1. Hōʻikeʻike
ʻO ka molū mau loa i ke kāheaʻana - i kapa pinepineʻiaʻo Gravity Die i ka makeʻana o ka mea kūʻai mai e like me keʻano, ʻO keʻano kūpono no ka hanaʻana i nā'āpana metala kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻe.
Ma kēia kaʻina hana, ʻO nā mea hana pohe i nā mea molte metal, Ke alualu nei i ka gravity ma mua o ka loaʻaʻana o ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.
I nā makahiki i hala, ʻO ka neʻe mauʻana i ka paleʻana i ka hanaʻana mai nā noi a me nā noi zinc i nā makahiki 1920 e aluminum, Magnesum, a me ke kaula keleawe, e nā makahiki he 20.
I kēia mau lā, Loaʻa i nāʻike a puni ka honua e hilinaʻi mau ana i ka molū mau loa no nā'āpana hana e koi ai i nā mea i koiʻia, Hoʻopau maikaʻi loa, a me ka hana kūpono-kūpono.
Hōʻike kēiaʻatikala i ka manaʻo core a me ka mōʻaukala o ka mālama mau loa, e nānā ana i nā mea hana kumu a me nā hana hana, a loiloi i kānaʻoihana, o ka kūlana, a me nā'āpana honua.
I ka hana, Manaʻo mākou e hoʻopili i nā meaʻenehana a me nā mea hoʻoholo e pono ai me ka mea e pono ai e hoʻoholo i ka wā e hoʻopau ai i kēia hana hana.
2. He aha ka mea mālama mau loa?
ʻO ka hoʻohana mauʻana i ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka hoʻohanaʻana nā kāne metallic-Typtically kila a iʻole i kauʻia i ka hao.
ʻAʻole like me nā mea i loaʻaʻole ai i ke one, Noho mau kēia mau'ōiwi i ka lawelawe no nā tausani o nā kumulāʻau.

Nā mea e hoʻopiha i ka lua o ka make ma ka gravity, aeʻae i ka mea molten i ke kahe e kahe mālie a me keʻano.
ʻO ka wā e hoʻopaʻa ai i nā mea kūʻai aku, wehe nā mea hana i ka wānana, unuhi i ka'āpana, a hoʻomākaukau i ka make no ka loaʻaʻana.
Ma ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana me nā kaʻina hana likeʻole, ʻO ka lawe mauʻana i nā mea e hoʻopili mau ana ʻO ke kūpaʻaʻo Dimedonal, ʻO ka paʻaʻana, and Minor Poossity me kaʻole o ka paʻakikī o ka hanaʻana i nā hihia he nui.
3. Hoʻolālā Kūleʻa
ʻO ka hoʻopiha pihaʻana i ka gravity-driven. Nā kaʻina hana hoʻoikaika
Hoʻopiha i ka gravity e hōʻemi i ka turbulence a hōʻemi i nā mea e hoʻopili ai i keʻano o keʻano i hoʻohālikelikeʻia i nā ala kiʻekiʻe.
Ma ka hopena, Hōʻike pinepineʻia nā hale kūʻai manuahi mau loa (≤1%) a me keʻano nui o ka pā ahi kokoke i nā pā make, Hoʻonuiʻana i ka hana mechanical.
Nā mea kūʻai aku
Hoʻohana pinepineʻia nā Mollow H12 steel Oole Ui No kā lākou pale kū'ē. Kekahi mau noi mooki Oole Nā koho baramic-coated E hoʻolōʻihi i ka ola make a me ke kālepa wela.
Hoʻololi i ka wela & Kūpuia
Mau loa nā molds mau loa i ka wela wela i nā'āpana likeʻole e like me ka liʻiliʻi 5-10 kekona a me nā'āpana paʻa i loko 30-60 kekona.
Ma ka paleʻana i ka mahana make (Ka mea maʻamau 200-300 ° C), Loaʻa i nā uku kaulike a me ka uku kaulike, ka hōʻemiʻana i nā hemahema o ka shrinks.
4. ʻO nāʻano o ka pale mau loa
ʻO ke kāheaʻana
I ka mālamaʻana i ke aloha, Ua ninini wale i ka mea hao i ka mū ma lalo o kona momona pono'ī.
