1. Hōʻikeʻike
Carbon should vs stienless steel i ka mooolelo no ka 90 % o ka hana a ka honua honua, ʻO nāʻoihana hanaʻana mai ka hanaʻana i ka hana olakino.
ʻAihue kīwī-ʻO ka hao hao hao-Carbon alloy me nāʻikepili i waena o ka carbon ma waena 0.05 % and 2.0 %-Has i loaʻa nā skyscrapers, Nā alahaka, a me nā mea hana kaʻa kaʻa no nā kenekulia.
He ʻokoʻa, kila kohu ʻole, i weheweheʻia e ka liʻiliʻi loa 10.5 % chomium me ka nickel, Mybridelu, a iʻole nā mea'ē aʻe, e kū mai ana i ka makahiki 20 o ka makahiki 20 e hoʻokō ai i ke koi no ka corrosion-resistant, Nā papahele o nā HONGERIC.
Ua holo ʻoi aʻe ka manawa, Ua hōʻiliʻili nāʻohanaʻelua ma o ka huiʻana i ka metallirgy a me ka hanaʻana i nāʻenehana.
Hōʻike kēiaʻatikala i kā lākou Keʻaimamāwahine Pōʻalima Dillil, moloka, hana kino, Hanaʻia nā hana Corrosionion, huahuai,
nā kumu waiwai, noi, mālama, and Nā Hō'īʻo, hiki i nā mīkini hana e hana i nā koho koho.
2. Kinohi & Metralurgy
Kākauʻaihue Carbon
ʻAihue kīwī'Sffiningʻanoʻanoʻanoʻanoʻano, nā mea e pili pono i kāna mau mea hana. Ua heluʻia ma nāʻano likeʻole e pili ana i keʻano o ka paina carbon:
- Kekuhi Kahule haʻahaʻa: Me ka emi malalo iho 0.25% KālekaʻAʻI, Hāʻawi ia i ka maikaʻi maikaʻi a me ka formability.
He maʻamau maʻamau i hoʻohanaʻia i nā noi ma kahi e lilo ai, hoʻokaʻawale, A koiʻia ka makemake,
e like me ka hanaʻana o nā pepa no nā kino o nā kaʻa a me nā kumu o keʻano maʻamau. - Ke kila kiladi: Kau 0.25 - 0.6% KālekaʻAʻI, E hoʻokaʻawale i kahi kaulike ma waena o ka ikaika a me ka doncility.
Hiki i ka wela wela ke hoʻonui nui i kāna mau mea hana, e kūpono ana i nā'āpana e like me nā'āpana, Kauluhi, a me nā'āpana ma nā mīkini. - Ke kila kila kiʻekiʻe: Oi aku ma mua o 0.6% KālekaʻAʻI, He paʻakikī loa a ikaika loa akāʻo ka ductile.
Hoʻohana pinepineʻia ia no nā mea hana, punawai, a me nā'āpana kahi i paʻakikī ai ka paʻakikī a me ka paleʻana i ke kū'ē.
Ma kahi o ka carbon, Hiki i nā steribon ke loaʻa i nā'āpana liʻiliʻi e like me ka manganese, Silikino, Sulfur, a me phospoprus, hiki ke pili i kona ikaika, paakiki, a me ka machindability.
ʻO keʻanoʻo Steel
Kila kohu ʻole aie i kona mau waiwai corrosion-resistant nui loa i ka heleʻana o ka chromium, ʻO nāʻano'āpana, Hoʻokomoʻiaʻo Addheret Mile ma kaʻaoʻao.
ʻO kaʻikepili a me ka liʻiliʻiʻo Chromium haʻahaʻa ma keʻano maʻamau 10.5%.
Akā naʻe,, ʻO ke kila maikaʻiʻole heʻohanaʻohana o nā alloys, ka heluʻana i loko o nāʻano likeʻole e pili ana i kā lākou micrstructure a me nā mea'ē aʻe:
- ʻO kahi kila kila Austetetitic: ʻO keʻano maʻamau, E komo pū me nā helu 304 and 316.
Aia ia he nickel, e hoʻonui ai i kona paleʻana, kumaikalua, a me ka formability.
Hoʻohana nuiʻia nā mea hoʻokūkū astentitic i ka hana o ka meaʻai, Biikona, aʻo nāʻoihana kūlohelohe. - ʻO ka mea kila ferritic: Me kahiʻikepili moromium haʻahaʻa i hoʻohālikelikeʻia i nāʻano Austequitic, He kūmole maikaʻi loa ia i ka paleʻana i nā wahi malū.
Hoʻohana pinepineʻia ia i nā noi e like me nā'ōnaehana exhaust exhast a me nā mea hana. - Martelitic Vielless Steel: ʻO ka wela-mālama, Hāʻawi ia i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻakikī a me ka paʻakikī o ka paleʻana o ka corrosion i hoʻohālikelikeʻia i nāʻano a me nā mea ferritic.
Hoʻohanaʻia ia no kaʻoki, nā mea kani, a me nā awāwa. - ʻO ka kila kila fuplex: Ka hui pūʻana o Austetitic a me Ferritic Micritic, Hāʻawi ia i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosion Corrossion, a me ke kūʻana o ke kaumaha o ke kaumaha.
Hoʻohana pinepineʻia ia i loko o ka aila a me nāʻoihana a me nāʻoihanaʻoihana.
