ʻO ka mālama wela o nā hale kūʻai

ʻO ka hana wela wela i ka hanaʻana i nā mea kūʻai aku i nā hale kūʻai-maʻamau a me nā meaʻoleʻole i nā mea i hanaʻia me nāʻano hana kiʻekiʻe.

E ka paleʻana i nā papa hana mahana, nā manawaʻehā, a me nā uku hōʻoluʻolu, ʻO ka loaʻaʻana o ka hoʻopunipuni i kahi miclostructure a alloy e hoʻokō i nā hopena wānana.

Ma kēiaʻatikala, Ua hānai mākou i nā kumu, Mellilargical underpinnings, Nā pahuhopu nui, hana mua, ʻO nā noʻonoʻo a Alloy, Ke kaʻina hanaʻana, a me nā noi maoli no ka mālamaʻana i nā hana wela o ka wela.

1. Hōʻikeʻike

I ka mālamaʻana i ka hana, ʻO nā mea i hoʻopaʻaʻoleʻia i nā hua nui, lihao, a me nā kūlana kaumaha nui loa 200 Mpa.

NOEHUI, Mālamaʻo ka wela wela i nā kuleana koʻikoʻiʻekolu:

1. ʻO nā hoʻololiʻoniʻoni Microstruice: Hoʻololi ia i nā hana dendrites a me nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā'āpana o nā'āpana i hoʻopaʻaʻia i nā'ōpala a iʻole nā ​​mea kanu, ka hoʻoikaikaʻana i ka paʻakikī (a i 65 Hrc I nā kila) a me ka.
2. Kaumaha kaumaha: E ka hoʻohaʻahaʻaʻana i nā kaumaha kūloko e 80%, Ke pale nei ia i ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana i ka wā o ka macrining a hoʻopau i ka hukiʻana i ka lawelawe.
3. Waiwai waiwai: Ua paʻakikī i ka paʻakikī, kumaikalua, ikaika, a me ke ola momona-pinepine pinepine i ke kālepaʻana.

Eia hou, ferrous alloys (Nā Kahu Pūnaewele, Nā kiki, ʻO ka wai a me ka hina hina) Ke hoʻololi nei nā loli, e like me Austentite i Martissite, e hoʻokō i nā pale pale kiʻekiʻe.

He ʻokoʻa, nā alloys alloys (aluminum, keleawe, nickel) Hoʻohana maʻamau i ka solid-solution a me ka paʻakikī paʻakikī e hōʻea i nā ikaika o ka 300-800 mPA.

ʻO ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i kēia mauʻokoʻa i ke kumu no ka hoʻolālāʻana i nā hoʻolālā maikaʻi-maikaʻi.

2. Nā Kūlana Metallirgical

ʻO nā hoʻololiʻana i nā mea kūʻai aku

ʻO nā meaʻaihue e hōʻike i nā loli phase:

• Austente (γ-fe): Paʻa ma luna 720 ° C, cubic cub.
• Ferrite (α-fe): Paʻa ma lalo 720 ° C, cubic cubic.
• Puʻuʻupuʻu: Nā Kūlana Kūʻai o nā papa o Ferrite a me CEMENITE i ka wā hoʻomaha.
• Martissite: Hāwana, ʻO ke kino kino kino i loaʻa i ke kino i loaʻa ma ka quenching i nā helu hōʻoluʻolu >100 ° C / s.

Ttt a me cc manaʻo

• ʻO ka manawa-keʻano-hoʻololi-hoʻololi (Ttt) Nā kiʻi kiʻi Hōʻikeʻo ISOTERMAN i kēlā hāʻawi 100% Ponuite ma 600 ° C mahope iho o ~10 S.

  

• Ke hoʻomau nei i ka hoʻololiʻana (Cc) Nā'ū'ī E wānana i nā hana phase i ka wā o ka nui o nā RAMPS maoli (E.g., quench i ka aila ma 20-50 ° C / s ʻO nā Yields ~ 90% Martike).

