ʻO Duticle Iron vs Striinless Steel: Nāʻokoʻa kī

1. Hōʻikeʻike

ʻO nā mea hao haoʻo Duticled ma keʻano heʻelua o nā mea kilokilo nui loa i hoʻohanaʻia ma waena o nā mea hanaʻoihana.

Mai nā'ōnaehana wai municipal i nā lako hoʻoiliʻana i nā mea hana, ʻO kēia mau lako kālā kākoʻo koʻikoʻi a me nā huahanaʻoihanaʻoihana.

Hiki i ke kohoʻana i nā mea kūpono hiki ke hoʻokō pono i ka hana'ōnaehana, Kālā, a me ke ola ola ola.

Hāʻawi kēiaʻatikala i kahi hoʻohālikelike kiko'ī a me nā mea kākau inoa o ka mea hao o Ductile i hao a me nā kila kila, ke nānāʻana i kā lākou mīkini, Kekau, thermal, Apono, a me nā waiwai kūlohelohe e alakaʻi i nā koho koho.

2. He aha ka hao ductile?

Ui, Uaʻikeʻia e like me ʻO nā mea hao nodular Oole ʻO ka hao kiʻi kiʻi sptherrol (Hao hao), heʻano hao hao. Heʻokoʻa ia mai ka'āina ākea mai ka pua hina hina ma kāna microstrucy a me ka hana hana.

ʻOiaiʻo ka hina hina hina i loaʻa i ke kiʻi a me nā kiʻi likeʻole e hana ai iā ia he brittle, Aiaʻo Duticle hao lihui (Noodular) mooki, e hoʻonui nui ana i kona paʻakikī a me ka moekolohe ʻO Dāhihi 'Eron.

ʻO ka hoʻololiʻana o ke kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi mai nā flakes e spills e hoʻokōʻia e ka hoʻohuiʻana i kahi nui o ka magnesium (Hana maʻamau 0.03-0.05%) a iʻole cerium i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana.

ʻO kēia hoʻololi hoʻololi i ka hao ductile e hoʻohui i nā pono o ka hale kūʻai a me ka manikini me ka hoʻoikaikaʻana i ka ikaika.

Microstocture a me ka hui pūʻana

ʻO ka hui maʻamau maʻamau o ka hao o ka hao ducle:

• KālekaʻAʻI: 3.2-3.6%
• Silikino: 2.2-2.8%
• Mang kāne: ≤0.5%
• Magnesum: 0.03-0.05%
• Sulfur & Phoshorus: Mālamaʻia ma nā pae haʻahaʻa (≤0.02%)

Hiki paha keʻano o ke kumu matrix:

• ʻO Ferritic Ductile hao: ʻOi aku ka nui, ikaika ikaika.
• ʻO ka hao ma ke kino: ʻOi aku ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me nā pale pale.
• ʻO Austempeed Ductile hao (Adi): ʻOi aku ka hana wela no ka hanaʻoi loa (ikaika ikaika > 1,200 Mpa).

Loaʻa i nā mea hao ductile

• ʻO ka hale kūʻai maikaʻi a me ka mancinability.
• ʻO ka pae kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻe.
• Kumukūʻai-kūpono no ka hana kiʻekiʻe.
• Hiki ke hoʻopili i nā pīhoihoi a me nā vibrations.
• Hana maikaʻi ma lalo o ka cyclic down.

Nā noi maʻamau o ka hao ductive

Hoʻohana nuiʻia ka hao duticle i loko:

• Ka wai a me nā'ōnaehana piping.
• Nā'āpana automotive (lihao, ʻO nā alakaʻi alakaʻi).
• Nā mea inu a me nā mīkini kaumaha.
• Nā holohaʻana, Nā kino kino, a me nā cylinders cylinders.
• Municipal infrastructure (uhi kuikahi, Nā Vilves, Nā Hydrants).

3. He aha ke kila stiinless?

Kila kohu ʻole he corrosioni-resistant alloy nui loa i hakuʻia 'Eron (Lia), Chromium (Cr), a me ka nui o ka nui o nickel (I), KālekaʻAʻI (C), a me nā mea'ē aʻe e like me Mybridelu (Mo), mang kāne (Mn), and nitrogen (N).