Nā mea'ē aʻe e like me ka molybdelu, mang kāne, a hiki i ka nitrogen ke hoʻololi hou i nā waiwai o nā kila kūpono, ka hoʻomaikaʻiʻana i kona paleʻana i nāʻano kiko'ī o ka corrosion a iʻole e hoʻonui i kona ikaika mechanical.
Ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana o nā mea'ē aʻe
| Mua | ʻO ka hao hao (wt%) | Kila kohu ʻole (wt%) | Hana phite |
| KālekaʻAʻI (C) | 0.05 - 2.00 | ≤ 0.08 (300-Series)≤ 0.15 (400-Series) | Hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī a me ka ikaika o keʻano ma o ka hoʻokumuʻana i keʻano; hōʻemi nui i nā ductility a me ka wellingtability. |
| Chromium (Cr) | ≤ 1.00 | 10.5 - 30.0 | I lokoʻole: E hana i nā kiʻi sc₂o₃ sc₂o₃ no ka paleʻana o ka corrosioni; I ke kila carbon (piu) hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻakikī. |
| Mang kāne (Mn) | 0.30 - 1.65 | ≤ 2.00 | Deoxididhier; hoʻomaikaʻi aku i ka ikaika o ka densile a me ka paʻakikī; kue i nā mea emburtlement sulfur i loko o ke kila carbon. |
| Silikino (A) | 0.10 - 0.60 | ≤ 1.00 | Deoxidizer ma ka sterelmaking; hoʻonui i ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī; i lokoʻole, ʻO ka paleʻana o ka maʻi maʻi. |
| Nickel (I) | - | 8.0 - 20.0 (300-Series) | Stabilizes austetitic style (Fcc), hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī, kumaikalua, a me ke kū'ēʻana. |
| Mybrideum (Mo) | - | 2.0 - 3.0 (316, Duplex) | Hoʻonui i ka Pitting a me Crevice Corrosiotion Controlce i nā wahi chloride; E hoʻoikaika i ka mahana kiʻekiʻe. |
| Phoshorus (P) | ≤ 0.04 | ≤ 0.045 | Kāohiʻia i ka manaʻoʻino: hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ikaika a me ka manikini ma ke kila carbon; ʻoi aku ka nui o ka brittleness. |
| Sulfur (S) | ≤ 0.05 | ≤ 0.03 | E hoʻomaikaʻi i ka Manchindability ma ka hoʻokumuʻana i nā kiloki manganse; i lokoʻole, Mālama i ka haʻahaʻa e pale ai i ka corrosion. |
| Nitrogen (N) | - | ≤ 0.10 (kekahi mau helu) | Ma Duplex a me Super-Austetitic, Hoʻonui i ka ikaika a me ka nānāʻana i ke kū'ē me ka nickel. |
3. ʻO nā waiwai pilikino o ka carbon cheal ceel he kila kila
ʻO nā mea waiwai pilikino o ka carbon carbon ceel basel vs stainless snol e hoʻokaʻawale i kā lākou koho no ka mālamaʻana, lako uila, a me nā noi kūpono.
Ma lalo nei he hoʻohālikelike o nā waiwai nui no ka cheal carel maʻamau maʻamau (A36) a me kahi kila kila austevitic maʻamau (304):
| Waiwai | ʻO ka hao hao (A36) | Kila kohu ʻole (304) |
| Huakai | 7.85 g / cm³ (0.284 lb / in³) | 8.00 g / cm³ (0.289 lb / in³) |
| Hoʻohemo melū | 1,420-1,530 ° C (2,588-2,786 ° F) | 1,370-1,1,400 ° C (2,498-2,552 ° F) |
| Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua | 50 W / m · c · k (29 Btu / ft / h · FT² · ° F) | 16 W / m · c · k (9 Btu / ft / h · FT² · ° F) |
| Ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka | 11-13 × 106 / k (6.1-7.2 × 10 ° / ° F) | 16-17 × 10⁻⁶ / k (8.9-9.4 × 10 10⁻⁶ / ° F) |
| ʻO ka mana wela | 460 J / KIG · K (0.11 Btu / lb · ° F) | 500 J / KIG · K (0.12 Btu / lb · ° F) |
| ʻO keʻano o ka uila | 0.095 μ · · m (6.0 ■-cm) | 0.72 μ · · m (45 ■-cm) |
| ʻO Magnetic Permeibility | ≈ 200 (ferphanevic) | ≈ 1 (ponoʻole-magnetic) |
4. Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion & Durability
ʻO nā Mechanisms corrosion ma ke kahawai carbon
ʻO ka carbon carbon he mea maʻalahi loa i ka corrosion, mua ma o ka holoʻana. I ka wā i hōʻikeʻia ai i ka mistiture a me ka oxygen, hao i loko o ke kumu hao e hana ai i ka Oc Oxide ('ōwili).
Hoʻopiliʻia kēia kaʻina hana i ke alo o nā electrolytes, e like me nā paʻakai a iʻole nā maʻi. Klā me nā ions, ʻo kahi laʻana, hiki ke komo i ka papa o ka kila, e alakaʻi ana i ka pila.
Eia hou, Hiki i ke kālepa carbon ke hoʻoponopono i nā acidic a iʻole nā alkaline, Ke hilinaʻi nei i nā hopena kaulike kūikawā e hiki mai ana.
ʻO ka paleʻana o ka corrosionion
ʻO ka chromium i loko o ka stielless steel i hana i kahi'āpana oxde (Cr₂o₃) Ke Kuhi, ʻO nā hana e like me kahi pā e kū'ē i ka oxygen a me ka nui, pale aku i ka oxidation hou.
