1. Hōʻikeʻike
ʻO ke kinikini ma lalo o ka infrastructure i kēia manawa, mai nā skina turybler e hana pono i nā mea hana maikaʻi.
E like me ka nui o nā mea i loaʻa i ka honua, Hāʻawi ia i kahi hui likeʻole o ka ikaika, NoMame, a me ke kumukūʻai-kūpono.
Ma kēiaʻatikala, Hoʻohālikelike mākou i nāʻohana koho balotaʻelua-carbon a me nā kila kila a me nā wahi kila, waiwai, ka hoʻoiliʻana, Nā Makana, a me na noi noi.
E ka hopena, E hopuʻoe i ka wā e koho ai i kēlā me kēiaʻano no ka hanaʻo Peak a me ka waiwai.
2. He aha ke kila carbon?
ʻAihue kīwī kū i waho e like me kekahi o nā mea maʻalahi a maʻalahi hoʻi i hoʻohanaʻia.
E ka wehewehe, Aia nō ia i ka nui o ka hao (Lia) Alloyed me Carbon (C), ʻO ka maʻamau maʻamau mai 0.05 % i 1.00 % Ma ke kaumaha.
Ke hoʻonui neiʻoe i nāʻike carbon, ʻO ka ikaika a Alloy a me ka paʻakikī e piʻi ana-akāʻo ka lōʻihi a me ka neʻeʻana a me ka wā maloʻo.
Eia hou, Hoʻopiliʻia nā hoʻohui o Mangnanese (a hiki i ~ 1.65 %), Silikino (0.15 %-0.30 %), phoshorus (< 0.04 %), a me ka sulfr (< 0.05 %) Kōkua i ka paleʻana i ka hoʻolālā grain, hoʻomaikaʻi paʻa, a me ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka mancinability.
Nāʻano o nā kila carbon
Hoʻokumu nā mīkiniʻenehana i nā mea pāʻani carbon iʻehā mau'āpana nui e pili ana i ka pakeneka o ka carbon. Mālama kēlā me kēia māhele i kahi kuleana kūʻokoʻa, Mai nā kaula uila e hoʻopili ai i nā pale pale:
| KākauohaHuna | C Pūnaewele | Nā alanui nui | Hoʻohana maʻamau |
|---|---|---|---|
| HE MOOLELO LOT' (Maloho) | 0.05 %-0.30 % | Maikaʻi loa; E maʻalahi i ka weld a me keʻano | Nā paneltotoTetive panels, Nā hiʻohiʻona socialral, koʻokoʻokino |
| Keʻaiʻai waena | 0.30 %-0.60 % | Ikaika ikaika a paʻakikī; ʻO ka wela-mālama | Kauluhi, ankles, Nā papahele, nā'āpana loea |
| ʻOna Manaʻo Kīwī | 0.60 %-1.00 % | Paʻakikī paʻakikī ma hope o ka quenching; haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa | ʻOkiʻana i nā hana hana, punawai, nā wires ikaika kiʻekiʻe |
| Kālai kiʻekiʻe loa | 1.00 %-2.00 % | Ke kū nei i ka pale kaua; Brittle i ke kūlohelohe | Nā Kīkikena kūikawā, Nā pale pale, noho ai |
3. He aha ka mea kila alloy?
kila kila e hoʻonui i nā canibon carbon plan ma o ka hoʻopunipuniʻana i hoʻokahi a iʻole nā mea hou aʻe,
e like me ka chromium, nickel, Mybridelu, vanadium, tungsten, a iʻole boron, e hoʻokō i nā waiwai e hikiʻole ai keʻike i ke kalaka.
ʻO kēia mau hoʻolālā hoʻolālā e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka microstructure o ka micel, Hoʻonui i ka hana mechanical hana, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kū'ē i ka wela, ʻaʻa, a me ka corrosion.
