ~ 8.70 G / cm³) Pono e hoʻopaʻaʻia no ka paleʻana ʻO ka pololi I nā Molds.
- Kāleʻa a me ka Hip (ʻO ke kaomiʻana o ka wela wela): Ua hōʻole i ke kaomi i ka loiloi nickel alloys, ka paniʻana i nā leo a me ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka ikaika mechanical.
- Mea hoʻohuiʻaha (AmU): Powder-Fed Fausion a kuhikuhi i ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka mana o ka ikehu i ka hana nui Kūlāhi, ʻO ka hui pūʻana, a me ka hapa hope loa.
ʻO nā noi a me nā noi: I ka wā e pono ai ka nui o ka density kiʻekiʻe
I kekahi mauʻoihana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana kiʻekiʻe:
- Nickel-tungsten alloys (~ 10.0 g / cm³): Hāʻawi i ka paleʻana i ka radiation i nā mea hana nuclear a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau.
- ʻO Nickel-edes a me nā cathodes: ʻO nā mea hoʻonaninani o ka hana maikaʻi a me ke kūpaʻaʻana o ka thermal i nā wahie a me nā electrolyzers.
6. Papa kuhikuhi wikiwiki: ʻO Nickel maʻemaʻe a me nā hana maʻamau
| Waiwai / Alloy | Ka Hoʻolālā (Nā Kūlana Nui) | Huakai (G / CM³ @ 20 ° C) | Malting Point (° C) | Nā noi nui |
| Mickel maʻemaʻe (99.99%) | ≥99.99% ma | 8.908 | 1455 | Mea uila, thermoleples, Hoʻololi |
| Kāleka Nickel (Kumu 200) | ≥9s.0% ma + Nā mea momona | 8.85-8.90 | 1445-1455 | Nā mea kālepa kālepa, Mary Ples |
| Molol 400 | ~ 65% loaʻa, 34% Cu, 1% Lia | 8.80 | 1350-1400 | Manyʻenehana, Pumps, nā mea hana wela |
| Actoel 600 | ~ 72% loaʻa, 14-17% cr, 6-10% fe | 8.47 | 1354-1413 | Ke kālepaʻana, nā'āpana furnace, nā mea hana nuklea |
| Actoel 625 | ~ 59% loaʻa, 21.5% Cr, 9% Mo, 5% Lia | 8.44 | 1290-1350 | Nā Turcks Turna, nā mea hana nuklea, nā lāʻau kanu lāʻau |
| Waspaloy | ~ 58% loaʻa, 19% Cr, 13% CO, 4% Mo, No, AL | 8.19 | 1320-1380 | ʻO Jet Engine Turbi, nā mea paʻa loa assospace |
Nimonic 80a |
~ 76% loaʻa, 20% Cr, No, AL | 8.19 | 1320-1385 | Nā wahi hau, E hoʻopau i nā awāwa, ʻO nā puna wai kiʻekiʻe |
| Haddelloy X | ~ 47% loaʻa, 22% Cr, 18.5% Lia, 9% Mo | 8.30 | 1260-1355 | ʻO nā keʻenaʻo Grobine Grobine, ʻO nā duck maʻamau |
| Hatelinelos c-22 | ~ 56% loaʻa, 22% Cr, 13% Mo, 3% W, Lia | 8.69 | 1350-1400 | Nā mea hana loiloi, Nā Scrubbers, ke kāohiʻana |
| Wikiwiki c-276 | ~ 57% loaʻa, 16% Mo, 15% Cr, 5% Lia, W | 8.89 | 1325-1370 | Flue scrubbers, Ke kālepaʻana, ke kāohiʻana |
| Incloy 825 | ~ 42% loaʻa, 21.5% Cr, 30-35% fe, 3% Mo | 8.14 | 1385-1400 | Acid-resistant piping, Nā'ōnaehanaʻo Marine Exhaust |
| Nickel - (30% W) | ~ 70% i loko, 30% W | 10.0 | ~ 1455-1500 | Radiation Shielding, nā'āpana paʻa |
| Kāhea 36 | ~ 64% fe, 36% I | 8.05 | 1430-1440 | Nā mea hana pololei, ʻO nā noi hoʻolaha haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa |
7. Hopena
ʻO ka density o Nickel kahi mea hoʻoikaika kino waiwai nui, hana ai.uk, a hana i nāʻoihana kiʻekiʻe.
Nā mea e like me ka maʻemaʻe, AliLila, keka ao, a me ke kaomi e hana i nāʻano liʻiliʻi, Akā ke hoʻomaopopo nei he koʻikoʻi kēia mau nuntari no nā meaʻenehana a me nā meaʻepekema.
ʻO ka hui pūʻana o Nickel o ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ka ikaika ikaika, aʻo ka hoʻopakeleʻana i ke ola ka mea i hanaʻia ma waena o Aerospace, Kekau, ikaika, a me nā mea uila uila.
FaqS
Hana i keʻano o nickel (solid vs. Pauku) pili i konaʻano?
ʻAe. "ʻO ke kaumaha maoli" (ʻO keʻano o ka nickel iho) ʻo ia ka mea like no nā solids a me nā powders (~ 8.908 g / cm³ no ka mickel maʻemaʻe), aka, " (Mass / Volume o ka moena moe) he haʻahaʻa loa (4-5 g / cm³) Ma muli o nā hana i waena o nā'āpana.
ʻO nā mea pycnomester hau, ʻOiaiʻo Tap Denity e ana i ka nui nui.
Pehea e hana ai ka hana anuanu e pili ana i ka hana o Nickel?
Ke hana anuanu (E.g., Kauwili, Kākau) Hoʻonui ikiʻo Nickel (~ 0.1-0.2%) Ma ka hōʻemiʻana i nā hemahema o Lattic (huehaia) a me ka hoʻopiliʻana i nā leo.
ʻo kahi laʻana, ʻO keʻano o ke anuanu ma ka nickel kahi density o ~ 8.92 g / cm³, vsa. 8.908 g / cm³ no nā necokel.
ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o Nickel ma mua o nā metals maʻamau?
ʻAe. ʻO Nickel ka mea nui ma mua o alumini (2.70 g / cm³), 'Eron (7.87 g / cm³), a me Titanium (4.51 g / cm³) akā ua emi iki ma mua o ke keleawe (8.96 g / cm³), Keihei (8.4-8.7 g / cm³), a me ka wahine (19.3 g / cm³).
Hiki ke hoʻohanaʻia e hoʻokaʻawale i nā nicicol mai nā metala hoʻopunipuni?
ʻAe. ʻo kahi laʻana, Nickel-beel (kue ~ 7.9 g / cm³) he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka nickel maʻemaʻe (8.908 g / cm³), Ke hana nei i ka papa inoa o nā mea pāʻani i kahi ala maʻalahi eʻike ai i nā mea hoʻopunipuni (E.g., nā kālā kālā nickel).
He aha ka hana o ka nickel i ka lewa (Haka, wela piha)?
I kahi hakahaka, ʻAʻole hiki ke weheʻia ka density (wale nō keʻano a me ke koʻikoʻi). I nā wela cristogen (-200° C), Hoʻonuiʻo Nickel i ka loiloi iā ~ 8.95 g / cm³ (Ma muli o ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana o ka lattice).
I nā microgravity, ʻAʻole hiki i ke kikowaena o ke kumu o ka Pūnaeweleʻo Archimedes, No laila ua hoʻohanaʻiaʻo XD ma kahi.