ʻO kēia papa hana passive e pono ai - ho'ōla; Inā poino, chromium i loko o nā mea kila kila me ka oxygen i ke kaiāulu e hoʻoponopono wikiwiki i ka papa pale.
Akā naʻe,, ʻAʻole maikaʻi loaʻo Stiinless Steel. ʻO nāʻanoʻano likeʻole o nā kila kila e hiki ke hoʻopilikiaʻia e nāʻano kiko'ī o ka corrosiot:
- Pihaʻana: Maʻamau i nāʻenehana me nā chrides, e like me ke kai o ke kai a iʻole nā salts salts.
Hiki i nā mea hoʻohālikelike ke hōʻole i ka papa kūʻai, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻokumuʻana o nā pōpoki liʻiliʻi ma luna o kaʻili. - Kāleʻa Crenice Corrosioni: E hele ana i nā wahi paʻa a iʻole nā crevies kahi e hiki ai i keʻano o nā mea e hiki ai ke lilo i kiʻekiʻe, pale aku i ka hoʻokumuʻana o ka papa hana pale pale.
- Intergranur corrosior: Hiki ke hanana i ka wā e ho'ālaʻia ai ka kila stiinless i kekahi mahana ma waena o kekahi mahana (hōʻikeʻike), ke kumu o ka chromium e hana me ka carbon a me nā kākela a me nā kākela i nā palena i nā palena palaoa.
ʻO kēia hana o ka chromium ma nā palena i hōʻemiʻia i ke kū'ēʻana i ka paleʻana i kēlā mau wahi.
Ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana o ke kū'ēʻana
Ponoʻo Carbon Steel i nā hana pale e like me ka pena kiʻi, garvalirigigling, a iʻole e pale aku ai i ka paleʻana, nui loa i loko o waho a iʻole nā wahi kūpono.
He ʻokoʻa, Hāʻawiʻo Stielless Steel i ke kū'ēʻana i ka paleʻana, Ke hana nei i kahi koho i makemakeʻia no nā noi i kahi e hōʻike ai i ka wai, kinopa, a iʻole e manaʻoʻia ai nā mea hanaʻino.
ʻo kahi laʻana, I kaʻoihana moana, Hoʻohanaʻiaʻo Stiinless Steel no nā kiʻi Fitters a me nā hoʻonohonoho,
ʻOiai e makemake ana nā mea kūʻai aku carbon i nā pale e pale aku ai i ka paleʻana o ka corrosion e ola i ka paʻakai a me nā kūlana haʻahaʻa.
Ke hoʻohālikelikeʻana
| Kaʻona | ʻO ka hao hao | Kila kohu ʻole |
| Wai wai | 0.05-0.2 mm / makahiki | < 0.01 MM / makahiki |
| Makehe aloha | 0.5-1.0 mm / makahiki | 0.01-0.05 mm / makahiki (316/2205) |
| 3 % Nacl Soft | ʻO ka pitting kūloko (0.5 MM / mahina) | Piko inā t > Cpt; ʻaʻole i hōʻoleʻole |
| ʻO ka onina kiʻekiʻe-temp (400 ° C) | Spid scaling (nā mānoanoa > 100 μM i 100 huh) | Lohi (10-20 μm i 100 huh) |
6. Huahuai & Markinpalibility
ʻO ka hana kūpono o ka carbon carbon a me nā mea kila kila kila i ko lākou mauʻano metallirgical a me nā mea hana i kohoʻia.
ʻAihue carbon
Kauhi & Kākau:
ʻO keʻano haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka Carbon (1,420-1,530 ° C) a me nā meaʻono maʻalahi e hana pono ai one a i Kāhaka kūʻai kūʻai o nā'āpana nui,
e like me nā mea e like me nā mea hana e like me nā mea hou, kahi e hoʻopiha ai ka mert-carbon i ka hao hao.
HE MAU NUI, Nā Ke kaomiʻana o nā billets Heated (900-1,1,200 ° C) E hōʻoluʻolu i ka microstructure e elongating scins ma nā laina o ke kahe,
Ke hāʻawi nei i ka hana nui o ka hopena maikaʻi loa a me ka momona o nā mea hana koʻikoʻi e like me nā crankshafts a me nā mea hana paʻa.
Kauwili & Huakai hana:
I lele wela, Hoʻemiʻia nā Slabs ma 1,100-1,250 ° C e hana i nā papa a me nāʻano hoʻonohonoho.
Mahope iho ke anuanu Ma ka hoʻonuiʻana o ka lumi i hoʻonuiʻia i ka ikaika e 30 % ma o ka hana paʻakikī, ka hanaʻana i nā kila no nā palstomotive palt a me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.
Machimen:
ʻO ke Keʻena Kūʻai Kūʻai Kūʻai Kūʻaiʻo Carbon (~ 70 % o b1112) Hoʻololi me nāʻike i ka carbon.
Nā helu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (≤ 0.25 % C) Eʻokiʻoki i nā wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe (100-200 m / min ka wikiwiki o ka wikiwiki) a me nā papa i hoʻohuiʻia.
Pono nā mea kūʻai aku a iʻole nā mea kiloki kiʻekiʻe a iʻole nā mea e pono ai nā mea e hānai ai i nā kumukūʻai a me nā mea hana kaʻa e pale i ka hana hana.