ʻO kāna weheweheʻana i keʻano o ka heleʻana o mea iki loa 10.5% Chromium, ʻO kēlā me kēiaʻano he stromium passit chromit, Ke pale nei iā ia mai ka wikiwiki a me ka hoʻouka kauaʻana.

Hoʻomohalaʻia ma ke kenekulia 20, Ua liloʻo StAinless Steel i mea nui i nāʻoihana e koi ana i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, Hygiene, a me ka paleʻana i ka corrosion, oxiyan, a wela.

ʻO keʻano o ka mea, ola lōʻihi, a hana hou hou i kekahi o nā mea i hoʻohana nuiʻia i kēia lā.

Nā mea kila kila a me nā papa kuhikuhi

ʻO nā mea hoʻokūkū maikaʻiʻole i heluʻia i loko ʻelima mauʻohana nui, kēlā me kēlā me kēia hui likeʻole a me nā waiwai:

Loaʻa i nā kila kila

• ʻO keʻano o ka corrosioni a me ka paleʻana o ka oxidation.
• ʻO nā mea hana maikaʻi loa ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.
• ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona hygienhic no ka lāʻau lapaʻau, meaʻai, a me nā palapala noi.
• Ua hoʻopiʻiʻo Asthetic kiʻekiʻe me nā mea e hoʻopauʻia (Polu, pua, etc.).
• Ola lōʻihi a 100% Recyclabiality.

Nā noi maʻamau o ka kila kila

ʻO nā kila stiinless e hoʻopiliʻia ma nāʻoihana e like me:

• Nā meaʻai a me nā mea inu: Kaʻina hana, Kā mākou kā'ā, Nā lako kīhini.
• Lapaau: Nā mea hana ʻokiʻoki, nā manaʻo, Nā Hana Hookipa.
• Kemika a me ka petrochemical: Nā ipu koʻikoʻi, nā mea hana wela.
• Kūkulu hoʻi: Handrail, kukupupuole, kākoʻo i keʻano.
• Marine: Moku, hoʻonahua ', Pumps.
• Ikaika: Nuclear reactors, ʻO nā'āpana wai.

4. Hoʻohālikelikeʻia nā mea hoʻohuiʻikei: ʻO Duticle Iron vs Striinless Steel

Ke kohoʻana i nā meaʻenehana kūpono kūpono e pono ai kaʻike paʻaʻana i ka hana mechanical ma lalo o nā kūlana lawelawe.

Elua Ui and kila kohu ʻole Hāʻawi i nā waiwai mechanical ikaika, akā ua kūpono lākou i nāʻano likeʻole, Nā Kūleʻa Panui, a me nā manaʻo hana.

Nā Papa Hoʻolālā: Nā Pīkuhi Propertinies

5. Corrosiotion pale o ka ductive ir checlet he kila kila

• Kila kohu ʻole: Hoʻokumu i kahi'āpana chromium passive e pale i ka oxidation a me ka corrosiotion. 316 ʻO nā mea paʻaʻole e paleʻole i nā churoid a me nāʻenehana acidic.
• Ui: Hiki i ka oxidation a me galvalication corrosion; Hoʻomaʻemaʻe pinepine i ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā pale epoxy, moniu zinc, a iʻole nā pale pale.

6. ʻO ka paleʻana a me keʻano

Ke koho nuiʻia nā koho waiwai no nā wahi o Harsh e hilinaʻi nuiʻia ma keʻano o keʻano o keʻano.

ʻO ka hao haoʻo Duvile a me nā mea kila kila iʻokoʻa loa ma kēia mau hiʻohiʻona ma muli o ko lākou huiʻana a me nā microstructures.

Ke kū'ē nei

Ke kū'ē kū'ē

7. Machinability a me ka hale kūʻai o Ductile Iron St vs Insinless Steel

Ka hiki keʻano, huila, a hui pūʻia nā mea waiwai i ka hanaʻana i ka hana, hana kūpono kūpono i ka hana hana, hapaha paʻakikī, a me nā uku holoʻokoʻa.