Pono kēia ala kūpono i nā mea hana liʻiliʻi a hāʻawi i nā mea maikaʻi maikaʻi no nā'āpana paʻakikī.

Haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa mau
Ma ka noiʻana i kahi kikowaena kikowaena (0.7-1.5 Bar) ma luna o ka melt, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e piʻi ana i nā mea hao ma luna o ka make.
Ko ke akahai, hoʻopiha piha i ka hoʻemiʻana i ka turbulence a me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.

ʻO ke kāʻei paʻaʻana o ka pā kiʻekiʻe
ʻOiai i kekahi manawa i hoʻopaʻaʻia me nā mea make make, ʻO kēia mau mea e hoʻopili ai i ka metala molten i nā mea hao ma nā kaomi o ka 5-20 bar i loko o kahi papa mau.
Hiki i ka wikiwiki ke hoʻopau i nā kiko'ī Finer, nā pā'ōpio, a me nā manawa pōkole pōkole.

Ua kōkua mauʻia nā mea hoʻomaha hoʻomaha hoʻomaha
Ke kōkuaʻana o ke kōkuaʻana i ka lewa ma waho o ka make o ka make ma mua a iʻole ke kauʻana, Ke hōʻoia nei i kahi noho kaʻa kaʻa kokoke loa.
ʻO kēiaʻano hana i nā mea kūʻai aku i nā mea kūʻai aku me ka postity haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a i makemakeʻia no ka palekana o ka palekana.

Slish recush canding
Slish caping, Uaʻikeʻia e like me molū, heʻano kūikawā o Ke hoʻomau mau nei hoʻohana nuiʻia e hana Holole Ma waho o ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā kaula.
Hoʻohana pinepineʻia kēia kaʻina hana i ka wā e hana ana i ka hanaʻana, Hoʻokikola, a iʻole nā'āpana māmā māmā.
5. Ke kaʻina hana paʻaʻana
Mākaukau Mold:
- Manaihi ka make 200-300 ° C pale aku i nā'ōpū maloʻo.
- Pāpale (kiʻi kiʻi a zircon-silica) E hoʻohana i ka'āpana a me ka weheʻana i ka hoʻololiʻana o ka Thermal.
- Kūhewaʻi channels a iʻole nā mea inu manuʻole eʻae i nā wahi i hōʻehaʻia e pakele ai.
Hoʻomālamalama & Mālama metaulino:
- Mālama nā mea e mālama i nā makana i nā mahana kūpono-620-700 ° C No ka alumini, 650-700 ° C No ka magnesium.
- Kālā wailua Hoʻopau i nā'opa; Keila Via Rolly Royary a iʻole Ultrasonic e hōʻemi i nā hana hydrogen.
Nā Makana Hoʻonui:
- ʻO nā mea hana nui i ka metala i loko o ka spulu; e kahe ana ma o nā'ōnaehana geting i hoʻolālāʻia e hōʻemi i ka turbuglence.
- E hoʻopiha i ka mana piha-ʻO nā'ōwili lalo a iʻole ke kāohiʻiaʻana o ka heleʻana i ka cavistent.
Kūpuia & Hoʻoilihua:
- E hoʻopau nā mea make a hiki i ka wā i hiki ai i ka mea hao ke hiki i ka pākuʻina paʻa i kohoʻia (pinepine 70-80%).
- ʻO nā mea hana hydraulic a iʻole nā mea hana e kākau ai i ka'āpana, a me nā mea hana robotic e hoʻololi ai i nā pae kiʻekiʻe.
Ke hoʻopauʻana:
- Trimming a me fettling Hoʻopau i nā'īpuka, 'Anaʻa, a me ka uila i nā pihi automated.
- ʻO nā mea mālama wela, e like me ka hoʻonāʻana a me ka huhū no al-si-cu alloys, E hāʻawi i nā mea i loaʻa i nā waiwai Mechaninical.
6. Nā hoʻolālā a me nā hoʻolālā hoʻolālā
- Make ola & Material Selection: Hiki i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike H13 kiʻekiʻe e hoʻopakele 10,000-100,000 SHOTS e ka, Ke hilinaʻi nei i nā alahele a me ke alapine.
- Kāleka: ʻO nā chulesgic chulls Accleate e hoʻoponopono i nā'āpana kaumaha, e hōʻemi ana i ka pohō.
