Nā meaʻala lole hoʻohilahila: Nui nui ma Kina

ʻO nā mea hana waiwai kaumaha e hana ai a hana i nā mea hana i hanaʻia e ka nininiʻana i nā mea molten i nā mold e hana i nā'āpana i hoʻohui i nā geometries paʻakikī, ikaika kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, a me ke kumukūʻai kūpono-kūpono ma ke kāʻei.

Ua kūlike lākou i nāʻoihana e like me ke kūkuluʻana, mining, mahiai, rail, Marine a me ka ikehu.

Koho kūpono kūpono, Ke kahua nei, ʻO keʻano o ka Thermal a me ka Pūnaewele Hoʻohui, a me ka mana o ka mana kūpono e hoʻoholo ai i ke ola lawelawe a me ke kumukūʻai ola.

1. He aha nā mea kūʻai aku koʻikoʻi

ʻO nā mea kūʻai aku-nā mea kūʻai aku e pili ana i nā wahi metallic i hanaʻia e nā kaʻina hana kūʻai (E.g., Sand cread, nalowale-wāwae, Kāhaka kūʻai kūʻai, ʻO Centricugual kāhea) Kuhiʻia no ka hana hana a iʻole ka hanaʻana i ka lawelaweʻana i ka lawelaweʻana i ka mīkini kelepona a iʻole nā ​​mīkini ikaika.

Nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona

• Nui & kūkaku. ʻO ka nui o nā helu mai nāʻumi o nā kila (E.g., Hoʻolālā i nā lio kūpeʻe Gaar. 50 kg) i nā tonnes he nui (ʻO nā pahu kaʻa kaʻa nui o nā kaʻa a me nā leʻaleʻa a me nā leʻaleʻa).
  ʻOi aku ka maʻamau o ka laina laina ma mua o kekahi mau mika no nā hui nui.
• Hana ukana. ʻO kēia mau'āpana e hoʻouna ai i nā ukana static a me nā ukana dinamic (kulou ana, LARAINA, nā koi axial a me nā hopena) a no laila e koi i kahi hui pūʻana o ka ikaika, paʻakikī a paʻakikī.
  Nā'āpana maʻamau e pili ana i nā booms, Nā Frame, urowing, Nā mea lahu a me ka hubs.
• Ke kūlohelohe kūlohelohe. Hoʻolālā no ka hoʻolahaʻana i ka lepo, kaiwa, ʻO nā cherosive cherosive (mea lapain, aloha),
  abrasives a me nā pae ākea ākea (Ke hōʻike nei i ka puka makani lawelawe: -40 ° C i +150 ° C; Hiki i nā extremes ke koi i nā alloys kūikawā a iʻole ka paleʻana i ka pale).
• Hoʻolālā hana - kūʻai aku - kumukūʻai vs durability. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā hale kūʻai e hana i kēlā me kēia mahele ma mua o nā mea hana maʻamau akā hāʻawi i nā geometry hoʻohui,
  He liʻiliʻi nā huiʻana a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻaʻana i nā crotched (Nā Kūlana Kūʻai Kūʻai Kūʻai maʻamau), ua hopena i ke ola lōʻihi a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka waiwai no nā noi he nui.

Nā mea i hōʻikeʻia (MAKAINA WAU, Ma ka noi)

• Ikaika ikaika (Rm): nā mea i kālaiʻia: ≥ 400 Mpa (maʻamau no ka hao ductile, ʻO nā mea hoʻowalewale-ikaika-ikaika);
  nā'āpana kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (CONNE WITS, nā maka): a hiki i ka 700-900 MPA No ka huli & ʻO nā kiki uila uila.
• Hopena paʻakikī (Liw v): E wehewehe maopopo ka ikaika loa i ka mahana, E.g., ≥ 20 J at -20 ° C (quoted as "cvn ≥ 20 J @ -20 ° C "), Me kaʻaeʻana e like me ka astm e23 / ISO 148.
• E kāʻei i ke kū'ē: E wehewehe i nā paʻakikī paʻakikī a iʻole ka hoʻonohonohoʻana i ka hōʻike; E.g., Brinell paʻakikī hb ≥ 200 No nā mea hana abrasion-resistant, a iʻole e kuhikuhi Astm g65 ʻO nā palena o ka nui o nā kaʻa o Sand.
• Paʻa paʻa / hoʻomanawanui: Eʻae pinepineʻia nā hale kūʻai nui ± 1-3 mm per meter mika Ma muli o keʻano hoʻohālikelike;
  E wehewehe i nā mea kanu kiʻekiʻe (E.g., ± 0.1-0.5 mm) wale no no ka papa kuhikuhi pololei ma hope o ka hoʻopauʻana i ka machining.