3. ʻO nā kaʻina hana hoʻonani mua

ʻO nā mea hōʻike hōʻike E hilinaʻi i kahi core suite o ka hana wela o ka wela-hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā waiwai caplor casting.

ʻO kēlā me kēia kaʻina hana i nā loli microstructural i hoʻololiʻia-inā heʻoki no ka macinability a paʻakikī paha no ka hoʻopaʻaʻana i ke kū'ē.

Ma lalo, Ke nānā nei mākou i nā hanaʻehikuʻehiku, ko lākou mau'āpana maʻamau, a me nā pōmaikaʻi maikaʻi e hoʻopakele lākou.

Annalile

Kumu: E hoʻomoʻa i ka mea kūʻai aku, hōʻoluʻolu i ke kaumaha, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka neʻe.

• Ke kaʻina hana: Wela i kahi mahana ma luna o keʻano resrystallization o ka alloy (nā pāpale: 650-700 ° C; Apana Apana Aluminum: 300-400 ° C), hoʻopaʻa no 1-4 mau hola, A lailaʻo Huntoce-maloʻo i 20-50 ° C / H.
• Nā hopena: Hoʻokomoʻia nā mea paʻakikī e 30-40 HRC i nā mea kūʻai aku, ʻOiai e piʻi ana ka elongation e 15-25%. ʻO ke kaumaha o ke kaumaha e hāʻule ana e 80%, ka hōʻemiʻana i ka pilikia o kaʻaeʻana i ka wā o ka machining.

Hana maʻamau

Kumu: E hoʻomaʻamaʻa i keʻano grain a me homogenize i ka micropsructure no ka ikaika wānana.

• Ke kaʻina hana: ʻO nā kāhiko i nā wahi wela i 900-950 ° C (luna ma luna o AC₃), soak 30-60 mau minuke, alaila ea-ea.
• Nā hopena: ʻO ka nui o ka nui o ka palaoa e hoʻohana pinepineʻia e kahi papa astm; ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi o Tensile i nā pua i ka ± 5%, a me nā mea paʻakikī paʻakikī i loko o ± 10 hb.

Queech

Kumu: Hana i kahi marestitic paʻakikī a iʻole banititic matrix i nā alloys.

• Ke kaʻina hana: Wela ma luna o ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (950-1050 ° C), A laila e kau i ka wai (Kaila > 100 ° C / s), pono (20-50 ° C / s), a iʻole nā ​​mea hoʻoponopono polymer.
• Nā hopena: Ua loaʻa iā Martistelelo Martiste 90%, ʻO ka hāʻawiʻana i ka paʻakikī o 55-65 HRC a me nā ikaika o ka nui o ka ikaika a iʻole 1200 Mpa. Nānā: Aluminum, keleawe, a me nā keiki nloky alloys e hoʻopili pinepineʻia i kahi kūlana hopena no keʻano o ka wā ma hope.

Huhū

Kumu: E hōʻemi i ka brittleness o nā mea hele pio, ke kālepaʻana i kekahi paʻakikī no ka paʻakikī.

• Ke kaʻina hana: E kiʻi hou i nā hale kūʻai mardetitic ma 200-650 ° C, soak 1-2 mau hola, alaila ea-ea.
• Nā hopena: Hoʻoponopono paʻakikī mai 60 HRC iho i 30-50 hrc, ʻOiai e hoʻonuiʻia ka ikehu i ka ikehu i ka makahiki 40-60%, Hoʻonui nui i ka paleʻana i nā pale lima.

Hoʻonui nui (ʻEhā)

Kumu: E hoʻoikaika i nā alloys non-ferousfrous ma o ka hoʻokumu maikaʻiʻana.

• Ke kaʻina hana:

• • Aluminum (6xxx series): Hoʻonā-mālama 530 ° C, Quetch, A laila ma 160 ° C no 6-12 mau hola.
  • Nickel alloys: Makahiki ma 700-800 ° C no 4-8 mau hola.
• Nā hopena: E piʻi ana ka ikaika ikaika e 30-50% (E.g., 6061-T6 Hāʻawi iā T6 Nā Kauka ~ 240 MPA vs. 150 Mpa in t4), ʻOiai e mālama ana i ka elongation ≥ 10-12%.