- Conformal hōʻoluʻolu channels: Hoʻohuiʻia nā mea i hanaʻia i hanaʻia, ka hoʻomaikaʻiʻana i nāʻano.
- Kouialoha: Hoʻokomoʻia nā corres semi-maune i loko o nā papa hao no nā geomet o nā geomet.
- ʻOtometi: Nā balota hou i nā balota e hoʻohui i nā robotics no ka mea make, Māhele Leki, a me ka trimming-bomesting intput by 30-50% a me ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka palekana.
7. Nā mea waiwai & Alloy koi
ʻO ka laweʻana i ka laweʻana i ka laweʻana i ka nui o kahi ākea ākea o nā alloys, Ke hana nei i kahi koho VERS no nāʻoihana he nui.

Ma lalo, Eʻimi mākou i nāʻohana nui, ka manaʻoʻana i kā lākou mau waiwai, Nā helu maʻamau, a me nā mea hoʻokele noi.
| Rytyleʻohana | Nā helu maʻamau | Nā mea nui | Nā noi maʻamau |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apana Apana Aluminum | A356, A380, A413 | Maikaʻi maikaʻi a me ka fillability Tensile 200-300 MPA Māmā māmā (2.7 g / cm³) |
Nā huila a me nā hale kākela Nā leʻaleʻa uila Kālā Hoʻonaʻi |
| MAKENESIM ALLOYS | AZ91D, Am60, ZK60 | ʻOluʻolu loa (1.8 g / cm³) Tensile 180-240 MPA Ke alakaʻiʻana i ka thermal |
Nā pale kūlokoʻo Aerosopa Nā Kūlana Pūnaewele Pūnaewele |
| keleawe & keleawe | C83600 (Keka ulaula ulaula) C95400 (Ailunimina bronze) C89833 (ʻO ke keleawe manuahi manuahi) |
ʻO ka lole maikaʻi a me ke kū'ēʻana Tensile 350-700 mPA Maikaʻi maikaʻi |
Ma haole featty ʻO Valve a me Bump nā'āpana Hana hanohano |
ʻO Dāhihi & Iron Roil |
65-45-12 Ui Papa 30-50 hina hina hina (Astm A48) |
Ikaika ikaika a me ka pono (400-600 mPA) ʻO ka maikaʻi loa |
Nā Hale Hōʻikeʻike Nā papa mīkini a me nā'āpana hōʻailona |
| KālekaʻAʻI & Nā puʻu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa | 1020, 1045 4140, 4340 |
Tensile 370-900 MPA Paʻakikī ka paʻakikī ʻO ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi |
Gear Blanks Nā'āpana a me nā'āpana paʻakikī |
| ʻO Nickel-e pili ana i nā alloys | Actoel 625, 718 | Mālama i ka ikaika >650 ° C Tissile a hiki i 1 200 Mpa ʻO ka paleʻana o ka curp curp |
Nā'āpana Turbine ʻO nā valves kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe |
| Nā mea e puka mai ana | Al-sic mmcs Biodegradable mg alloys |
Hoʻopili i nā pale pale Hiki i ka bioresorption (MG Alloys) |
Nā mea kīwaha Palapala Hōʻani Kahu Hoike |
8. Ka hoʻokele waiwai
- Nā mea kūʻai aku ma keʻano. Volume: ʻO kahi kumukūʻai make nui e make ai USD 20,000-50,000. Loaʻa i kēia ma luna o kēia 50,000-200,000 mau'āpana, hiki aku i ka breaked a puni 10,000 Nā'āpana.
- Mau manawa & OLELO: Mau manawa o 15-90 kekona hoʻopakele 40,000-200,000 mau'āpana / makahiki per cell.
- Kōkuhi Kūʻai Kūʻai Kūʻai: Ma nā helu waena (~ 50,000'āpana / makahiki), Hiki ke lilo i nā kumukūʻai maʻamau molld 20-40% lalo ma lalo o ke one ma mua a 30-50% ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, Ke hilinaʻi nei i nā mea a me ka hoʻopau.
- Ka nui o ke kumukūʻai o ka waiwai: Haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (ʻO ka hoʻoponopono wikiwiki), ho'ēmi i ka scrap (<5%), a me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe.