2. Kūʻai kūʻai & ʻO ka noiʻana o nā mea hana kaumaha kaumaha

Mea Hana Kūʻai Kūʻai Kūʻai Kūʻai Kūʻai Kūʻaiʻo Dailse:

• Kūkulu hoʻi & hui kaohi: Nā Puʻu, Booms, Nāhele Hui, n halesings.
• Mining: Nā kāliki Cristher, ʻO ka hoʻolahaʻana o Media, 'Ōlau.
• Mahiai: pollowhares, nā holohaʻana, nā'āpana traktor.
• Rail & halihali: Nāhele Hui, Nā'āpana pale, Nā pahu kaʻa kaʻa.
• Marine & of 3Ikeha: kāpili, Nā kāpili pump, Nā Kūlana Rudder.
• Mana pā'āʻu & pono & aila: nā'oluaʻo Turche, nā kino valve, Nā kāpili pump.

ʻO kēlā me kēia māhele i hāʻawiʻia i nā koi kūlike: E kāʻei i ke kū'ē a me ka hopena paʻakikī i ka mining; Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosioniona ma Marine; ʻO kaʻehaʻeha ma ka hana; a me nā hale paʻahao a me nā hana maikaʻi a me nā wikiwiki i loko o ka hydraulic a me nā mea hana e pono ai.

3. Nā koho maʻamau maʻamau - nā mea hana kaumaha kaumaha

Hūnā i nā irons

• 'Āpana hina (Gi)

• • No ke aha e hoʻohana ai: Maikaʻi loa, maikaʻi maikaʻi, uku haʻahaʻa, maʻalahi e hoʻolei i nāʻano paʻakikī nui.
  • Hoʻohana maʻamau: Nā waihona mīkini, urowing, nā uhiʻoleʻole.
  • Waiwai: ʻO ka ikaika o ke kānāwai, Palapala maikai, maikaʻiʻole / paʻakikī.

• Ductive / nodular cat hao (Sg / Ui, Astm A536)

• • No ke aha e hoʻohana ai: Ka huiʻana o ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī me ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa ma mua o ke kila; Hāʻawi i nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi.
  • Hoʻohana maʻamau: Nā Koho Pūnaewele, kekahi mau mea kūlohelohe, Kauluhi, Nā hui waena waena.
  • Waiwai: ʻO ka paleʻana o ka momona maikaʻi, Weliweli me ka makaʻala, pane aku i ka austempering (Adi) No ka hana kiʻekiʻe.

• Compated silctite hao (Cgi)

• • No ke aha e hoʻohana ai: Ma waena o ka hina hina a me ka nui o ka ikaika i ka ikaika a me ka momona ma mua o gi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana kolohe ma mua o ka hao hao.
  • Hoʻohana maʻamau: Nā poloka mīkini, ʻO nā'āpana hana koʻikoʻi-medium.

• Keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo & Hao keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo

• • No ke aha e hoʻohana ai: Paʻakikī loa a me ke komoʻana (hana pinepineʻia e ka mālama wela), brittle ināʻaʻole i hanaʻia / mālamaʻia.
  • Hoʻohana maʻamau: Nā'āpana Mile, Nā kāliki Cristher, ʻO nā inspers kiʻekiʻe-Abrasion (hiki ke hoʻoleiʻia e like me nā'āpana i nā'āpana).

Honu i nā kila

• KālekaʻAʻI & Nā kinipōpō haʻahaʻa-alloy (E.g., Astm A216 WCB, A350 l0 Etc.)

• • No ke aha e hoʻohana ai: ʻOi aku ka ikaika o ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī ma mua o nā irons; ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka hana momona; weldable a hoʻoponopono houʻia.
  • Hoʻohana maʻamau: Kūhae, nā honu, CONNE WITS, ʻO nā mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia.

• Nā mea kikila (Cr-mo, In-cr-i, etc.)

• • No ke aha e hoʻohana ai: Tailored no ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, wela wela, E kāʻei a iʻole ka hopena o ka hopena. ʻO ka wela wela i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe / paʻakikī.
  • Hoʻohana maʻamau: Ua hala & nā mea pili i nā papa hana kiʻekiʻe.

Nā'Ānela kūikawā & Meaʻole

• ʻO Austetetitic a me Ferritic Stonsings Candings (CF8 / CF8m, Astm A351 / A743)

• • No ke aha e hoʻohana ai: Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion (wai wai, ka'ikemika), maikaʻi maikaʻi.
  • Hoʻohana maʻamau: Nā Hale Hōʻikeʻike, Nā'āpana Mariana, Nā'āpana contactlelo World Contectuff.

• Duplex & Super-dulex (E.g., 2205, 2507 Kōkua kikowaena)

• • No ke aha e hoʻohana ai: ʻOi aku ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka austevitic koʻikoʻi a me ke kū'ēʻana i ke kū'ēʻana i ka corcking style styled; hoʻohanaʻia i ka wā e kū ai + Ponoʻia ka ikaika.
  • Hoʻohana maʻamau: Nā lako kai kai, mau'āpana alo.

• Aloha-nickel & ʻO nā alloys wela-resistant (Hailani, Actoel, Alloy 20, etc.)

• • No ke aha e hoʻohana ai: ʻO keʻano kūmole kūwaho a iʻole ka noho aliʻi kiʻekiʻe; ʻO ka liloʻana i hoʻohanaʻia ma kahi e pono ai.
  • Hoʻohana maʻamau: Ke kālepaʻana, ʻO nā wahi o ke kula nui, nā hos kūlana kiʻekiʻe.