Whola: Ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana i ka paʻakikī a me ka maikaʻi

ʻO nā mea kūʻai aku e pili ana i kahi hiki ke hoʻopiha i nā mea i hoʻopihapiha, kū ikaika me kaʻole o nā hemahema (E.g., Potiwale, shrinkage), a hoʻopaʻa i ka helu dimensional i ka wā e hoʻomaha ai.

He waiwai nui kēia waiwai no ka hanaʻana i ka paʻakikī, kokoke-net-mode, kahi e hoʻoneʻe ai i ka hoʻemiʻana i ka pono no ka hoʻoiliʻana o ka pou.

Ui: He hale hana hale

ʻO ka haoʻo Duclet i loaʻa i kahi mea mālama, Optimized no nā kaʻina hana. ʻO ka mea kūʻai aku ma muli o ka:

• Haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa: Duvale hao hao ma 1,150-1,200 ° C, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o ke kila kila (1,400-1,530 ° C).
  Hoʻonui kēia i ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka hana o ka hanaʻana i ka wā e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ai a hoʻololi i ka hoʻolālā mua, E like me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka luhi i ke kaumaha ma nā molds (E.g., one a iʻole nā mea hoʻolimalima).
• ʻO ke kino kiʻekiʻe: ʻO keʻano molten i ke kaheʻana o nā kahe hao ductive i loko o ka hoʻouluʻana i nā lua, Ke kūpono nei i nā geometries paʻakikī-e like me nā mea leʻaleʻa, nā kino valve, a iʻole nā mea hana popoʻole me nā paia a iʻole nā kahawai kūloko.
• Kāohi paʻa: ʻO nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi o Ductile (hoʻokumuʻia ma ka magnyium a iʻole ka mālama cerium) ho'ēmi i ka wā wela i ka wā e hoʻohālikelike ai i ka hina hina, ka hoʻohaʻahaʻaʻana i ka hopena o nā cracks a iʻole ka pososity.
  Hiki i kēia no ka hana maʻamau o ka nui, nā'āpana paʻa i hoʻopaʻaʻia (E.g., pipe flungs i 2 mika i ka lime) Me nā hemahema liʻiliʻi.

Hana maʻamau ʻO nā kaʻina hana no ka hao ductile komo i loko o ka pā o Sand (80% no ka hana ana), Kāhaka kūʻai kūʻai, a me ka centrifugual (No nā paipu).
Astm A536, ʻO ka pae mua no ka hao ductile, E wehewehe i nā helu (E.g., 60-40-18, 80-55-06) Optimelized no ka hale noho ma waena o nā noi.

Kila kohu ʻole: ʻO ka hoʻoleiʻana i nā luʻi a me nā māka kūikawā

ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kila stielless ma mua o ka hao ductile, akā, ua hoʻonui houʻia nā mea hoʻokūkū ma kaʻenehana casting i kona hoʻohanaʻana i nā māhele paʻakikī. ʻO kāna mau kumu paʻakikī:

• ʻO Malking Point Point: Pono ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e pono ai e hoʻoheheʻe i nā kila kila (1,400-1,530 ° C) hoʻonui i nā kumukūʻai ikaika a koi aku i nā pale wela-resistant (E.g., nā cemic a remictory-lid), ʻO ka hoʻonuiʻana i nā uku hana.
• Pilikia maʻi: ʻO ka mea kūʻai akuʻo Molten,ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻohālikelikeʻia, hiki ke hōʻike i nā incussions (ʻO Oxidelelo Oxide) I ka hapa hope, Ke hoʻohana nei i kānaʻano.
  Pono kēia i ka paleʻana i nā pale (E.g., Aron) I ka wā o ke kākāʻana, Hoʻohuiʻana i nā kaʻina hana.
• Shrinkage a me ka pasosity: ʻO keʻano o ka pā o keʻano o keʻano o keʻano o keʻano o ka sterel, ka hoʻonuiʻana i nā slunks a me nā pilikia pososity.
  Pono kēia i ka hoʻolālā mua (E.g., nā malihini e hānai i nā mea molten i ka wā hoʻomaha) a me nā mea hana kūpono.