Kalepa me nā micsopy a me nā micsostructure
Ua hāʻawiʻia kēlā me kēia mea hoʻohui hoʻohui i nā pono kūpono:
- Chromium (0.5-2 %) e hoʻolaha i ka hoʻokumuʻana o nā carbie paʻakikī a me kaʻili, Hoʻokomoʻiaʻo Addheret Mile, Ke kāʻei nei i nā pale pale a me ka paleʻana.
- Nickel (1-5 %) stabilizees i ka bhase austentite ma ka mahana o ka lumi, Hoʻonui nui i ka paʻakikī - kūikawā i nā wahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
- Mybrideum (0.2-0.6 %) hoʻonui i ka ikaika o ka mīkini a mālama i ka paʻakikī i nā mahana ma mua o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka ulu nui.
- Vanadium (0.1-0.3 %) E hōʻoia i ka nui o ka nui o ka palaoa ma mua, Ke hāʻawi nei i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e hāʻawi i ka ikaika a me ke ola maikaʻi loa.
- Tungsten (a i 2 %) and Būo (0.0005-0.003 %) E hoʻomaikaʻi hou i nāʻano kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻakikī hohonu, Pauliu.
Nāʻano o nā kila alloy
ʻOiai e hiki i nā hui pū ke like me ka nui, ʻO nāʻelima mau pūʻulu alloy-mau'āpana maʻamau:
| Rytyleʻohana | Nā mea nui | Loaʻa mua nā pōmaikaʻi nui | E hoʻohana i nā hoʻohana |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nā puʻu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa | Cr, I, Mo (pauAw ≤ 5 %) | Ikaika ikaika, paʻakikī paʻakikī, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻakikī | ʻO Chassis Chassis, nā sruptural beams |
| Nā puʻukū kiʻekiʻe | Cr, I, Mo, V, W (Nui > 5 %) | ʻO ka ikaika ikaika a me ke kū'ēʻana / wela | Nā'āpana o Turbine, nukle reactor |
| Nā mea hana hāmeʻa | Cr, Mo, W, V, C (C a i ~ 2 %) | Paʻakikī loa, E kāʻei i ke kū'ē, kū ponoʻole | ʻOkiʻana i nā hana hana, Nā Punches, make |
| Nā mea kanu lāʻau | ≥ 10.5 % Cr, hoʻohui iā ni, Mo, N | ʻO ka paleʻana o ka corrossion, NoMame | Nā mea hana lāʻau lapaʻau, meaʻai meaʻai meaʻai |
| ʻO nā kālaki | I (15-25 %), CO, Mo, No, AL (low c) | ʻO ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe me ka paʻakikī maikaʻi loa | Nā Kūlana Ausospace Strunoneka, hoao |
4. E hoʻowalewale i ka'ōnaehana Aisi Steel hoʻolālā hoʻolālā
Ma mua o ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana ma waena o nā carbon a me nā mea hoʻokele a nā alloy, He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i ko lākouʻano inoa inoa.
I ka helu helu heluʻehā (ʻAmelikaʻAmelika a me ke kila kila) 'ōnaehana'ōnaehana, ʻO nā heluʻeluaʻelua eʻike i kaʻohana kila, ʻOiai ke heluʻana o nā heluʻelua hope loa i kaʻikepili o nā mea i kohoʻia (I nā haneli haneli o ka pakeneka, a i 1.00 %).
ʻo kahi laʻana, ʻO ka "10" prefix hoʻolālā i nā kālena carbon maʻamau, me 1018 kau 0.18 % Kāuʻu a 1045 kau 0.45 %.
Pela paha, 4140-Despite i kona "41" "prefix-resnotes 0.40 % KālekaʻAʻI, Akā ma kahi'āpana o kaʻohana Chomium-molybdenum alloy.
ʻO nā helu āpau āpau e pili ana i nā helu he 10, phoshorus, a me ka silini e kāohi ai i keʻano grain a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ikaika.
I kekahi manawa, Hōʻikeʻia nā leka Suffix: L E hōʻike i nā alakaʻi i hoʻohuiʻia no ka machinipa pono, and Na B Loaʻa i kahi hōʻailona kahi boron e hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī o ka paʻakikī i nā'āpana hohonu.