ʻO ka hopena hana & ʻEhā (Non-ferous)

Kumu: ʻO nā mea e wehe ai i nā mea'ē aʻe, A laila e hoʻoponopono hou iā lākou no ka paʻakikī o ka paʻakikī a me ke kū'ēʻana.

• Ke kaʻina hana: Wela i ka mahana o Solvus (E.g., 520 ° C no 17-4 Ph stainless), Pā 30 MAKANAKAI, ka wai-quench, a me nā makahiki (E.g., 480 ° C no 4 Nā hola hola).
• Nā hopena: Hoʻokō i ka paʻakikī (Rockwell c 38-44 i ka ph stainless) a me nā mea e like me nā mea waiwai i loko o ka pāʻana.

Kālā Hardna (Carpurize, Kākoʻo Kāleleka, Nitriding)

Kumu: E hāʻawi i kahiʻili o ke kāʻei-pale ma luna o kahi mea paʻakikī.

• Nā koho e hoʻohālike:

• • Carpurize: 900-950 ° C i loko o ka lewa carbon-waiwai-waiwai no 2-8 mau hola; ʻO Quench e hana i kahi hihia 0,5-2 mm ma 60-65 hrc.
  • Kākoʻo Kāleleka: Like me ka carburizing akā me ka hoʻohuiʻana i ammonia, Ke hana nei i kahi hihia carbon-nitrogen no ka hoʻoikaikaʻana i ke ola momona.
  • Ka nini nitriding: 520-580 ° C ma Amonania no 10-20 mau hola, ʻO ka paleʻana i ka maka 900 Hv me kaʻole o ka haʻaleleʻana.

• Nā hopena: E kāʻei i nā kāʻei i nā helu ma 70-90%, ʻOiai e hoʻomau mau ana ka mea paʻakikī, pākuʻi nā mea kūʻai, A e lawe ana i nā papa.

4. E nānā i nā noʻonoʻo a me nā noʻonoʻo

ʻOiai e pili ana nā loina nui o ka mālama wela i nā mea he nui, Ua pane mai kēlā me kēia'ōnaehana alloy i ka hana hana.

Nāʻokoʻa i loko o keʻano hoʻohālikelike, phase ikaika, A koiʻo Thermal Conductivity i nā hoʻolālā kūikawā e hoʻonui i ka hana.

I kēia'āpana, E nānā mākou i nā manaʻo nui a nā mea waiwai nui no nā mea kūʻai aku, irons, aluminum, keleawe, a me nā'ōnaehana hana nuke.

Nā Kahu Pūnaewele & Nā kiki

Nā mea nui:

• Kālā paʻakikī: Hoʻoikaikaʻia e nāʻikepili a me nā mea e like me nā mea likeʻole, Mo, a ni. ʻo kahi laʻana, 0.4% Nā Kahu Pūnaewele E hōʻea iā ~ 55 HRC ma hope o ka heleʻana i ka ailaʻaila, ʻOiai nā kākela haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (<0.2% C) hiki ke paʻakikīʻole me kaʻole o ka alloying.
• ʻO nā uku hoʻonaninani koʻikoʻi: Pono wikiwiki ka wikiwiki e hana i ka martidete akā pale i ka paleʻana a iʻole ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana.
  Nā kila me nā mea kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (E.g., 4140, 4340) Eʻae i ka wikiwiki o nā mea e like me ka aila a me nā hopena politika, ho'ēmi i ka pīhoihoi.

ʻO nā moʻolelo kūikawā:

• Huhū ʻO ka pākuhiʻo Post-Quenching he mea koʻikoʻi i ka paʻakikī a paʻakikī.
• Maʻamau hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻomaikaʻiʻana i ka isotroby a hoʻomākaukau no nā hana paʻakikī.