ʻOiai i kēia mau pilikia, hoʻolei i nā helu kila stienless (E.g., Astm A351 CF8, Cf3, Cf8m) e hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻia no ka hana kūpono. ʻo kahi laʻana:

• CF8 (like me ka hana 304) a cf3 (304L) he mau hōʻailona a andustetitic, ho'ēmi i ka hana carbride a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka wai.
• Cf8m (316 kaulike) Hoʻokomoʻiaʻo Molybdenum no ka hoʻoponoponoʻana i ke kū'ē, Me ka hale kūʻai hale i manaʻoʻia no nā mea hoʻohālikelike o ke kaʻina hana (E.g., nā kino valve).

ʻO keʻano o ke kaʻina hana no ka mea kila kila Kāhaka kūʻai kūʻai (No nā'āpana kiʻekiʻe e like me nā mea lāʻau lapaʻau) and Sand cread (No nā mea nui e like me nā mea e like me nā kīwaha).

Akā naʻe,, E koho pinepineʻiaʻo Stiinless Steelless i ka maching hou aku ma mua o ka machining ma mua o ka hao ductile ma mua o ka hao ductile e hoʻokō i nā mea paʻa.

Markinpalibility: Ka lanakilaʻana o kaʻokiʻoki a me nā mea hana

E pili ana i ka machlitional i ka maʻalahi o ka maʻalahi, unuhi, a iʻole e like me nā mea hana mīkini, anaʻia e nā mea e like me ke ola hana, ʻoki wikiwiki, a hoʻopauʻia. ʻO ka hopena hopena kūpono loa a me nā uku hana.

Ui: ʻO ka machiniblibility

Ua kaulanaʻo Duclet Head no ka Mactinibility maikaʻi loa, ʻO nā mea hoʻokūkū nui loa. Nā kumu nui e komo ai:

• Kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi: ʻO nā waihona kiʻi kiʻi ma Ductive ma Ductile Iron act e like me nā Lubricants kūloko i keʻokiʻana, ka hōʻemiʻana i ka friction ma waena o ka hāmeʻa a me ka hana.
  ʻO kēia mea hana haʻahaʻa e komo aʻae i nā wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe (a i 200 m / min no nā māka-kiʻekiʻe-carbon).
• Hana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa: ʻAʻole like me nā kila kila, ʻAʻole paʻakikīʻo Ductive Head, Kāohi i ka "galling" (Hoʻololi i nā mea hana i ka hāmeʻa) a me ka mālamaʻana i nā pūʻali koa kūlike.
• ʻO ka hanaʻana i keʻano: ʻO ka mea haoʻo Duticle, ʻO nā mea uliuli Pelekane e wāwahi maʻalahi, ka hōʻemiʻana i ka pono no nā'ōnaehana o ka chip a me ka hōʻemiʻana i ka pōʻino i ka hana i ka hana hana.

Nā Kūlana Machinlibility (pili i 1018 should carbon = 100) No ka Ductive Iron Round mai 70-90-90, depending on grade. ʻo kahi laʻana:

• Astm A536 papa 60-40-18 (ikaika ikaika 414 Mpa) Loaʻa i kahi papa kuhikuhi o ~ 85.
• Nā helu kiʻekiʻe (E.g., 120-90-02) he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (~ 70) Ma muli o ka hoʻonuiʻiaʻana o ka paʻakikī akāʻo ka mea hou aku i nā mea hoʻokūkū maikaʻi loa.