Ma ka hoʻolahaʻana i kēia mau prefixes, Kwaha helu, a me na palapala, Hiki iāʻoe ke wānana i kahi chemistry maʻamau-a no laila i loko o kona paʻakikī, ikaika ikaika, a me ka kūpono no ka mālama wela.
Aia ma lalo o ka papa helu heluʻehā a AISI / SAE helu helu helu, ke hōʻike nei i nā sub-cusb-cusbon sub-series (10XX-15xx) Aʻo ka mea nui a Alloy-kila (2XXX-9XXX).
Hāʻawi mau nā helu hopeʻelua i nā mea i kohoʻia i nā mea i kohoʻia ma nā haneli ma nā haneli o ka pakeneka (e.g. "18" → 0.18 %C).
| Nā mo'ānō | ʻO ka'Āina mua(S) | Kaukahikiala (%C) | Nā hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi / Nā memo |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10xX | Kālai pā'ālua (C + Mn, P, A) | 0.06 - 0.60 | Kāwīwī maloʻo & nā kākela nāhelehele wela (e.g. 1018, 1045) |
| 11xX | Carbon carbon (Adds S) | 0.06 - 0.60 | ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi (e.g. 1117, 1144) |
| 12xX | Reinfrirized + rephodsphorized carbon (S + p) | 0.06 - 0.60 | Pool-Mea paʻakikī, Palapala maikai (e.g. 1215) |
| 15xX | Kalaiwa kiʻekiʻe (Hoʻohuiʻia ~ 1.00 % Mn) | 0.20 - 0.50 | Ka hoʻomaikaʻiʻana i ka ikaika & markinpalibility (e.g. 1541) |
| 15Bxx | High mn + Būo (B ~ 0.0005-0.003 %) | 0.20 - 0.50 | Hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī |
2XXX |
Nā kāhikoʻo Nickel (Ma 1-5 %) | 0.06 - 0.60 | Paʻakikī, Loaʻa loaʻo Ttyle Low-Temp (e.g. 2024) |
| 3XXX | Nā kila Nickel-Chromium (I + Cr) | 0.06 - 0.60 | Wela & ikaika-ikaika (e.g. 3090) |
| 4XXX | Nā kāhiko molybdenum (Mo 0.2-0.5 %) | 0.06 - 0.60 | Ikaika nui, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion (e.g. 4042) |
| 41xX | Nā mea kanu chromium-molybdenum (Cr + Mo) | 0.06 - 0.60 | ʻO ka paʻakikī maikaʻi & E kāʻei i ke kū'ē (e.g. 4140, 4130) |
| 43xX | Nā kila chrisuum (Cr 0.5-1.5 %) | 0.06 - 0.60 | Ikaika ikaika, ʻO kekahi mau pale kūwaho (e.g. 4310) |
5XXX |
Nā kila chrisuum (ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka cr ma mua o 4xxx) | 0.06 - 0.60 | ʻO nā mea hele wāwae paʻakikī (e.g. 5140) |
| 6XXX | Nā kila Chomium-vanadium (Cr + V) | 0.06 - 0.60 | Pūpuwe & nā'āpana kiʻekiʻe (e.g. 6150) |
| 7XXX | Nā mea kanu lole (W 1-5 %) | 0.06 - 0.60 | Wikiwiki-wikiwiki & nā mea pāʻani hāmeʻa wela (e.g. 7xxx hss series) |
| 8XXX | Nickel-chromium-molybdelum (I + CR + I) | 0.06 - 0.60 | Ikaika loa & paʻakikī (e.g. 815M40) |
| 9XXX | ʻO nā kākela Silicon-Manganese (A + Mn) | 0.06 - 0.60 | Nā wai puna wai, ola momona kiʻekiʻe (e.g. 9260) |
Nā leka suffix
- L: hoʻohui i ke alakaʻi no ka hoʻonuiʻiaʻana o ka manikini (e.g. 1215L)
- Na B: Hoʻohui i Boron no ka paʻakikī (e.g. 8640Na B)
- Huh: nā koi koʻikoʻi kūikawā (e.g. 4140Huh)
5. Nā mea likeʻole o ka hoʻohuiʻana i nā kila. ʻO ka hao hao
Ke alakaʻi nei ka hana mechanical i kahi koho, A alloy vs barbon solel diving nui loa i nā metrics nui.