'Āhuʻi & Nā wahi e hoʻokokoke ai

• ʻO Austempeed Ductile hao (Adi) - Ui ua hanaʻia i ka matrix matritic (ʻoi nui ka ikaika + E kāʻei i ke kū'ē).
• Nā keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, Kālā, ʻO nā linesik cemic / metallic - E hana i ka hāʻawiʻana i nā'āpana o nā zones i keʻano o ka nohoʻana i ka wā e mālama ana i ka nui o ka bulk shopter a me ka cheaper.
• Hana i nā mea i kālaiʻia a iʻole nā ​​mea kūʻai aku paha - e hui pū me ka mea hao paʻakikī me nā mea paʻakikī paʻakikī a iʻole nā ​​mea i hoʻololiʻia.

ʻO nā mea hana maʻamau maʻamau i nā papa'āina - ka papa kuhikuhi

ʻO nā kumu waiwai e hōʻikeʻia. Pono ka hoʻolālā hope loa e hoʻohana i kaʻikepili MTR / ho'āʻo a me nā hopena o nā lako makana.

4. ʻO nā kaʻina hana & Nāʻatikala Hōʻailona

Ke kohoʻana i ke kaʻina hana kūʻai kūpono ma waena o nā koho mua a me ka hapa nui o nā koho i hala a me nā hopena keu loa i ka hanaʻana i nā mea hana kaumaha.

ʻO ka koho koho e hoʻoholo i ka geometry hiki, ʻO ka maikaʻi metallirgical, paulapua, timmansional, ʻO nā kumukūʻai a me ke alakaʻi i ka manawa - a me ka ikaika ikaika loa e pale ana i ka wela o ka wela wela, machining a me ndt.

Nā Kūlana Kūʻai Nui

Ke kohoʻana i kahi ala kūʻai, kaupaona i kēia mau mea hoʻokele mua:

• Māhele nui a me ke kaumaha (kg → nā inoa inoa), a inā e koiʻia i hoʻokahi'āpana.
• Geometry paʻakikī (nā undercuts, pūnaewele pūnaewele, nā lua kūloko).
• Kaʻohana waiwai (ferror vs non-ferrous; meaʻole, Duplex, Alloys).
• Pono nā mea iʻikeʻia (paʻakikī, Kaluhi, e komo i nā'āpana).
• Timmansional & paulapua (E like me-hopu).
• Ka Hoʻohuiʻana & Kumuhana kumukūʻai (mea hana).
• Ka nānāʻana a me ka maʻemaʻe maʻemaʻe pono (nā momona momona a iʻole nā ​​kaula).
• Kaiualoa, ka ikehu a me nā palekana palekana (EUMSISIONS, Sand Reclamation).

Green-Sane (kapanauhele) Kauhi

• Pehea Hana ana: ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻohālikelike i loko o nā pale o nā one i hoʻopaʻaʻia me nā mea paʻa o ka clay / organice; nā cores e hana i nā cavities kūloko.
• Nā mea waiwai: Laulā - hina hina, Ui, honu i nā kila.
• Nā ikaika: ʻO ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, kūpono no nā'āpana nui loa, maʻalahi e hoʻololi i nā hiʻohiʻona. Kūpono no nā'āpana hoʻokahi a me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
• PAHUI: Hoʻopau ka paleʻana, nā mea kanu nui, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka possity kiʻekiʻe ināʻaʻole i manaʻoʻiaʻo Gover / Riser.
• Nā'ōpala maʻamau & Metrics: 'āpana paona mai <10 kg i 100+ Tons; pau ka pauna ~ ra 6-20 μm (Koho Koho); timmansional: ± 1-5 mm / m (Ke hilinaʻi nei).
• Noi: Nā hoolohe nui, Nā momi, Nā pahu kaʻa kaʻa, ʻO nā hihia nui loa.

Nā wili lei (Resin-CASUS SARE) Kauhi

• Pehea Hana ana: ʻO nā mea i kohoʻia e kohoʻia i nā pale o nā keiki; Ua'ākoakoa nā'āpanaʻelua me nā kaula e pono ai.
• Nā mea waiwai: Hao a me nā kila; ka hoʻonui nuiʻana me nā ircle irctile a me nā meaʻalā.
• Nā ikaika: ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka dimensional maikaʻi a me nā mea maikaʻi loa ma mua o keʻano'ōmaʻomaʻo; hiki i nā'āpana thitner. Maikaʻi no nā helu waena.
• PAHUI: ʻO ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma mua o keʻano o ke kala; haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o keʻano'ōmaʻomaʻo.
• Nā'ōpala maʻamau & Metrics: ʻO nā kaupaona e loaʻa ana i kahi mau tonnes liʻiliʻi; pau ka pauna ~ ra 1-6 μm; hoʻomanawanui ± 0.3-2 mm / m.
• Noi: Nā holohaʻana, Nā Hale Hōʻikeʻike Kūʻai Kūʻai, nā'āpana e pono ai ka hopena.