Kila kohu ʻole: Nā Kūlana Machinality

ʻO nā mea i hoʻohālikelikeʻiaʻo Steelleless i ka helu ma ka papa akāʻo ka Poorer maʻamau ma mua o ka hao o Ductile, holoʻia e:

• Hana kiʻekiʻe: ʻO nā mea kanu lāʻau austetitic (E.g., 304, 316) paʻakikī paʻakikī keʻokiʻia, hana i kahi paʻakikī, Ke komoʻana i ka papa hana paʻa ma ka'ōnaehana hana hana.
  Hoʻonui kēia i nāʻokiʻoki a me nā mea hana, Hoʻopili i nā wikiwikiʻokiʻoki (maʻamau 50-100 m / min no 304).
• Low thermal cenmal: ʻO nā mea kila maikaʻiʻole e hana maikaʻi i ka wela, Ke nānā nei i ka wela ma ka papa hana e hana ai i nā mea hana ma mua (E.g., ʻO nā mea hana i nā overheats a me nā degrades).
• Nā pahu paʻakikī: ʻO Austetitic Grades e hana lōʻihi, nā pahu pahu e hoʻopili ai i nā mea hana, e koi ana i nā'ōnaehana chip kūikawā a me nā'ōnaehana coolant e pale ai i ka jamming.

Hōʻike nā palapala machintibility i kēia mau pilikia:

• AISI 304 loaʻa kahi papa inoa inoa o ~ 40 (vsa. 1018 Kukui Kekuhi), oiai 316 (me ka mybdelum) he haʻahaʻa loa (~ 30).
• Nā mea kanu manu ferritic (E.g., 430) hana maikaʻi (~ 60) Ma muli o nāʻike nickel haʻahaʻa, Akāʻo Lag ma hope o ka hao o Ductile.

ʻO nā kumukūʻai hana no nā kila kila he 2-3x kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hao ductile, e like me nā mea hana carbide a iʻole nā mea hana hana (ma mua o ka kila wikiwiki) koiʻia e like me ka wela a me ka abrasion.

Wawahua: Hui pū me nā mea paʻa

E hoʻoholo ana ka welfility i ka maʻalahi o ka maʻalahi o kahi mea e hiki ke hoʻohuiʻia ma o ka wā me keʻanoʻole, Potiwale, a iʻole he nalowale o nā mea hana.

Ui: ʻO ka hanaʻana i nā pilikia

He mea paʻakikī loa ka hao duticle i ka ulia ma muli o kona mauʻike kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (2.5-4.0%) a me ke kiʻi kiʻi:

• Lāʻamaʻa wai kikowaena: I ka wā o ka hanaʻana, Hiki i ka Carbona ke hoʻowalewale i loko o ka wahi wela (HAZ), Ke hoʻokumu nei i ka britlet brittle, ka mea e hana ai.
• Kiʻikuʻi: Hiki i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ke loaʻa i nā kiʻi kiʻi i nā co / co₂, e hana ana i ka payosity i ka weld.

Pono ke kūleʻaʻana o ka hao o Ductile (200-400 ° C) e hoʻolōʻihi, ʻO ka hana wela wela (500-600 ° C) i ke aloha marper, a me nā metala kūikawā kūikawā (E.g., Nickel-E like me nā Alloys Like Melife-C1).

ʻOiai me kēia mau wāwae, Loaʻa pinepine nā welds i ka ikaika palupalu ma mua o ka waihona kumu, Ke kaupalenaʻana i kā lākou hoʻohanaʻana i nā noi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (E.g., Nā Kūlana Kūlana).

Kila kohu ʻole: Maikaʻi loa

Kila kohu ʻole, ʻO nā helu Austetitic kūikawā, he mea paʻa loa:

• Nā helu Austetitic (304, 316): Ko lākouʻike haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (≤0.08% no 304; ≤0.03% no 304l) a me nā papa inoaʻo Nickel e pale i ka hoʻokumuʻana ma ka hana ma ka haz.
  Tig (ʻO nā mea hanaʻino) a mig paha (Metal Kālepa Pūnaewele) hana ka welding, ʻO nā ulia ducile me ka hoʻopunipuni liʻiliʻi.
• Ke nānāʻana i ka lewa: ʻO ka paleʻana i ka paleʻana (Aron) Mālama i ka oxidation o ka chromium, Ke mālama nei i ka papa hana passive (koʻikoʻi no ke kū'ēʻana).

Ceelle chenad Nā mea kūʻai ~ 80-90% o ka ikaika o ka ikaika, Ke kūpono kūpono no nā noi pili (E.g., nā lako hana meaʻai, ʻO Marine Hulls).