ʻO Dāhihi (Sg) & ʻO nā Irons Grey

Nā mea nui:

• Kahi kikowaena: ʻO ka hana wela (E.g., e wela ana) hoʻololi i nā pēpē i nā paila a iʻole ferritic matrices i nā hana baintitic i loko Ui, Ke hoʻoikaika nei i ka ikaika o ka densile i ~ 1200 mpa me 10-20% elongation.
• Kākau Kānāwai: Pono e pale i nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi (I ka hao sg) or flakes (I loko o ka hao hina) mai ka degrading, E like me kēia hana maikaʻiʻole.

ʻO nā moʻolelo kūikawā:

• Kaumaha e hōʻoluʻolu ai (~ 550-650 ° C) he mea maʻamau e hōʻemi i nā kaumaha kūloko me kaʻole o ka hoʻololiʻana i nā morphology kiʻi.
• Hana maʻamau hiki ke hoʻonui i ka ikaika, akā, pono e mālama pono ia e pale i ka paʻakikī nui.

Apana Apana Aluminum

Nā mea nui:

• Hoʻonui nui: E hoʻopaʻa i ka hoʻolālā ikaika ma 2xxx, 6XXX, a me 7xxx facor allowys.
  T6 Nā Kūlana T6 (hopena wela wela + ʻO ka wā kahiko) hiki iʻelua mau uku i hoʻohālikelikeʻia i nā kūlana e like me nā kūlana.
• ʻO kaʻoluʻolu: AluminumʻO keʻano kiʻekiʻe a me nāʻano haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (~ 660 ° C) E hana i nā kumukūʻai maikaʻi loa a me nā koho balota e pono ai e hōʻemi i ke kauaʻana.

ʻO nā moʻolelo kūikawā:

• ʻO ka mālama maʻamau T6 no nā hale kūʻai A356:

• • E mālama i ka hoʻonā wela ma 540 ° C no 8-12 mau hola
  • Quench i ka wai ma 60 ° C
  • Makahiki ma 155 ° C no 4-6 mau hola

Nā hopena i ka hāʻawiʻana i nā ikaika i 250 Mpa, me ka elongations o ~ 5-8%.

keleawe & Nā koho koho balota

Nā mea nui:

• Paʻa Paʻa V. Hoʻonui nui: Nā kihaia (Cu-zn) pono nui mai ka hana anuanu a me keʻano, oiai bronzes (Me-sn) a me ka alumini bronzes (Me ka) E pane maikaʻi i nā hana lapaʻau a me nā paʻakikī.
• Ke hoʻomau nei: Hiki i nā makahiki he nui ke loaʻa nā hewa, ka ho'ēmiʻana i ka ikaika a me ke kū'ēʻana.

ʻO nā moʻolelo kūikawā:

• Ailuninil keleawe keleawe keleawe (E.g., C95400):

• • Hanaʻia ka hopena ma 900-950 ° C
  • Ka wai wai
  • ʻO ka makahiki ma 300-400 ° C e hoʻokō i nā ikaika o nā mākau 700 Mpa.

ʻO Nickel-e pili ana i nā alloys

Nā mea nui:

• ʻIno Pūnaewele-Hensening Alloys (E.g., Actoel, Incloy, Hailani): Koi pono i ka mana kūpono ma luna o nā wela a me nā manawa e hoʻonui ai i ka ikaika e hāʻawi i ka ikaika me kaʻole o ka hāʻawiʻana.
• Ke kū'ēʻana i ka hanaʻana: Hāʻawi kēia mau mea kōkua i ka hoʻomau maikaʻi loa, Akā hiki i ka maikaʻi o ka wela wela ke kumu i ke kumu o ka make.

ʻO nā moʻolelo kūikawā:

• ʻO ka mālama maʻamau no Inconel 718 KAHOu:

• • Hoʻohuiʻia ka hopena ma 980 ° C
  • Makahiki ma 720 ° C no 8 Nā hola hola, A laila eʻoluʻolu 620 ° C a paʻa 8 nā hola hou aʻe.

• Nā hopena: ʻOi aku ka ikaika o nā ikaika 1200 Mpa, me ka creep maikaʻi loa a me kaʻehaʻeha o ka momona i nā wela kiʻekiʻe.