Kāhaka kūʻai kūʻai (nalowale-wax)

• Pehea Hana ana: Wax kumu(S) 'ākoakoa i loko o ka lāʻau, Ua kūkuluʻiaʻo CEIMACIC, Ua laweʻiaʻo Wax, Ua hoʻopauʻiaʻo CEMACHICHS a piha i ka metala molten.
• Nā mea waiwai: Hiki i nā mea kila a me nā meaʻala; Hoʻohana nuiʻia no ka ferrous (I, Cu, AL); Hiki i nā hale kūʻai nui ke hiki me nā hoʻonohonoho kūikawā.
• Nā ikaika: ʻO nā kiko'ī maikaʻi loa, ʻO ka hoʻopau maikaʻi, Nā Paukū Kuhi, kokoke i kahi kokoke. ʻO ka mana haʻahaʻa.
• PAHUI: ʻO ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe a me ke kaʻina hana; ʻO ka maʻamau no nā'āpana liʻiliʻi-a-medium, me ka nui Kālā Pūnaewele hiki paha me nā mea kūikawā.
• Nā'ōpala maʻamau & Metrics: kaupaona mai kekahi mau hale liʻiliʻi i kekahi mau tonnes liʻiliʻi; pau ka pauna ~ ra 0.4-1.6 μm; hoʻomanawanui ± 0.05-0.5 mm.
• Noi: Nā mea hou, ʻO nā'āpana paʻakikī, nā'āpana i kahi e paʻa ai ka geometry a hoʻopau i ka ho'ēmiʻana i ka machining.

Nalowale-wāwae

• Pehea Hana ana: Eps coum exambert i kauʻia ma ke oneʻole; molten i nā mea hao keleawe, hoʻopiha i ka lua.
• Nā mea waiwai: Ferrous a non-ferrous; hoihoi no nā wahi ferous.
• Nā ikaika: Hoʻopau i nā'āpana no keʻano o ka geometry intomet; ʻO ka uku haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. waiwai kūʻai; maikaʻi no nā mea paʻakikī nui.
• PAHUI: Pono ke kaʻina hana e pale ai i nā maʻi o nā wahi; Hoʻopau ka lani a me ka heleʻana ma keʻano o ke aniani.
• Nā'ōpala maʻamau & Metrics: nā'āpana nui-nui (TENS i mau tausani kg); hoʻopau e like me ka mea e like me ka sand canding ~ ra 2-10 μm; hoʻomanawanui ± 0.5-2 mm / m.
• Noi: ʻO nā hosking paʻakikī, Nā Kālepili Pump me nā Passings In Inoa, ʻO nā wahi kaʻa a me nā mea hana pono e paʻakikī ai nā cores.

ʻO Centricugual kāhea

• Pehea Hana ana: Ua nininiʻo Molten i nā mea hao i loko o kahi pale; ʻO ka ikaikaʻo Centrifugal e hoʻokaʻawale i ka metala a me nā minimizes salani / slag entrapment.
• Nā mea waiwai: Nā ākea ākea; hoʻohana maʻamau no nā irons, nā pāpale, bale.
• Nā ikaika: Huakai, ʻO ke kani leo me nā mea maikaʻi maikaʻi (maikaʻi loa no nā apo, Bussings, moe 'ana). Haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa / pososity.
• PAHUI: ʻO Geometry i kaupalenaʻia i nā'āpana AxisyMetric; mea hana kūikawā.
• Nā'ōpala maʻamau & Metrics: apo & nā cylinders mai nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i nā mika he nui; ʻO ke kani kūloko maikaʻi loa; hoʻomanawanui ± 0.1-1 mm Ke hilinaʻi nei.
• Noi: Nā'āpana cylindrical: Naʻu e hali ana, Bussings, pi pou, nā apo nui a me nā mea hou cylindrical.

Hui mau-mau & make buring (ka hapanuiʻole)

• Pehea Hana ana: Ua nininiʻia a iʻole i ka mea hao a iʻole i hoʻopaʻaʻia i loko o nā pākuʻu hou (mau loa) a iʻole ka nui o ka makeʻana.
• Nā mea waiwai: Ka hapanuiʻole (AL, Cu alloys); ʻO kekahi mau haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa mau no kekahi mau kila / bronzes.
• Nā ikaika: Hoʻopau maikaʻi loa, nā hoʻomanawanui paʻa, ʻO nā manawa wikiwiki wikiwiki no nā helu kiʻekiʻe.
• PAHUI: ʻO ke kumukūʻai kōkua kiʻekiʻe, ʻAʻole maʻamau no nā'āpana koʻikoʻi nui loa.
• Nā'ōpala maʻamau & Metrics: Nā'āpana liʻiliʻi-i-medium; E hoʻopau i ka SUCUCUM Ra 0.4-1.6 μm; hoʻomanawanui ± 0.05-0.5 mm.
• Noi: ʻO nā mea alohaʻoleʻole, nā'āpana i ka hōʻemiʻana o ka hōʻemiʻana ma o ka hoʻemiʻana ma o Aluminum e makemakeʻia.