Ikaika ikaika, Ka ikaika, a me ka defility
- ʻO ka hao hao: Nā helu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (e.g. AISI 1018) Hōʻike i nā ikaika o nā ikaika a puni 400-550 mpa a hāʻawi i nā ikaika a me ka hāʻawiʻana i nā ikaika e kokoke ana i 250-350 MPA, me ka elongation ma ka wā hoʻomaha o 20-30 %.
Nā kākela lole odium-carbon (e.g. 1045) Pushing Thislele ikaika iā 600-800 MPA a me ka hāʻawiʻana i ka 350-550 mpa, Akā, hāʻule ka mea hoʻopunipuni iā ~ 15 %. - Hoʻohuiʻiaʻo Alloy Kōla: Ma ka hoʻohālikelike, a 4340 Hoʻohuiʻiaʻo Alloy Kōla, ua pāʻia, hoʻokō i nā ikaika o nā 1 100-1 400 MPA E hāʻawi i nā ikaika o 950-1 150 Mpa, ʻOiai e mālama ana i ka 12-18 % ewangantion.
NOEHUI, Hāʻawiʻo Analeka i nā mea i hāʻawiʻia iʻelua mau papa o nā carbon i nā mea iʻaihueʻole me kaʻole o ka mālamaʻana i ka nui.
Eia hou, Nā Hoʻohui Hoʻohui-e like me Nickel a iʻole Vadium-hou aʻe.
ʻo kahi laʻana, a 2 % Nā Kūlana Kūʻaiʻo Now-Alloy i ka hopena o ka hopena i hōʻikeʻia e ~ 10 % hoʻohālikelikeʻia i nā kila cr-m.
Paʻakikī a hoʻopaʻa i ke kū'ē
- ʻO ka hao hao: Hiki i nā mea kiʻekiʻe wela-i hanaʻia i nā kilokilo kiʻekiʻe 60 Hrc ('Ōpala pressme c), hāʻawi maikaʻi i nā pale maikaʻi no nā pale a me nā pūnāwai.
Akā naʻe,, E like me ka carbon ma mua 0.8 %, ʻO nā mea hoʻonāukiuki a me nā mea e hōʻeha ai i ka wā o ka piʻiʻana. - Hoʻohuiʻiaʻo Alloy Kōla: Nā mea hana hāmeʻa (e.g. D2 me ~ 12 % Cr, 1.5 % C) Loaʻa iā 62-64 HRC me ka mālama maikaʻiʻana.
I ke kumu, ʻO nā māka wela o Tungsten-Alloy wela (H13) Hoʻouna i 48-52 HRC me kaʻulaʻula a me ka paʻakikī 600 ° C.
Kahi mea hou aʻe, ʻO nā kohola koho pinepineʻana i nā kākela paʻakikī (Cr, V, or w) e hoʻohuli maikaʻi i ka abussion ma mua o ka cementite ma keʻano carbon.
NOEHUI, Eʻikeʻoe i nā alloys carbied-reinfided reinys hope loa 2-3.
Paʻakikī a me ka hopena hopena
- ʻO ka hao hao: ʻO nā mea pāʻani haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa maʻalahi i ka hopena, ʻO ka hāʻawiʻana i nā waiwai V-Nonch V-Notch o 80-120 J i ka mahana o ka lumi.
Eia naʻe, E piʻi anaʻo Carbon i luna 0.6 %, nā mea paʻakikī ma lalo 20 J, e hana ana i ka frittle fucture. - Hoʻohuiʻiaʻo Alloy Kōla: Nickel-bearing alloys (e.g. 8640 me 2 % I) Mālama i nā waiwai Charpy ma luna 50 J a ma -40 ° C.