5. Kaʻina hana & Hono

I ka wela wela o nā hale kūʻai, pololei ka mana ma luna o ke kaʻina hana he mea pono e hoʻokō i nā waiwai waiwai i makemakeʻia.

Nāʻano likeʻole ma keʻano, wa, Hōʻailona, a me nā kūlana hōʻoluʻolu e hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ka microstructure a, NOEHUI, ʻO ka hana mechanical o ka pā.

Hōʻike kēia'āpana i nā pā nui loa a me nā hana maikaʻi loa no ka kāohiʻana iā lākou.

ʻO nāʻano furnace a me ka lewa

Koho Uila Hou:

• Hau hau: Kūpono no ka mālamaʻana i ka wela wela o nā mea hele mai kahi eʻaeʻia ai ka oxidation liʻiliʻi.
• Pale i ka lewa: E hoʻohana i nā mīkini hana (E.g., nitrogen, Aron) a hōʻemi paha i nā gases (E.g., hydrogen) I mea e pale ai i ka oxidation a me ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana.
• ʻO nā furnaces borcuum: Kūpono no nā uku kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (E.g., nā mea kanu nckel, Titanium) e koi ana i nā papa maloʻo ultra-maʻemaʻe.

Nāʻikepiliʻikepili:
Ma ka mālamaʻana i ka wela wela, ʻO nā pae o ka oxygen maʻamau e mālama pinepineʻia ma lalo o 10 mau am e pale ai i keʻano oxde.

Hana maikaʻi loa:
E hoʻohana i ka lewa e nānā ana i nā meaʻike a me nā'ōnaehana o ka honua e mālama ai i nā'ōnaehana maʻamau.

Nā pā'ālua

Ka wela a me ka manawa:

• Ka pololei pololei: Pono e noho ma loko o ± 5 ° C o ka mahana o ka mahana no nā noi koʻikoʻi.
• Soak manawa: Ke hilinaʻi nei i ke kāʻeiʻana i ka mānoanoa a me keʻano alloy; he kānāwai maʻamau o ka thumb 1 hola no kēlā (25 mm) o ka mānoanoa'āpana.
• Nā helu Rammp: ʻO ka mālamaʻana i nā uku (E.g., 50-150 ° C / Hour) Kāohi i ka pīhoihoi a me ka hōʻemiʻana i ka distortion, no ka alumini a me nā mea kila kila paʻakikī.

Kikiʻu:
ʻO nā mea he nui i nā mea he nui me ke kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa e hōʻoia i ka nui o ka mahana ma waena o nā hale nui a paʻakikī paha.

ʻOluʻolu a me ke kauʻana

ʻO nā Media media:

• Ka wai wai: Rapid loa, kūpono no nā mea hele a me nā pilikia a me ka hoʻopunipuni.
• Open: Lohi mālie, Hoʻohana pinepineʻia no nā mea hoʻokele koho e hōʻemi i nā kaumaha.
• Poker Quench: ʻO nā kumukūʻai kūpono e hoʻololiʻia e ka hoʻololiʻana i ka hoʻopiliʻana i ka polymer; e hoʻohui i nā pono o ka aila a me ka wai.
• Ka ea a iʻole ka hau hau: Ua hoʻohanaʻia kahi e koiʻia ai ke kaumaha (E.g., ʻO kekahi mau Alumuin Alloys).

Ke kīʻana i nā'āpana kaulike:

• Ke Alohawai: Hoʻomaikaʻi hou i ka wela wela a pale aku i ka hoʻokumuʻana i ka blanket blanket a puni ka'āpana.
• Ka Hoʻopumia a ka Ola: E mālamaʻiaʻo Media media i loko o nā pae kiʻekiʻe; ʻo kahi laʻana, E mālama pinepineʻia nā mea inuʻaila ma waena o 60-80 ° C e hōʻoia i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻana i ka lole.

Hoʻoloholo:
No ka 4340 Kukui Kekuhi, ʻO kaʻanuʻuʻaila mai 845 ° C maʻamau maʻamau e hana i nā hana martestitic me nā'āpana liʻiliʻi i hoʻohālikelikeʻia i ka wai wai.