9. Hōʻoia maikaʻi & Nā hemahema maʻamau
- Nā hewa maʻamau: Potiwale (ʻO ka hau a me ka shrinkage), nā'ōpū anuanu, poino, waimaka wela.
- Nā Kūlana Kūlana:
-
- X-ray and ʻO ka ho'āʻoʻana ʻike i nā voids kūloko ≥0.5 mm.
- Kālā paʻakikī hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ke kūpaʻa o ka hoʻoikaikaʻana.
- Kaʻina hana: E nānā pono i ka nānāʻana, ʻO ke kāʻeiʻana i ka lole, a me nā hoʻolālā hoʻolālā hoʻokūkū e hōʻemi i nā uku detect e 30-50%.
- Hoʻomaʻamaʻa mau: Nā Kūlana Kūʻai Statistical (Spc) a me nā mea hoʻohālikelike e hoʻohana i ka drift i nāʻano hana likeʻole, mālama i nā mōhai ma luna 95%.
10. Nā pōmaikaʻi o ka pale mau loa
ʻO ka melld mollding casing i hoʻopakele i kahi hui kūʻokoʻa o Ke Kuhihewa, ʻOiaʻiʻo, and MāheleʻAi hiki i nā kaʻina'ē aʻe ke kūpono.

Ma lalo, Ua hōʻike mākou i kāna mau loiloi koʻikoʻi, kākoʻoʻia e kaʻikepili hana maʻamau:
ʻO ke kūpaʻa kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa
- Aiko: Nā'āpana maʻamau ± 0.25-1.0 mm me ka makika nui.
- Hiki hou: Hana maikaʻiʻole ola 10 000-100 000 E hōʻoia i nā mea pana i nā'āpana likeʻole ma waena o nā holo nui.
Ke hoʻopauʻana i ke kiʻekiʻe
- Nā Kūlana RA: E like me ka hana a pau 1.6-6.3 μM ho'ēmi i ke kāʻeiʻana a me ka polish e pili ana i 50 %.
- ʻAʻohe laina'āpana: Hoʻohuiʻia nā hoʻolālā hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū-Plate e hoʻopau i nā seams, Hoʻopili i nā mea hoʻopiʻi cosmetic a me nā papa papa.
Hoʻonui i nā mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia
- ʻO Micro-Grain Microstructure: ʻO ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka wela wela i ka mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia i ka ukiuki i nā mea kanu lāʻau (~ 1 mm mānoanoa), Hoʻonui i ka ikaika ikaika e 10-15 % ma luna o nā mea hoʻohālikelike o Sand-Cand.
- Low poroshity: Hoʻopiha i ka gravity e hana i nā pae pososity ma lalo 1 %, koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻoikaikaʻana i nā'āpana.
ʻO nā manawa wikiwiki wikiwiki a me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe
- Kāhele o ka pōʻai: Ke hilinaʻi nei ma ka alloy a me ka'āpana mānoanoa, ʻO ka manawa hoʻokahi 15-90 kekona, Ke hoʻopukaʻana 40 000-200 000 Nā'āpana i kēlā me kēia makahiki mai kahi kelepona hoʻokahi.
- Nā hana liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi: Ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o nā slashes kiʻekiʻe a me nā hana ma keʻano o ka hanaʻana 30-60 %.
Laulā ākea ākea
- Nā mea waiwai: Mai alukuinui (A356, A380) I ka magnesium (AZ91D), Nā pāpale keleawe (C83600) a he hao hao hao (65-45-12), nā mea i loaʻa i kahi ākea ākea o nā metalaʻenehana.
- ʻO nā alloys kiʻekiʻe: Ke hoʻohana nei i ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā mea hoʻonani nikel.
Ka waiwai o ke kala
- Mea hana: ʻOiai e make ai nā uku uku mai USD 20 000 i 50 000, e hele pinepine pinepineʻia ma 10 000-20 000 Nā'āpana, ʻO ka hanaʻana i ke kaʻina hana maikaʻi loa no ka medium i nā helu kiʻekiʻe.
- Mea kūponoʻole: Nā helu Scrap ma lalo 5 % a me ka hana houʻana i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka waiwai i hoʻohālikelikeʻia i nā kaʻina hana mold.