Ke hoʻomau nei (kūlāhea)

• Pehea Hana ana: Hana i nā billets / slabs no ka paleʻana i ke kalaʻana / machining; ʻaʻole kahi kaʻina hana no nā'āpana koʻikoʻi maoli akā pili i nā lako waiwai.
• Kū paʻa: ʻO ka maikaʻi o nā mea hānai o Upstream e pili ana i nāʻike komoʻana a me ka homogenety nolstonpries.

5. ʻO ka hana wela & Ka Ho'ōla

ʻO ka hana wela ʻo ia ka mea mua iʻikeʻia a me nā mea e pono ai nā hale kūʻai e hoʻohana ai e hoʻohuli i nā microstructures e like me nā hui pūʻana o ikaika, paʻakikī, E kāʻei i ke kū'ē a me ka dimensional koiʻia e nā mea mālama kaumaha.

ʻO nā kaʻina hana maʻamau-maikaʻi a i ka wā e hoʻohana ai iā lākou

ʻO nā mahana a me nā manawa ma lalo nei he hana maʻamau maʻamau. Pono e hōʻoiaʻia nāʻano hope loa no ka hoʻohuiʻana i ka alloy, ka nui o ka'āpana a me ka'āpana geometry a hoʻopaʻaʻia i loko o ka pepa hana o ka mea hāʻawi.

Sysfe-relief anneal (kaumaha-relief)

• Kumu: Ho'ēmi i nā kaumaha kūlohelohe mai ka hoʻoponoponoʻana, ke akamai a iʻole ke kalaʻana.
• Kahua Pili: Kāhea i ~ 500-700 ° C, hoʻopaʻa i ka hoʻoikaika (Aia ka manawa ma keʻano o ka pauku), lohi i ka mālie.
• I ka wa i hoʻohana ai: Maʻamau ma hope o ka hana nuiʻana a iʻole ka hana maʻamau; Ma mua o ka hoʻopauʻana i ka machining no ka paʻaʻana o ka dimensional.
• Hopena: ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka hūnāʻole me ka loliʻole o ka missstructure.

Hana maʻamau

• Kumu: E hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka Coarsse e like me-hoʻolei i ka palaoa a me ka homogenize i ka matrix e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻakikī a hoʻomākaukau i ka huhū nui / quanch.
• Kahua Pili: Kāhea i ~ 850-980 ° C (Ma luna o ka austetinizing no nā mea hoʻokele), ea-ʻoluʻolu e kāohi i ka palaoa.
• I ka wa i hoʻohana ai: E kāhea i nā mea hoʻokūkū ma mua o ka quanch & huhū, a i ka wā e haʻalele ai ka microstructure.
• Hopena: Hana i nā mea loaʻa, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā micrite ferrite a me ka microstructure a me ka dimensional.

Quetch & huhū (Q&T)

• Kumu: E hana i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ke koʻikoʻi no ke koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe a iʻole nā ​​mea hana koʻikoʻi.
• Kahua Pili: Austentize ~ 840-950 ° C Ke hilinaʻi nei i ka alloy → quench (aila / wai / polymer a iʻa paha) → Kamau ~ 450-650 ° C e hoʻokō i nā mea paʻakikī / paʻakikī.
• I ka wa i hoʻohana ai: CONNE WITS, ʻO nā'āpana kiʻekiʻe loa, palekana palekana-palekana / lawe i nā kinikini e koi ana i ka rm >> 600 Mpa.
• Nā kāʻei koʻikoʻi: ʻO kaʻeha o ka quanity a me kahi'āpana e pale ai i ka paleʻana i ka paleʻana; ʻO ka hōʻailonaʻana o ka hanaʻana i ka hana kaulike e pale i ka paʻakikī.

E wela ana (No Adi - Austempeed Drucle hao)

• Kumu: Hana i kahi matrixtic (BIINATIIC FERRITE + carbilzed carbon i ka austente) No ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe + maikaʻi maikaʻi /ʻaʻahu i ke kū'ē.
• Kahua Pili: Austentize (E.g., ~ 900-950 ° C) → Quench i ʻO Austemperingʻauʻau ma 250-400 ° C a paʻa a hiki i ka hoʻololiʻana i ka →ʻoluʻolu.
• I ka wa i hoʻohana ai: E komo ana i nā'āpana e koi ana i kahi hui o ka paʻakikī a me nā pale pale (E.g., hanakai, ʻO kekahi mau lole lole).
• Hopena: Loaʻaʻo ADI i ke kiʻekiʻe RM (pinepine 700-1100 MP) me ka makemake pono; ʻO ke kaʻina hana a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe.

Annalile (piha piha, palalei mai)

• Kumu: No laila no ka mancinability (palalei mai), E hōʻoluʻolu i nā kaumaha, a iʻole e hoʻihoʻi i ka distly ma hope o ka hoʻoiliʻana i keʻano kiʻekiʻe.
• Kahua Pili: Wela i ka subcritical a iʻole ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (hilinaʻi ma alloy) a paʻa i nā manawa lōʻihi; kāohi lohi.
• I ka wa i hoʻohana ai: E hōʻoluʻolu i ka machining o nā irons keʻokeʻo a iʻole nā ​​mea keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo a iʻole nā ​​kinikona kiʻekiʻe, a iʻole e hana i nā kāmela spiroid.