Eia hou, ʻO nā lekinaʻo nā microtalloyed balota e hoʻopuka i ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe (K_IC > 80 Mka · √m) Ma ka hōʻoluʻoluʻana i ka nui palaoa.
ʻO ka hana momona a me ka pale pale
- Kaluhi: ʻO nā pahuhopu hoʻohui hoʻohui e hōʻike maʻamau i nā palena palupalu ma kahi o 50-60 % o ka ikaika hope loa, hoʻohālikelikeʻia me ~ 40 % No nā kākela kāleka kāleka.
ʻo kahi laʻana, he mea i kauʻia 4140 He palena kūponoʻo Alloy 650 Mpa, heaha 1045 Hovers ma 320 Mpa. - Hoka: I nā mahana kiʻekiʻe (> 300 ° C), ʻO nā kākela kā Carbon Creep Right wikiwiki, ʻO ka palena palena i nā'āpana wela.
Like, Cr-m a me ni-c cr-m-mo-molys sushin sums of 200-300 mpa no nā tausani o nā hola a 550 ° C, Mahalo i nā pūnaewele carbie carbide e hoʻopili ana i ka nui o ka nui.
Nā Papa Hoʻolālā
| Waiwai | ʻO ka hao hao | Hoʻohuiʻiaʻo Alloy Kōla |
|---|---|---|
| Ikaika ikaika | 400 - 550 Mpa (haʻahaʻa-c); 600 - 800 Mpa (Med-c) | 1 100 - 1 400 Mpa (e.g. 4340 QT) |
| Ka ikaika | 250 - 350 Mpa (haʻahaʻa-c); 350 - 550 Mpa (Med-c) | 950 - 1 150 Mpa (e.g. 4340 QT) |
| Kumaikalua (Elongation ma ka wā hoʻomaha) | 20 - 30 % (haʻahaʻa-c); ~ 15 % (Med-c) | 12 - 18 % (4340 QT); nāʻano like me nā mea'ē aʻe |
| Hālulu (HRC ma hope o ka mālama wela) | E piʻi i ~ 60 hrc (kiʻekiʻe-c); ʻO ka hopena o nā cracks quech ma luna o ~ 0.8 % C | 48 - 52 Hrc (H13); 62 - 64 Hrc (D2); mālamaʻia ma nā wela kiʻekiʻe |
Nā Kūlana Charpy (20 ° C) |
80 - 120 J (haʻahaʻa-c); < 20 J (kiʻekiʻe-c) | ≥ 50 J at -40 ° C (ni-bearing grades); K_IC > 80 Mka · √m (V-Microtalloyd Steels) |
| Ka palena momona | ~ 40 % o Uts (e.g. ~ 320 mpa no 1045) | ~ 50 - 60 % o Uts (e.g. ~ 650 MPA no ka heluʻiaʻana 4140) |
| Pale pale (a > 300 ° C) | Ilihune; ʻO nā palena palena wikiwiki | Maikaʻi loa; Cr-m a me ni-c cr-m alloys mālama 200 - 300 MPA kaumaha ma luna o nā tausani o nā hola ma ~ 550 ° C |
| E kāʻei i ke kū'ē | E hilinaʻi i ka cementite; loli | Maikaʻi loa ma muli o keʻano paʻakikī, V, a iʻole w mau carbides; Kaumakai 2 - 3 × lōʻihi i nā'ōpū a make |
QT = Ua hala a me ke aloha
6. Corrosion a me ke aupuni kūlohelohe
- ʻO ka hao hao E hoʻololi hou, Me nā kumukūʻai maʻamau o 0.1-0.5 mm / makahiki i nā kūlana ambience.
- Hoʻohuiʻiaʻo Alloy Kōla me ≥ 12 % Cr work i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ka hōʻemiʻana i nā kumukūʻai corrosion < 0.01 MM / makahiki i nā wahi he nui.