Ke nānā nei i ka nānāʻana a me nāʻikepili

Kākau:

• Thermoleples: Pili pololei i nā'āpanaʻelele e nānā ai i nā wela maoli.
• ʻO ka Pūnaewele Puʻu Pūlani: No ka hanaʻana i nā mea hoʻonohonoho mau kāpili mau plc (Nā mea hoʻokūkū loiloi loiloi) No ka mālama ponoʻana.
• Nā Pūnaewele Pūnaewele: Kākau palapala palapala palapala, nā manawaʻehā, a me nā'ōpū maloʻo no ka nui o ka huakaʻi piha a me nā loiloi maikaʻi.

Hana maikaʻi loa:
Hoʻohana i nā'ōnaehanaʻo nā thermocoule i hoʻohanaʻia (Hoʻopili i nā Thermocoums a me nā hōʻike i nā thermocounds) e hele i nā kūlana Upe.

6. Nā noiʻenehana & Nā hoʻokolokoloʻana

ʻO nā Rotors Rotors Rotors

• Ke kaʻina hana: Hana maʻamau 900 ° C, Quech i ka aila, huhūmaha ma 450 ° C no 2 huh.
• Nā hopena: Hoʻokō 45 Hrc, MIMIMAL KAHAKAU <0.05 mm Ma lalo o ke kāwele.

Pono & ʻO nā mea hana kīwaha

• Alloy: 718 In-base.
• Kālā: Hanaʻia ka hopena 980 ° C, Quetch, makahiki ma 718 ° C no 8 huh, alaila 621 ° C no 8 huh.
• Hopena: Us 1200 Mpa a me ke kū'ēʻana i ka lawelaweʻana i ka lawelawe.

ʻO Aerospace Turbine cases

• Waiwai: 17-4 Ph stainless.
• Aoha ai: H900 (490 ° c × 4 huh) Hāʻawi 1050 Mpa UTs a me ka ikaika momona maikaʻi.

Nā mea hana kaumaha

• Kukui Kekuhi: 4340 alloy.
• Ke kaʻina hana: Carburize ma 930 ° C no 6 huh, Quetch, huhūmaha ma 160 ° C.
• Pōmaikaʻi: Puni 62 Hrc, kuai 35 Hrc, Ke hoʻomau nei i nā alaloa kaumaha.

7. Hopena

ʻO ka hana wela wela e kau nei i ka hanaʻana i ka hanaʻana, Hāʻawi i kahi hāmeʻa Verstitalit e hoʻololi i nā microstructures a me nāʻenehana hana maʻamau.

Ma ka mālamaʻana i nā hoʻololiʻana o nā kālā, TTTT / CCS Kumuhana, a me ka hoʻolahaʻana i nā mīkini paʻakikī-a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻana i ke kāohiʻana ma luna o nā lewa umu, nā manawaʻehā, a me nā uku hōʻoluʻolu,

nā mea loaʻa e hāʻawi i nā hale kūʻai me ka paʻakikī maikaʻi, ikaika, kumaikalua, a momona ola.

Ma o nā hōʻike ho'āʻo a me nā hoʻoponopono houʻana, ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻana i ka wela wela i nā mea i kauʻia mai nāʻano raw i nā wahi mission-mākaukau ma waena o ka automotive, pono & aila, AerERPPACE, a me nāʻoihana hana kaumaha.

Ke holomua nei, innovations i loko o ka hoʻomehanaʻana, Nā Kūlana Kūʻai Kūʻai, a hoʻohuiʻia i ka'ōlelo hoʻohui hoʻohui hoʻohui, Ke Kuhihewa, a me ka hana ma ka mālamaʻana i nā lāʻau wela.

A LangHe, Hauʻoli mākou e kūkākūkā i kāu papahana ma kahi kūlana mua i ke kaʻina hoʻolālā e hōʻoia ai i nā mea i kohoʻia a iʻole ka hanaʻana, E hoʻokō ka hopena hopena i kāu mau papa hana a me nā kiko'ī.

E kūkākūkā i kāu mau koi, leka uila [email protected].