Hoʻoholo i Airnaal / ʻO ka hopena hana (meaʻole & Duplex)

• Kumu: Wehe i nā manawa a hoʻihoʻi i ke kū'ēʻana; no duplex, hoʻokō i ka ausdite / ferrite.
• Kahua Pili:900-1150 ° C (nā mea hilinaʻi) → Kapu Lihue (Quech / wai) e pale i ka sigma phase a iʻole ka hanaʻana.
• I ka wa i hoʻohana ai: ʻO nā hale kūʻaiʻole a me nā'āpanaʻelua ma hope o ka hoʻoleiʻana / wilding. Koi pono i ke kāohi pono e pale i kaʻike.

Eha hanona & Nā kaʻina hana hoʻonani kūikawā

• ʻO ka paʻakikī paʻakikī, laha halima, carpurize, nitriding, laser cladding, thermal spray - hoʻohanaʻia i ka wā e pono ai ka paleʻana i ka paleʻana i nā'āpana kūloko.
• ʻO nāʻauʻau paʻakai / molt quaden salot Hoʻohana nuiʻia (nui no Austempering); ʻO ka nohoʻana a me nā loiloi e hoʻonani ai i nā wahi moe a iʻole nā ​​wahi i kohoʻia a iʻole nā ​​wahi koho balota.

Koho koho e nāʻohana waiwai (alakaʻi alakaʻi)

• 'Āpana hina: Ka mea maʻamau kaumaha-relief a anneal paha e hoʻopaʻaʻia; aole q&T. E hoʻohana i ke kaʻina ADI inā pono ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ikaika.
• Ui: kaumaha-relief a iʻole e wela ana (e hana ai adi) Ke hilinaʻi nei e koi i ka RM / paʻakikī. ʻO nā irticle irons e hōʻehaʻia a paʻakikī paha a paʻakikī paha no ka macinability.
• Honu i nā kila (haʻahaʻa-alilo):Hana maʻamau no ka mea e like-lawe; Quetch & huhū No ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe; kaumaha kaumaha NO KA HOOPONOPONO. Pono paha PWHT no nā'āpana paʻakikī.
• Nā kiki (Cr-mo, In-cr-i): Q&T e loaʻa i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe / paʻakikī; ke kāohiʻana o ka austenittinizing a me ka hoʻowalewale i pono.
• Meaʻole (Austetetitic):Hoʻoholo i Airnaal a hoʻopaʻaʻia i ka quench e mālama i ke kū'ēʻana; Hōʻalo i ka hoʻowalewaleʻana i nā mea e hōʻike ai.
• Fulex: Hoʻomoe i ka hoʻonāʻana i ka mahana i hōʻikeʻia e Rapid e hoʻomaʻamaʻa e mālama i ka paleʻana i ka kaulike duplex; koi pono i ka ho'ōlaʻana e pale aku ai iā Sigma Phase.
• Keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo / Ka hao nui: Ka mea maʻamau e like me-lawe No ka lole; ʻO ka mālama wela wela a iʻole ka paʻakikī paha e makemakeʻia e pale i ka embritling.

6. Machimen & E hoʻopau i nā hana - nā mea mālama kaumaha

Nā mea mālama kaumaha-pono-mai 50 ʻO KG Tractor Transocking hous i nā mea kūʻai aku i 150-ton i nā kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa-e pono ai e koi i ka machice a me nā hana e hoʻololi ai, nā'āpana paʻa.

ʻO ka hoʻomākaukau muaʻana - e hōʻoia ana i ka hōʻoiaʻana

Kumu: Wehe i nā hemahema, Hoʻemi i nāʻano likeʻole, a hōʻoluʻolu i ke kaumaha kūʻokoʻa ma mua o ka machivaning.

Hoʻopaʻaʻia & Kaānaha

• ʻO ka haʻaleleʻana / puka: Clame cutting (Oxy-Axetyne, ~ 3100 ° C) No ka carbon steel / hoʻolei hao hao; Kā hālani arcbon arc (30-50 v) No nā kikila alloy. E hoʻokaʻawale i ka hana hoʻololi ≤2 mm.
• Pū uilani & Kau i BURR Brinding: Angele Kukau (15-20 kw) a iʻole nā ​​mea koa ākea ākea (1.2 m) E hoʻokō i ka A 25-50 μM, ʻO ka weheʻana i nā waiwai e pale ai i ke kamaʻilioʻana.
• Crack & Nā Huakaʻi Maropy: Iaʻu (ʻaihue kīwī) a iʻole tig (Hoʻohuiʻiaʻo Alloy Kōla) ʻO ka welding me nā mea hoʻohui hoʻohui hoʻohui; post-weld strinding + Ke nānā nei mPi.

ʻO keʻano o ke kaumaha

• ʻO ka hana wela: 600-700 ° C (hae hao) a iʻole 800-900 ° C (Kukui Kekuhi), 2-4 h per 25 ke palika anu; Hoʻemi i ke kaumaha ma ka 60-80%.
• Kūlohelohe'ōpiopio: 7-14 mau lā ma keʻano ambied no ka hao ductile me nā koi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.