ʻO nā mea kila kila
Hoʻomālamalama & Kauhi:
Hoʻomaka ka hanaʻana o ka mea kūʻai aku i kahi hana ʻO Furnace Electric Furnace, kahi i koho ai i nā hoʻohui o ka chromium, nickel, a me nā molybdenum e loaʻa ana i nā hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho.
ʻO ke kila kiola i loko o nā inots a iʻole mau ballets, Ke koi nei i ka hoʻopaʻaʻana i ka mana o nā haumia (S, P < 0.03 %) E mālama i ka hana corrosione.
Kauwili & Hana paʻakikī:
ʻO nā Slainle wela (1,100-1,250 ° C) lilo i mau kiʻi a iʻole nā papa no ke aniani wela.
Nā helu Austetitic (304, 316) e loaʻa i 50 % ikaika ma o ka hana anuanu, akā koi i nā waena waena (1,050 ° C hopena lāʻau lapaʻau) e hōʻoluʻolu i ke kaumaha a hoʻihoʻi i ka dentility.
Welding & Hui pū:
ʻO ke kila kila kāhea iā Tig a pulse -me nāʻenehana e hoʻohana ana i nā koʻokoʻo fluler (E.g., Er308l no 304 Nā Pākuʻi Base Metal).
ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe muaʻana i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe; Pono nāʻano hoʻohālikelike i lalo 150 ° C e pale i ka chromium carbide.
Post-weld hoʻolauna a iʻole ka paleʻana i ka māmā e hoʻihoʻi i ka mea pale pale pale, Ke mālama nei i ka hoʻouka kauaʻana.
Machimen:
Me kahi papa inoa machnitability kokoke 50 %, E hana i nā mea hoʻokūkū Austeditic, nā hana hana paʻakikī.
Hana i nā hoʻonohonoho rigid, mau wikiwiki (30-60 m / me), a me nā meaʻai kiʻekiʻe, Hoʻopili i nā mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia i nā kaʻa kaʻa e hōʻemi i kaʻohiʻana a me kaʻaoʻao kūkulu.
7. ʻO ka hana wela o ka carbon cheal ceel vs stainless kila
ʻO ka hana wela Tailors ka microstructure-a no laila keʻano o ka mechanical a me Corrosionion-resististies o nā carbon-of the carbon.
ʻO ke kāwele wela wela wela
Annalile
- Kumu: E hoʻomoʻa i ka kila, E hōʻoluʻolu i nā kaumaha kūloko, E hoʻomaikaʻi i ka machnianbility a me ka discility.
- Ke kaʻina hana: Kāhea i 700-750 ° C, Hold no 30 Min per match o ka mānoanoa, alaila lohi (furnace a kanuʻia paha i ka hoʻopaʻiʻana) a 20 ° C / hola i lalo i 500 ° C ma mua o ka hau
- Hopena: ʻO ka hui pūʻana o ka micrite ferrite, HA HANOO ≈ 180 HB, ewangantion > 25 %.
Hana maʻamau
- Kumu: E hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka nui grain no nā waiwai uniform.
- Ke kaʻina hana: Kāhea i 820-900 ° C, E hoʻopaʻa a wehe i ka lole, alaila Pili Kaiū.
- Hopena: ʻO ka momona momona maikaʻi-nui, ikaika ikaika ~ 450-550 mpa.
Queech & Huhū
- Queech: Austentize ma 820-880 ° C, A laila wikiwiki wikiwiki i kaʻaila a iʻole ka wai e hana i ka martidete. Hāʻawi i nā paʻakikī HRC 50-60 I nā helu kiʻekiʻe-carbon kiʻekiʻe.
- Huhū: Hōʻano hou i 200-650 ° C (Ke hilinaʻi nei i ka kālepa kālepa makemake) no ka 1 h per match o ka mānoanoa, alaila ea-ea.
-
- 200-300 ° C huhū: Mālama i ka paʻakikī paʻakikī (~ Hrc 50), Tensile 800-1,000 MPA.
- 400-550 ° C huhū: Ka paʻakikī paʻakikī (~ Hrc 40) me ka paʻakikī a me ka makemake (> 15 % ewangantion).
Carpurize & Nitriding (Kālā Hardna)
- Kumu: Hāwana, ʻO ke kāʻei pale pale-pale i ka papa me ka mea paʻakikī.
- Ke kaʻina hana:
ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela wela
Hoʻoholo hōʻoluʻolu
- Kumu: Wehe i nā kaʻa, maximize corrosionion kū'ē, Hoʻihoʻi hou i ka hana ma hope o ka hana anuanu a iʻole ke kalaʻana.
- Ke kaʻina hana: Kāhea i 1,050-1,1,100 ° C, Hoʻopaʻa 15-30 min, alaila ka wai-quench.
- Hopena: ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻokahi assenitic (No 300-Series) a iʻole hoʻoponoponoʻia i ka hoʻoponopono kālā a Austente (no duplex), HANOLO ~ 200 HB.
Hoʻonui nui (Nā Manaʻo PH)
- Nā Kaumaka: 17--4ph, 15-5h, 13-8ph.
- Ke kaʻina hana:
-
- Hana pono: 1,015-1,045 ° C, ka wai-quench.
- ʻEhā:
-
-
- 17--4ph: 480 ° C no 1-4 H → paʻakikī <~ hrc 40-45, tensile 950-1,1,100 mpa.
- 15-5h: 540 ° C no 4 H → paʻakikī ~~ HRC 42-48.
-
- Hopena: Ikaika kiʻekiʻe me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hui pū me ka paleʻana o ka corrosion maikaʻi.