ʻO nā holomua a me nā palekana palekana
- Hoʻemiʻia ka pau o ke one: ʻAʻole like me keʻano o ke kaʻa, ʻO nā lole maʻalahi ma nā hana paʻa e hoʻopau i ka haʻaleleʻana o ka mea i hoʻopauʻia.
- ʻO ka hoʻohana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa: ʻO nā mea hoʻoponopono wikiwiki wikiwiki a make i mua e koho ai i ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka uluʻana, ka hōʻemiʻana i nā coad emissions ma kēlā me kēia mahele 15 % versus sand canding.
11. Nā palena o ka mālama mauʻana
- Nā kumukūʻai hana: ʻO ka loaʻaʻana o ka loaʻaʻana i ka loaʻaʻana o ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe no ka hikiʻana i ka hiki ke holo haʻahaʻa loa (<10,000 Nā'āpana).
- Kaupalenaʻia ka paʻakikī: Ua koi mauʻia nā keʻena kūloko kūloko, ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka manawa pōkole.
- Nā mea paʻa: Kūpono kūpono e hāʻawi i nā alloys me ka maikaʻi maikaʻi; ʻO nā kinipōpō kiʻekiʻe-melting-point.
- Nā Luna Pūnaewele: Nā papa hana maʻamau i nā'āpana 1.5 m Lōʻihi a 100 kg ʻO nā'āpana nui e pono ai nā'āpana nui i nā mea maʻamau.
12. Nā noi o ka paleʻana o ka molū mau loa
Hoʻohana nuiʻiaʻo Molld Caping Careing ma waena o nāʻoihana likeʻole ma muli o kona hiki ke hana i ka kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, kū pololei, and restingstingst-kumumanaʻo i loko o ka medium i nā helu waiwai nui.
Nā'āpana automotive
Nā'āpana mīkini (E.g., Nā poʻo cylinder, nā poloka, picsons)
Nā hihia i hoʻounaʻia
ʻO nā mea kaʻa kaʻa a me nā calipers brake
Inteke Matifolds
Nā Māhele kā Aerospace
Nā mea hoʻohālikelike me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻe
Nā mea hana me nā mea hana
ʻO nā'āpana'āina
Nā mīkini mīkini
Nā holohaʻana
Nā kino kino
Nā Kūlana Valve
Nā Kūlana Kūʻai a me nā waihona
ʻO nā pāpale uila a me nā uila uila
Nā mea hoʻopili no nā lako uila
Sinks wela
Nā mea pili a me nā mea hoʻohui
Nā huahana kūʻai
NāʻIke Kū Pāʻani Kūlana (E.g., ʻO nāʻuala hoʻohui, Nā'āpana hanaʻeho keu)
Mea hoʻonani kiʻi (E.g., hale kūʻai carle, Nā kiʻi kiʻi)
Nā kukui a me nā kukui uila
Nā Hoʻohana lapaʻau
Na Mea Holomua
Nā mea hana pono
Nā Kūlana Kūʻai Diagnostic
ʻOihana Moana
ʻO nā'ōnaehana'ōnaehana propulsion
Nā'āpana mīkini no nā moku
ʻO Corrosionion-resistant Fitty a me nā housts
Nā Hana Kūʻai a me nā hana pono
Hoʻohui hale e ' (KA HANUI, KauMai, etc.)
Nā mea hana pūnaewele
Nā lima a me nā'āpana hoʻonohonoho
Railway a me nā'ōnaehana kaʻa
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā'āpana Dance
Nā'āpana pale
Kāwele hou
13. Hoʻohālikelike me nā hana kūʻai'ē aʻe
| Ke Kūleʻa Kūlana | Mea kūʻai | Timmansional | Hoʻopau ʻili (Ra) | Kūpono kūpono | Papa kikowaena |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ke hoʻomau mau nei | $20 000 - 50 000 e ka | ± 0.25 - 1.0 mm | 1.6 - 6.3 }m | Medium - High (10 000 - 200 000 Nā'āpana / yr) | AL, Mg, Cu alloys; Ui; E koho i nā kākela |
| Sand cread | $1 000 - 5 000 no kēlā me kēia kumu | ± 1.5 - 3.0 mm | 12 - 50 }m | Low - ke kiʻekiʻe | Nā mea kūpono āpau |
| Hoʻolei kālā | $15 000 - 50 000+ | ± 0.05 - 0.25 mm | 0.8 - 3.2 }m | Haahaa - medium | Nā pāpale, Hualaola, Titanium, Nā Kūlana KOHAMES |
| Hoolei Make | $50 000 - 200 000 e ka | ± 0.1 - 0.3 mm | 0.8 - 3.2 }m | High (> 100 000 Nā'āpana / yr) | Zinc, aluminum, Magnesum |
| Nalowale-wāwae | $100 - 300 no kēlā me kēia kumu | ± 0.5 - 1.0 mm | 6 - 12 }m | Kūpono (5 000 - 50 000 Nā'āpana / yr) | Aluminum, Ui, ʻO nā kila |
14. Hopena
Noho mau ka laweʻana i ka caply casting i kahi niche koʻikoʻi i ka hana houʻana i ka hana houʻana i kahi hui kūpono o 'Clelo pololei, lawehala, and kumukūʻai-kūpono.