Core maniko

ʻO nā wahi koʻikoʻi wale nō (Nā Hila Kūleʻa, e hali ana, mane off mokulele) he pololei.

Nā Kūlana Kūlana (Nā pahu hana excavator, Bulldozer bultemes)

• Papahele papahele: Papahele-type boring mils, nā mea i hoʻopiliʻia, flatefty ≤0.1 mm / m, RA 6.3-12.5 μM.
• Hole drilling & Paio: M20-m60 me nā hana coolant kūloko, Tin-coated hss-e taps, Iso 6h threads.

Hoʻouna / hoʻonohonoho i nā'āpana (Kaukau Hana & Nā Mālama Acen)

• E hali ana i kahi noho: Ø200-500 mm, Nā lāʻau Cbn, ± -2 mm diamet, ratrelione ≤ ».01 mm, Ra 1.6-3.2 μm.
• Spigot huli: Coaxiality ≤0.03 mm me ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka hana ola ma Vtls.

Nā mea paʻaʻole-resistant (Nāʻula'ōmole, Nā niho'ōpala)

• Kūhā: Nā huila maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi (120-180 grit), 20-30 m / i, hohonu ≤0.05 mm.
• Wala edm: ± 0,01 mm tonlerance, ʻO ka match-free match no nāʻano paʻakikī.

Nā koho kōkua - kūpono kūpono

Hoʻopau ka honua: E hoʻopili ana i ka durability & Hui

Ke hoʻopau nei i ka lani i nā mea hana kaumaha e mālama ai i nā kumu kūʻaiʻekoluʻekolu: Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion (No nā wahi o waho / Harsh), Mālama i ka pale (No nā noi pili), and ke kūlike (No nā'āpana).

Corrosionion-resistant hoʻopau

• Kāleka: ʻO ka hopena maʻamau maʻamau no nā hale kūʻai (E.g., Nā kumuhana excavator). Hoʻohuiʻia ke kaʻina hana:

• • Pre-lāʻau lapaʻau: Pana pua (Ke hoʻohana nei i ka chit grit, 0.5-1.0 mm) hoʻokō ia 2.5 maʻemaʻe (no iso 8501-1) a me kahi papa hana o 50-80 μm no ka pena pena.
  • Pnriner: ʻO ka mea nui epoy (60-80 μm maloʻo haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, DFT) No ka paleʻana o ka corrosione.
  • Turcocoot: Polohena Kamaka PourcOt (80-120 μm dft) No ka pale kuko. ʻO ka piha o nā'ōnaehana: 140-200 μM, hoʻokō 5+ mau makahiki o ka pale o Corrosio ma nā wahiʻoihana.

• Wela-dip galvalizing: Hoʻohanaʻia no nā'āpana hao hao (E.g., ʻO nā'āpana'ōpala) hōʻike i ka paʻakai a iʻole nā ​​mea kanu.
  Uaʻokiʻia nā hale kūʻai i nā molten zinc (450° C) e hana i kahi 80-120 μm μm zinc-hao alloy, Hāʻawi i ka paleʻana o ka paʻakai paʻakai ≥500 mau hola (persm b117).

E kāʻei ana i ka hoʻopauʻana

• Kālā (Well): Koʻikoʻi no nā wahi kiʻekiʻe (E.g., Nā Hua'ōlelo Bucket, Nā kāliki Cristher).
  ʻO nā wiy wire (E.g., Chromium Carbide, Cr₃c₂) ua waihoʻia ma mig welding welding, Ke hana nei i kahi papa he 3-5 MM i ka HB ma HB 550-650. Hoʻopau kēia i ke ola o ke ola ma 3-5 × vs vs vs vs. ʻO nā kila kilaʻole.
• ʻO ka paʻakikī paʻakikī: ʻO ka laweʻana i nā noho a me nā nūpepa Axle (E.g., nā'āpana kaʻa kaʻa) ua kohoʻia ma nā'āpana kālā (20-50 khz) i 850-900 ° C,
  A laila e haʻalele, ka hanaʻana i kahi 2-4 mm hohonu mardelitic marestitic me HRC 50-55. Hoʻomaikaʻi kēia i ka paʻakikī o ka hanaʻana i ka wā e paʻa ana i ka paʻakikī.

ʻO ka pauʻana o ka papa'āina

• Paulapu: No nā noho e Ultra-paʻa (E.g., ʻO ka makaniʻo Turbie Hub), ʻO ka hanaʻana i nā mea hoʻohui hoʻohui (Nā Alluna, 0.5 }m) a me kahi papa pale pale
  E hoʻokō i ka papa hana RAC 0.025-0.05 μM a me ka pākuʻi ≤0.005 mm-koʻikoʻi no ka ho'ēmiʻana i ke kaniʻana.
• Hongi: ʻO nā borsinder cylinder cyninder (E.g., excavator still cylinders) ua paʻa me nā pōhaku pale, e hana ana i kahi papa i hoʻopaʻaʻia (Ra 0.2-0.4 μm) e hoʻopaʻa ana i ka aila, hōʻemi i ka friction a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana seal.