Stabilization (Nā helu Ferritic)
- Kumu: Kāohi i ka nānāʻana i nā helu e like me 430ti a iʻole 446 Ma ka hoʻokumuʻana i nā kaʻa kaʻa.
- Ke kaʻina hana: Kāhea i 815-845 ° C, Pā, A lailaʻo ka hau-quench.
- Hopena: Hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paleʻana i ka paleʻana i ka corroshin.
Ke kaumaha nei ke kaumaha
- Kumu: Ho'ēmi i nā kaumaha kūlohelohe ma hope o ke kauʻana a iʻole keʻano anuanu.
- Ke kaʻina hana: Kāhea i 600-650 ° C no ka 1 huh, alaila ea-ea.
- Hopena: Hoʻololi i ka loli nui i ka paʻakikī; hoʻomaikaʻiʻia i ka hana dimensional.
Nā kuki nui
| Pili | ʻO ka hao hao | Kila kohu ʻole |
| Kālā paʻakikī | High; Broat Broal ma Quench & huhū | Paʻa; ʻO ka PH a me PH a me MartEnsitic Grand |
| Ka hopena o ka corrosione | Hiki i ka quenching ke hoʻolaha i ka holo; koi i ka uhi | Hoʻihoʻi hou ka hoʻonāʻana o kahi hoʻoponopono |
| Kaʻina hana | 700-900 ° C (Anneal / quench) | 600-1,1,100 ° C (hopena, ʻEhā) |
| Hopena paʻakikī | E piʻi i HRC 60-62 (kiʻekiʻe-c, wahine maila) | A hiki i hrc 48-50 (Nā Manaʻo PH) |
| Microstructural | Ferrite / Pridite / Biedite / Martike | Austetitic / ferritic / duplex / phale ma ka wela |
8. Kumukūʻai a me ka loaʻa
ʻO ke kumukūʻai kumukūʻai o ka kila carbon
ʻO kaʻaihue carbon e loaʻaʻole ma muli o kāna hui maʻalahi a me ka loaʻaʻana o ka loaʻaʻana o nā mea waiwai.
ʻO ke kumukūʻai o ke kila carbon i hoʻohālikelikeʻia e ke kumukūʻai o ka hao hao, ikehu no ka hana, a noi.
ʻO ke kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loaʻo ia ka mea kūpono loa, ʻOiaiʻoi aku ka nui o nā kila kila kiʻekiʻe ma muli o nā koi o nā koi hou.
ʻO kāna mea hana e hana ai i kahi koho kaulana loa no nā papahana kūkulu nui, e like me ke kūkuluʻana i nā mea kanu a me nā alahaka, kahi e kūpono ai ke kumukūʻai.
ʻO ke kumukūʻai kumukūʻai o ka kila kila
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kila stienless ma mua o ke kila carbon.
ʻO ke kumukūʻai kumukūʻai kumu nui ke kumukūʻai o nā mea'ē aʻe, ka chromium a me ka nickel, hiki ke lilo i mea kūʻai aku a me ke kumuhana e pili ana i nā fluctuations kumukūʻai i loko o ka mākeke honua.
Eia hou, ʻO nā hana hana paʻakikī hou aʻe a me nā koi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e pono ai i ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO nā mea kanu lāʻau austetitic, ʻO kēlā me kēia nui o ka nickel, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kumukūʻai ma mua o nāʻano ferritic a iʻole marlietic.
ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike kumukūʻai kumukūʻai
I nā noi e pili ana i ke kū'ēʻana o ka corrosioni, Hāʻawi ke Carbon i kahi hopena kūpono.
Akā naʻe,, i nā wahi i kahi o ka corrosio e hoʻohilahila koke i nā'āpana ceel carbon, ʻO ke kumukūʻai lōʻihi lōʻihi o ka hoʻohanaʻana i ke kila stiinless e haʻahaʻa paha ma muli o ka hoʻemiʻana o ka mālamaʻana a me nā uku hoʻololi.
9. Nā noi maʻamau o ka carbon cheal ceel he kila kila
Elua ʻaihue kīwī and kila kohu ʻole aia i loko o nāʻoihana hou, Akā e loaʻa ana i ko lākou mau noi noi e pili ana i nāʻokoʻa i loko Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, ʻO ka hana mechanication, and nā waiwai aesthetic.