Martesetitic Stainlele (E.g., 410) ua emi iki ma muli o ka paʻakikī, Akā e hoʻomau i ka hoʻomau a me ka huhūʻana i nā pilikia koi.

ʻO ka ho'ōlaʻana i nā uku: Kauhi, Machimen, a kanikau iho la

Ke kūʻai nei i nā kumukūʻai i kapaʻia i ka hao ductile dorle ma ka hapanui o nā hiʻohiʻona:

• Nā kumukūʻai kūʻai: ʻO ka mea hao haoʻo Duticle he 30-50% ma mua o ka cheader cheelless, Ma muli o ka hoʻohana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, nā holoi maʻalahi, a me nā mea liʻiliʻi e pili ana i nā retorks.
  ʻo kahi laʻana, ʻO kahi kumukūʻai o 10kg Valve Cinve ~ $ 20- $ 30 no ka Ductile Iron vs. $40- $ 60 no ka mea kila kila (CF8).
• ʻO nā kumukūʻai machining: ʻO ka machini hao i ka machnining he 20-40% ma mua o ke kila kila, ʻO ke ola lōʻihi (ʻO nā mea hana kaʻa kaʻa i hope i 2-3x lōʻihi) a me nā wikiwiki wikiwiki wikiwiki e hōʻemi i ka hana a me nā mea hana hana.
• Nā uku e loaʻa ana: ʻO ka uld ulding hao he 2-3x kūʻai aku ma mua o keʻano o ke kila kila, Ma muli o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻana o mua / post-post-supply i hana hana.
  Akā naʻe,, ʻO kēia keʻano o ka ductile i lalo o ke kāʻeiʻana o ka marctile i lalo a me nā kumukūʻai ma keʻano ma ka hapa nui o nā noi.

8. Kumukūʻai a me ka loaʻa o ka ductile iron but stiinless kila

Nā mea waiwai a me nā uku hana

• Ui nā pono mai nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma muli o ka hao hao nui a me nā mea maʻalahi (ʻO ka carbon a me ka magnesium).
  Kona wahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (1,150-1,1,200 ° C) hoʻemi i ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka ikehu i ka wā e hoʻoheheʻe ai a kūʻai aku, ke alakaʻiʻana i ka hana kūpono.
• Kila kohu ʻole, i haku mua i ka hao, Chromium, nickel, ʻo Mybdelum, Ua loaʻa iā ia nā kumukūʻaiʻoi aku ka nui o nā kumukūʻai ma o nā mea nui.
  Kona wahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (1,400-1,530 ° C) hoʻonui i nā koi o ka ikehu, aʻoi aku ka hana paʻakikī (E.g., aloha i ka lewa, reds) hou hou aku i nā kumukūʻai hana.

ʻO ke ola a me nā uku mālama mālama

• Ui Loaʻa pinepine kahi kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa akā hiki i nā mea kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka mālamaʻana i nā wahi i koiʻia ma muli o nā pale a iʻole nā lipi.
• Kila kohu ʻole kauoha i kahi kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe aʻe akā hāʻawi i keʻano o ka corrosior corrosione e kū ana i ke ola o ka lawelawe, hoʻemi i ka hana hoʻolimalima a me nā kumukūʻai pili, hiki ke hōʻoia i ka loaʻa kālā mua ma nā noi he nui.

Loaʻa a hāʻawi i nā kumu chain chain

• Ui leʻaleʻa i ka loaʻaʻana o ka mea e loaʻa ana, Me nāʻoihana hana waiwai e hiki ke hana i kahi pālahalaha ākea o nā helu a me nā nui o nā helu.
  He pōkole ke alakaʻi, a ua hoʻokū maikaʻiʻia ka kaulahao.
• Kila kohu ʻole ua nui loa ia, Akā hiki ke hoʻopilikiaʻia ka kaulahao i nā flictuations ma nā cluctuations ma ka honua honua a me nā mākeke chromium, ʻO ka hopena hopena a me nā manawa alakaʻi.
  Pono nā helu kūikawā i nā manawa kūpono i nā manawa he nui ma muli o nā helu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.