7. Nā Kūlana Kūʻai a me nāʻaoʻao e hiki mai ana

ʻO nā mea kūʻai nui e hoʻokaʻawale ana i kaʻoihana hana e holo nei e hālāwai me nā pahuhopu, Hōʻikeʻike Adcenhola, a me nā koina honua:

• ʻAno kukui: Ke hoʻololi nei nā OMS i ka hao hao me nā kila ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me nā mea kūʻai ikaika a me nā mea kūʻai aku e ho'ēmi ai i nā lako lako (E.g., 10-15% mau excavators lighter), ʻO kaʻokiʻana i ka wahie feel e ka 5-8%.
• Hana Kahakai: ʻO ka loaʻaʻana o ka loaʻaʻana o nā mea haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (Furndric Furnaces vs. coke-ahi cucpolas) a me ka recycling scrap (90% o ka hukiʻana i ka scrap hao, ka hoʻemiʻana i nā cockers e 30%).
• Nā mea kelepona smart: Nā poʻe akamai (keka ao, kū) I nā hale noho e nānā i ka hana maoli maoli (E.g., ʻO ka makaniʻo Turbine Hibs me nā meaʻike) Mālama i ka mālamaʻana i ka wānana, Ke hoʻolōʻihi nei i ke ola lawelawe ma 20-30%.

8. Nā pilikia a me nā hopena

ʻO nā hana kaumaha kaumahaʻo nā hana, me nā hopena innovative e kū mai ana e haʻi iā lākou:

• Nā mea kūʻai aku nui: ʻO nā kākā shrinkige ma nā wahi ākea (E.g., 100 MM MMING Truck Frack) ua koiʻia ma ka polokalamu simulation (ke hoʻohālikelikeʻana i ka hoʻolālā alakaʻi) a me ka nininiʻana (hoʻopiha i ka molū i nā kūlana).
• ʻO ke kumukūʻai kumukūʻai: Ke aʻoʻana i nā kumukūʻai kumukūʻai (E.g., steel scrap up 20% i 2024) he hewa i nā hoʻolālā chover (e hui pū ana i nā'āpana 2-3) a me 3d-predd molds (hoʻemi i nā uku hana e 40%).
• ʻO ka halaʻole: ʻO nā'ōnaehana hoʻohui pūnaewele (nā lāʻau robotic) a me nā ndt ndt (ʻO ka hoʻonaʻauao mīkini eʻike ai i nā hemahema) ke hoʻololi nei i nā hana manual, ka hoʻomaikaʻiʻana i ka hana a me ka hōʻemiʻana i ka mālamaʻana i nā limahana akamai.

E koho i ka Langhehe no nā mea kūʻai aku koʻikoʻi

LangHe Hāʻawi i nā mea e pono ai Nā mea hana hana kaumaha Nā lawelawe, e uhi ana i ka hana piha mai ka hoʻolālā 3D, kāheaʻana i ka simulation, a me ka mel e hana ana i ke kila kila nui, E ninini ana, ʻO ka hana wela, Maki, a me ka pale palekana.

Hana kaʻoihana i nā mea i kauʻia mai 50 kg i 150 Tons, ʻO nāʻoihana lawelawe e like me nā mīkini kūkulu kūkulu, nā lako hana, ikaika, a me kaʻenehanaʻenehana.

Me nā mea hiki ke loaʻa (Sand cread, nalowale ka hae hae, resin sand canding, etc.) a he nui o nā kumuwaiwai (ʻaihue kīwī, hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa-alino, Keʻaʻaʻahu-resistant, kila kohu ʻole, a me nā makemake kūikawā),

LangHe Hāʻawi i ka hōʻoiaʻana i ka hōʻoia o ka maikaʻi ma o ka loiloi hoʻohui hoʻohui, ʻO ka hōʻike hoʻokaumahaʻole (UT / RT / MT / PT / PT), a me ka dimensional no ka hālāwaiʻana e hālāwai ai me ka astm, I, a me nā kūlana o iso, e hōʻoia ana i ka hilinaʻi lōʻihi ma lalo o nā kūlana e koi ai i nā kūlana hana.

Hopena

Mea Hana Mea Hana Mea Kūʻai KūʻaiʻO E EMMSE i kahi pākuhi-maskope, ʻO keʻano kiʻekiʻe.

E like me ke kiʻiʻana i kaʻepekema me kaʻepekema metallirgical, E ulu ikaika ana kēia mau mea, māmā, a hui hou.

ʻAʻole e waiho i ka wā o kaʻoihana ma mua o ka haʻaleleʻana, Akā i ka hāpaiʻana iā ia ma o keʻano hoʻohālike o keʻano hana.

I ka wā e hiki ai i ka hanauna o nā puʻupuʻu minings e hōʻiliʻili a iʻole nā'āpana makani, E hoʻokauʻia ko lākou mau naʻau i nā puʻuwai a algorithmic a me ke kuleana ecological.

 

"Ua kupu mākou i ka hao hao; A laila e like ka hao i ka honua. "

- Loaʻa i nā meaʻike