Nā noi kālepa kālepa
Kūkulu hoʻi & Hewakai
- Nā sruptural beams, nā kolamu, a me nā'āpana I nā hale kūʻai a me nā alahaka
- Rebars No ka hana hou
- Poolali No ka aila, aila, a me ka wai (i hoʻokaʻawaleʻia a i paʻiʻia paha)
- Nā Kūlana Rail a me nā'āpana Railway
Ka Hoʻolālā Wīwī
- ʻO Chassis Fams, nā pā lima kino, a me nā'ōnaehana hoʻoponopono
- Kauluhi, ankles, lihao (ʻO ka noʻonoʻo nui loa i nā kākela carbon kiʻekiʻe)
- Kohoʻia no ikaika-uku Pono a me ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻokumuʻana
Nā mīkini mīkini
- Nā waihona mīkini, E kaomi i nā palapala, a me nā'āpana kaumaha
- Maʻamau i nā noi ma kahi ka ikaika a me ka makou ua hana muaʻia ma luna o ke kū'ēʻana
Nā mea hana a me nā mea hana
- ʻO nā lima hana (warches, Nā Nūmona) Ke hoʻohana nei i nā kila kila kiʻekiʻe
- Nā make a me nā punches e koi ana i ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe a me ka ikaika
Ka ikehu ikehu
- ʻO nā hale kiaʻi Turbine a me nā kākoʻo
- E hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā leʻa uila a me ke kīʻana
Nā noi noi noi
ʻO ka meaʻai a me ka hana inu
- Nā'Ka, Piping, kaniulail, a me nā hui hui No nā kūlana pilikino
- Nā helu like 304 (Hoʻohana I ka laulā) and 316 (chordid resistisan) mahalo Hygiene, pale pale, a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maʻalahi
ʻO ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau
- Nā mea hana ʻokiʻoki, nā mea kūponoʻole, Nā Hana Hookipa
- 316L a me 17-4h ke hoʻohanaʻoleʻia no biocompatiboli a me keʻano hoʻohālikelike
'FORlelo Waiwai a me'Uglelo
- Kukupupuole, Nā Riilings, NāʻIke Kū Pāʻani Kūlana, elevators
- Hoʻohuiʻia ʻO nā hoʻopiʻi Aesthetic me ke kū'ēʻana
- Hoʻopiliʻia a holoiʻia nā aniani i kahi nānā hou
Airine and on onfshore
- Moku, Nā Kūlana Kūʻai, nā hanana lole
- Kila kohu ʻole, loa 316 a me nā helu Duplex, hana maikaʻi ʻO nā paʻakai paʻakai
Kaʻoihana a me nāʻoihana holoholona
- Nā ipu koʻikoʻi, nā mea hana wela, Nā Vilves, Pumps
- Nā mea kila kila nā wai o nā corrosive a me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe
Nā mea uila a me nā huahana waiwai
- Nā Kūlana Kelepona Kelepona, Nā Chassis Chassis, Nā nānā
- I hoʻohana no Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, hāhā wāwae, a me ke aloha
Hohu & Nā hoʻonā Claud
- Clad Piping: ʻO nā carbon soal pips i luna me ka 3 mm stainless tyrener e hui pū ana i ka ikaika o keʻano me ka corrosior resistience-ākea i hoʻohana pinepineʻia i nā mea kanu a me nā millal.
- Nā papa bimetallic: A 5 Ua paʻiʻo MM Stiinless i kaʻili o ka cerbon subbon i hoʻopakele i nā mea a me ka nui o ka ulia a me nā'āpana o ke kaʻa.
10. Loaʻa & Nā palena o ka carbon cheel he kila kila
Ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i nā pono a me nā palena o ʻaihue kīwī and kila kohu ʻole he mea nui no ke kohoʻana i nā mea hana ma kaʻenehana, kūkulu hoʻi, hana ai.uk, a me ka hoʻolālā huahana.
Loaʻa i nā kiʻi o ka carbon cheel he kila kila
| Aspect | ʻO ka hao hao | Kila kohu ʻole |
| Uku kūpono | Uku haʻahaʻa, a lawa, ʻO ka hoʻokele waiwai no ka hoʻohana nuiʻana | Hoʻemi ka lōʻihi o ke ola lōʻihi i ka hoʻolimalimaʻana i ka uku ma mua o ka uku mua |
| Ikaika & Hālulu | Ikaika kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ʻO ka wela-mālamaʻia no ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe | ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka ikaika o ka momona, ʻO nā mea nui ma Duplex |
| Markinpalibility | Maʻalahi a hoʻopiliʻia (ʻO nā helu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa) | Palapala maikai (ʻoi aku ma nā helu manuahi manuahi 303) |
| Wawahua | Maikaʻi maikaʻi i loko o nā'āpana haʻahaʻa / medium carbon | Uaʻaeʻia nāʻenehana loea kūikawā, Nā Kūlohelohe-resistant |
| ʻAno ʻano | Pālahalaha nui o nā noi (kūhae, puiahuhu, hoao) | Kūpono no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, Kuukuli, a me nā wahi hoʻonaninani |
| Recyclabiality | Recyclable piha | 100% recyclable me ka waiwai kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe |
| Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua | ʻO ka laweʻana o ka Thermal Condertivity-maikaʻi no nā noi e hoʻololi i nā noi | Hana paʻa ma nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe; ʻO Oxidation-resistant |
| NoMame | Maikaʻi loa i nā palapala haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa | Nā helu Austetitic (E.g., 304, 316) he normable kekahi |
Nā palena o ka carbon cheel he kila kila
| Aspect | ʻO ka hao hao | Kila kohu ʻole |
| Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion | Pale ino; e pili ana i ka palau a me kaʻaelike | ʻO ke kū'ē maikaʻi loa; nā mea pale pale pale chromium |
| Mālama | Koi i nā lole maʻamau a me nā nānāʻana | Pono ka mālamaʻana i ka liʻiliʻi ma ka hapa nui |
| ʻO ka waiwai Aesthetic | Kaukaʻi, Nāʻike, a me nā rusts maʻalahi | Hoomae, kahiʻano poli; mālama i ka hoʻopau |
| Ke kaumaha | Kaumaha i nāʻano kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe | Loaʻa nā koho māmā me nā ikaika like (E.g., Duplex) |
| Weld Conceritivity | Hiki i nā kila kila kila kiʻekiʻe a paʻakikī paha i loko o nā wahi kaua | Pono e ho'ōla i ka wela wela e pale aku ai i kaʻike a me ka hoʻopunipuni |
| ʻO ka paʻakikī o ka mea paʻakikī | Mālu, Akā he mau Pelekane paha | Koi i nā pono kūikawā, wikiwiki, a e mālama i ka wā o ka fabrication |
| Ka hoʻonuiʻana | Loli | ʻO ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka nui o nā helu Austetitic e hiki ke hōʻeha |
| Uku uku | ʻO nā mea haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka hoʻoiliʻana i nā uku | ʻOi aku ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻihoʻiʻana i nā kumukūʻai ma muli o keʻano chromium / nickel |
11. Mālama a me ka loaʻaʻana o ka carbon cheel ceel basel
Ka mālama a me ka durability nā noʻonoʻo koʻikoʻi i ka wā e koho ana ma waena o ke kākela carbon a me nā kila kila.