Ma ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i kāna mau loina, nā hana hana, ʻO nā kūpono kūpono, a me nā mea hoʻokele waiwai, Hiki i nā mīkini a me nā mea hoʻokele ke kuleana i ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana i ka molū mau loa e hāʻawi ana i kahi e hāʻawi ana i ka waiwai nui.
E nānā ana, AdditionʻAmelika Hui PūʻIa, Nā Kūlana Kūʻai Kūʻai, a me nā mea hana pono e hoʻonui wale i ka hoʻokūkū o kēia kaʻina hana maʻamau ma kahiʻano hana hana wikiwiki.
A LangHe, Kū mākou i ka hui pū meʻoe i ka hoʻokuʻuʻana i kēia mau loea holomua e hoʻomaikaʻi i kāu mau hoʻolālā hoʻonohonoho, Koho Koho, Apia hanaa.
Ke hōʻoia nei eʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kāu papahana eʻoi aku i kēlā me kēia hana a me nā mea hoʻokele.
FaqS
Q3: He aha ka helu o ka dimensional a me ka hoʻopauʻana i ka honua hiki iaʻu ke manaʻo?
E hoʻokō maʻamauʻoe ± 0.25-1.0 mm linear tolerances a Ra 1.6-6.3 μm E like me ka heleʻana. Hoʻopau pinepineʻia kēia mau waiwai i ka manina ma keʻano he nui no nā hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi a iʻole nā hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi.
Q4: Pehea ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi?
ʻO nā mea kila H13 kiʻekiʻe H13 10 000-100 000 Nā Pāʻani Pūnaewele, Ke hilinaʻi nei i ka alloy, Hoʻolālāʻo Die, a me ka mālama.
Hiki i nā ciramic a iʻole nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi e hiki ke hoʻonui i kēia ola ma o ka hōʻemiʻana i ka momona momona a me ka lole.
Q5: I ka manawa e koho ai au i ka molū mau loa ma luna o ke one a iʻole ka hoʻopukaʻana?
E koho i ka pā o ka molū mau loa i ka wā e pono aiʻoe:
- ʻO nā helu kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻe (10 000-200 000 Nā'āpana / yr)
- ʻO ka maikaʻi maikaʻi a me nā kiko'ī maikaʻi me kaʻole o ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ke kumukūʻai kūʻai
- Alloys ma waho o nā metala haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i hoʻohanaʻia ma luna o ka hānaiʻana
Q7: Pehea e hoʻohālikelike ai ka paleʻana i ka paleʻana i ke kumukūʻai ma ke kumukūʻai?
A 50 000 Nā'āpana / yr, Ke holo mau loa nā kumukūʻai molld 20-40 % ma lalo o ka sanding e noho ana a noho 30-50 % ma luna o ka nui o keʻano nui. Ua hāʻule ka nui o ka leo maʻamau 10 000 Nā'āpana.
Q8: He aha nā mana o ka maikaʻi e hōʻoia ai i nā hale hana manuahi?
Loaʻa i nā hana monitor make, E hoʻohana i ka hana hoʻohālikelike, A pili i ka manawa maoli-manawa. Hōʻike lākou i nā'āpana ma o X-ray (voids ≥ 0.5 mm), ʻO ka ho'āʻoʻana, a me ke kaumaha.
ʻO kēia mau ana i ka hōʻemiʻana i nā poosity a me nā hoʻopunipuni e 50 %.