9. Nā Kūlana a me nā kiko'ī

Nā KūlanaʻAmelika Hui PūʻIa

• Astm A536: ʻO ka papa kuhikuhi maʻamau e kuhikuhi ana i nā waiwai mechanical, kinohi, a me ka ho'āʻoʻana i nā hana no nā mea hao hao ductic.
  Nā helu maʻamau e komo ai 60-40-18, 80-55-06, and 100-70-03, E wehewehe i ka ikaika, ka ikaika, a me nā koi e hiki mai ana.
• ISO 1083: Kahua kahua no ka mālamaʻana i nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi sptherrtal (Ui), Nā helu kiko'ī a me nā meaʻike.
• I 1563: ʻO ka papaʻaina papa e uhi ana i nā mea hao hao ductile me nā mea kiko'ī a me nā hōʻike hōʻike.

ʻO nā kūlana steel ceelless

• Apono a240: Uhi i ka chromium a me ka chromium-nickel inter kila kila kila, she wallpaper, a me ke kīʻana no nā'āpana a me nā noi maʻamau; komo i nā'āpana 304, 316, a me kekahi.
• Astm A276: E wehewehe ana i nā balali kila a me nāʻano hana i hoʻohanaʻia ma ka hanaʻana.
• Astm A351: ʻO ke kūlana no nā kila kila kila, me cf8 (304 kaulike) a cf8m (316 kaulike), hoʻohanaʻia ma nā awāwa, Pumps, a me ke ahi.
• ISO 15510: E wehewehe ana i ka hoʻohuiʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau no nā kinikini kūloheloheʻole.
• I 10088: ʻO ka kūlanaʻoʻEulopa no keʻano o ka ceelle cheelless ceelle.

10. ʻO ka papaʻaina hoʻohālikelike

11. Hopena

ʻO nā mea kanuʻo Ducle mat vs nā mea kila koʻikoʻi he mau mea waiwai i loko o kaʻenehana i kēia manawa. Ui he kumukūʻai-kūpono, ikaika, a kūpono no nā hale kūʻai nui a me ka infrastructure.

Kila kohu ʻole Hāʻawi i ke kū'ē kū'ē, ʻO kahi hoʻopau Aesthetic, a me ka nani, Ke kūpono nei i nā wahi koʻikoʻi i kahi o nā mea paʻakikī i kahi paʻa a me ka maʻemaʻe he paramika.

Pono ke kohoʻana i nā koho waiwai e pili ana i nā kūlana hana, Nā pahuhopu kumukūʻai, nā koi hoʻoponopono, a me nā mea ola ola.

ʻO kēlā me kēia waiwai i nā kikowaena likeʻole, a me nā meaʻenehana e pono ai ke kaulike i ka hana me ka hana kūpono.

FaqS

Hiki i ka ducle hao ke hoʻololi i nā kila kila ma ke kai?

ʻAʻole. ʻO nā'āpana Ductile Ductile i loko o 0.3-0.5 mm / makahiki i loko o ke kai, nee <5 makahiki. 316 ʻO nā kila kila 30+ mau makahiki.

ʻOi aku ka ikaika o ke kila ma mua o ka hao ductile?

ʻO ke kila kila heʻoi aku ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe (515 Mpa vs. 414 Mpa), Akā hāʻawiʻo Ductile Head i ka ikaika e hāʻawi i ka ikaika (276 Mpa vs. 205 Mpa), ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no nā ukana static.

ʻOi aku ka nui o nā kumukūʻai no nā pipes wai?

Ui (raw $ 1.5-2.5 / kg) oe 50% ʻoi aku ma mua o 304 ʻO nā mea kila kūponoʻole no nā piptes hou, ʻOiai 316 ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no nā kahakai kahakai me ka pohō paʻakai.

Hiki ke hoʻopauʻia ka hao ductile?

ʻAe, Akā pono e hoʻoikaika (200-300 ° C) a me nā electrode kūikawā e pale aku ai i kaʻokiʻana. Ua loaʻa iā Welded Weunts he 50-70% o ka ikaika o ka ikaika.