Hoʻokomo kēia mau mea i ka nui o ke kumukūʻai o ka nona, Ka olaʻana, a me ka hana pono, nui loa i ka harsh a iʻole nā koi.
Mālama i ke kila carbon
- Nā koi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe: ʻO kaʻaihue carbon e prone i ka oxidation a me ka wikiwiki i ka wā i hōʻikeʻia ai i ka mistiture a me ka oxygen.
Me kaʻole o ka pale pale (E.g., pehi, pono, a iʻole galvalizing), ʻO nā corrodes wikiwiki. - Pono nā pale pale: Ka nānāʻana, Kāleka, a iʻole ka noiʻana o nā inthins inhibion he mea nui loa ia i ka nui o waho.
- Mālamaʻona: Garvalirigigling, ʻO ka paleʻana, a iʻole e hoʻohana pinepineʻia ai ka paeʻana i ke ola lawelawe prolong.
Ka mālamaʻana i nā kila kila
- ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe: Hoʻomaʻemaʻe pinepine i ka papa e wehe i ka lepo, Grime, a me nā mea hōʻeha e hiki ke alakaʻi i ka corrosiot.
I kekahi mau hihia, E hoʻohana paha nā pale a iʻole nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā mea maʻemaʻeʻole.
ʻo kahi laʻana, I loko o kahi hale hana meaʻai, Hoʻokomo pinepineʻia nā mea hoʻohana-stielless. - Pale mai nā chrides: I nā wahi i nā pae kiʻekiʻe cholode kiʻekiʻe, e like me nā kahakai a iʻole nā mea hana e hoʻohana ana i nā salts de-icing, Pono ka mālamaʻana.
Hiki i nā Chrlordes ke komo i ka paina passive o ka stielless of stiinless sweelless a me ke kumu o ke kauʻana. Hiki i nā rins maʻamau e wehe i nā waihona chloride hiki ke kōkua i ka paleʻana i kēia. - Ke nānā nei no ka hōʻino: ʻOiaiʻo ka kila kūponoʻole, Hiki ke hoʻopauʻia e ka hopena a iʻole ka lawelawe ponoʻole.
Nā hōʻike maʻamau e nānā ai no nā scratches, dents, a iʻole nā pōʻino'ē aʻe e hiki ai ke hoʻopili i keʻano o ka loaʻaʻana o ka paena passive.
12. Kū like & Nā innovations
- Nā kākā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (Nā HSOSS): ʻO nā ikaika ikaika a hiki i 1,200 MPA no nā kamepiula palekana o nā kukui māmā.
- Super-austetitic & Nā helu Duplex: Wood > 40 Loaʻa no nā noi Ultra-corrosive offshore a me nā noi noi.
- Kālā papaaina: ʻO Laser-inucted NanostructRucture a me CEIMIC-POLYMER NANOCOTERS e hoʻolōʻihi a me ke kū'ēʻana.
13. Hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike: ʻAihue carbon ma ke kila kila
| KākauohaHuna | ʻO ka hao hao | Kila kohu ʻole |
| Kinohi | Fe-c alloy (0.05-2.0 % C); mino mn, A, P, S | Fe-cr (≥10.5 %), I, Mo, N; Minima c (< 0.08 % I nā austesitics) |
| Moloka | Ferrite + Puʻuʻupuʻu; ʻO Bainite / Martikesite i nā helu helu | Austetetitic (300-Series), Ferritic (400-Series), Duplex, Martesestic |
| Huakai | ~ 7.85 g / cm³ | ~ 8.00 g / cm³ |
| Ikaika ikaika | 400-550 mpa (58-80 ksi) | 520-720 mPA (75-105 ksi) |
| Ka ikaika | ~ 250 Mpa (36 ksi) | 215-275 mpa (31-40 ksi) |
| Ewangantion | 20-25 % | 40-60 % |
| Hālulu | 140-180 HB; a i hrc 60+ I ka hanaʻana i ka wela | 150-200 hb; HRC 48-60 i ka mardelitics / pr |
| Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua | ~ 50 W / m · c · k | ~ 16 W / m · c · k |
| Ka hoʻonuiʻana | 11-13 × 106 / k | 16-17 × 10⁻⁶ / k |
| Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion | Ilihune (koi aku i nā lole a iʻole galnivalizing) | Kūpono (i loko; Nā helu no nā chrides, Nā'āpana, High-t) |
| Mālama | High: ka manawa hana / hoʻoponopono | Hoʻohaʻahaʻa: ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maʻalahi; Mihaila Redeep |
| Huahuai | Maikaʻi loa a me ka formability; Maʻa maʻalahi | Koi i ke kūpaʻaʻana, Ke hoʻolōʻihi nei i ka machining, hana-paʻakikī ke hana i ka wā |
| ʻO ka hana wela | Piha'āpana piha: Annae, Quetch, huhū | Paʻa: Hoʻoholo i Airnaal, Hoʻopau-paʻakikī; ʻO ka hapa nui loa |
| Kālā (2025 Ka hikina.) | ~ US $ 700 / ton | ~ US $ 2,200 / ton |
| Loaʻaʻia | Kiʻekiʻe loa; huakai. >1.6 biliona t / makahiki | High; hookomu ~ 55 miliona miliona / makahiki, iʻikeʻia ma nā wahi nui |
| Recyclabiality | > 90 % ʻO kaʻikeʻana i nā wahi e hele ai | ~ 60 % Nāʻikepili Scrap; waiwai kiʻekiʻe, ʻano hoʻohālikelike kūikawā |
| Hoʻohana maʻamau | Nā sruptural beams, ʻO Chassis Chassis, Poolali, Nā lako hana | ʻO ka ho'ōlaʻana i ka meaʻai, Nā Pūnaewele Pūnaewele, Mary Ples, ʻO ka hana'ilikikia |
| Ka mahana lawelawe | A i 300 ° C (Oxidation / scaling ma luna) | Na 800-900 ° C (hilinaʻiʻia) |
| Ke kūʻaiʻana i ke ola | ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma muli o nā pale a me ka mālamaʻana | Hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā noi kūpono a iʻole nā noi hygiennic |
14. Hopena
Ke kohoʻana ma waena o nā carbon cheel basel vs stainless sweel hinges ma ke kaulike ikaika, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, huahuai, and Kālā.
ʻO kaʻaihue carbon e waiho mau nei no nā mea hana koʻikoʻi a me nā mea i mālamaʻia, ʻOiaiʻo nā mea kila maikaʻiʻole ma kahi o ka poʻe kūwaho, Hygiene, a iʻole nā mea aesthetics.
Ma ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i kā lākou metralurgy, waiwai, Nā Hana Kūʻai Kūʻai, and Nā Kūlana noi, Hiki i nā meaʻenehana ke kuhikuhi i ke kila kūpono-a iʻole kahi hopena hybrid-e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana, Ke kūʻaiʻana i ke ola, a me ke kūpaʻa.
Ke hoʻomau nei ka hanaʻana i nāʻohanaʻelua i nā kilokilo e noho mau ana i ke kua o keʻano o kaʻoihana hou i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
FaqS
ʻO ke kila ka ikaika-carbon a paʻakikī paha?
Aia ia i ka papaʻaina a me ka mālama wela:
- Nā kākela kiʻekiʻe (E.g., 1045, 1095) hiki ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a me ka ikaika ma mua o ka hapa nui o nā helu.
- Nā mea kanu lāʻau Uā 17-4Ph and Martesestic 420 hiki ke paʻakikī, Akā hāʻawiʻia ʻO ka ikaika kūpono me ka paleʻana o ka corrosion.
ʻOi aku kaʻoi aku o ke kilaʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ke kila carbon?
ʻAe. E like me 2025:
- Kila kohu ʻole Nā kumukūʻai 2-3 mau manawa hou per ton ma muli o nā mea e like me nā mea like nickel, Chromium, and Mybridelu.
- Akā naʻe,, ka mālama haʻahaʻa, ʻO ke ola o ka lawelawe, and ʻO nā hoʻopiʻi Aesthetic hiki paha i ke kumu kūʻai mua.
ʻO ka carbon kila hou iʻoi aku ka nui a recyclable ma mua o ka kila kila?
He recyclableʻelua:
- ʻAihue kīwī Loaʻa i kahi helu recycling honua ma luna 90%, maʻamau ma o nā furnang arc (Kamaoaf).
- Kila kohu ʻole Loaʻa nō hoʻi ʻO ka waiwai kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, Akā koi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi Ma muli o kāna mau mea hoʻohui.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi no nā noi pili?
ʻAihue kīwī i hoʻohana nuiʻia kūkuluʻia a me nā mea hana hoʻonohonoho ma muli o kona ikaika ikaika-kiʻekiʻe-kumukūʻai.
Akā naʻe,, i nā wahi kūpono a iʻole kahi ʻO kahi hoʻopau Aesthetic and Lōʻihi koiʻia, kila kohu ʻole Hiki ke makemakeʻia i nā uku kiʻekiʻe.
Hanaʻole i nā kila kila?
ʻAe-akāʻaʻole pinepine.
Hiki i ke kila steelless ke hoʻoponopono ma lalo kope kikpo, nā kūlana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, Oole Nāʻinoʻino i kona papa hana.
Me ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka pololei Kumu (E.g., 316 No ka paʻakai paʻakai, duplex no nā hoʻolaha paʻakikī) he mea pono no ka paleʻana o ka corrosion.
ʻO ka mea e maʻalahi ai ka mīkini i ka mīkini?
Nui, Kekuhi Kahule haʻahaʻa E maʻalahi i ka mīkini.
ʻO nā mea kanu lāʻau austetitic (Uā 304) 'Ekā ʻO Tougher a me nā mea hana e hana ai, e hana ikaika ana eʻokiʻia keʻole e hoʻohana ai nā mea hana kūpono a me nā lubricants.
Hiki ke hoʻohanaʻia ka carbon cheal vs stiinless kila?
Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohui pūʻia, aka, Kahiki Galvaniko he pilikia i ka wā i loko E kamaʻilio uila uila ma kahiʻano mist. Hiki ke koi a iʻole nā lole e pale ai i ka hikiʻole ke pale.