Eia hou, ʻO Nickel lāuaʻo Molybdenum Additions Gading Geding Pitking i loko o ka chrlode-waiwai. ʻOiai he mau pāpale (garvalirigigling, epoxy) Kōkua Kuhikuhi Marbon, Hoʻohui lākou i nā uku mālama mālama.
He ʻokoʻa, ʻO nā mea hoʻonaninani a me nā mea hana'ē aʻe e lawe aku ai i nā pale lōʻihi e lawe i ka palekana lōʻihi ma ka metallirgy wale nō.
7. ʻO ka hana wela a me ka hoʻolālāʻana o nā kila alloy vs. ʻO ka hao hao
- ʻO ka hao hao ʻO nā lako hana wela-anneaaling, hana maʻamau, Quetch & ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī a me ka paʻakikī. ʻo kahi laʻana, 1045 Ua haʻaleleʻo Steel i ka aila i loaʻa ~ 55 hrc.
- Hoʻohuiʻiaʻo Alloy Kōla pinepine pinepine i ka hopena o ka hopena (E.g., 17-4Ph stainless) a iʻole he paʻakikī paʻakikī (E.g., Nā mea ola e pili ana) E wehe i nā peak piak.
Kahi mea hou aʻe, ʻO ka ulia a me ka normability excline e like me ka piʻiʻana o nā mea.
ʻo kahi laʻana, pāmaluni 1018 Hoʻopili maʻalahi me nā electrodes maʻamau, Ma kahi o Austeteticic Stainless 304l e noi ana i nā mea i loaʻa i ka mea pluler kūikawā a preheat.
NOEHUI, Hoʻolālā nā mea lole lole i nā crusters starter a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau i post-weld no nā helu kiʻekiʻe-alloy-alloy.
8. ʻO ke kumukūʻai a me nā noʻonoʻo waiwai
| Kumukūʻai kumu | ʻO ka hao hao | Hoʻohuiʻiaʻo Alloy Kōla |
|---|---|---|
| Mea kūʻai | $500 - $700 per tone | $1,000 - $3,000 per tone (Ke hilinaʻi nei i nā alloys) |
| Ikaika & Ka hoʻoiliʻana | Loli (Meltr ill & remiia) | High (ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau hale, Nā wehewehe pololei) |
| ʻO ka hana wela | $50 - $200 per tone | $200 - $800 per tone (Pāʻani paʻakikī) |
| Mālama & Ke Kekauple | ʻO ka hana houʻana a iʻole ka hoʻoponoponoʻana | Minor no nā mea hoʻowalewaleʻole a me nā mea hele wāwae |
| Ka nui o ke kumukūʻai o ka waiwai (Tco) | Hoʻohaʻahaʻa loa; ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe iā soundEp | ʻO ka loaʻa kālā kiʻekiʻe; uku haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa |
9. Nā noi o Alloy vs Carbon
Nā noi kālepa kālepa
- Kūkulu hoʻi: Nā sruptural beams, hoʻoikaika i nā pā
- Kaʻa kaʻa: Nā Frame, nā pā lima kino
- Poolali & Nā ipu koʻikoʻi: Pono, wai, ʻO ka halihaliʻana
- Peopleʻoihana Pūnaewele: Nā mīkini mīkini, mea mahiʻai
Nā noi koho koho
- Aerospace: Nā Kūlana Kūlana, Turbine disks
- Pono & Aila: Nā Kūloko, Nā Vuserea Valves
- Mana pā'āʻu: ʻO BILER TUBS, Nuclear reactors
- ʻO nā wahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe: Nā'āpana huluhulu, nā mea hana wela
10. He aha nāʻokoʻa ma waena o nā kila elelloy vs carbon?
| Dimension | ʻO ka hao hao | Hoʻohuiʻiaʻo Alloy Kōla |
|---|---|---|
| Kinohi | Lia + 0.05-1.0 % C; mau o Mn, A, P, S | Lia + C + ≥ 0.5 % Nā Kūlana Kūʻai (Cr, I, Mo, V, W, Na B, etc.) |
| NA MANAOLO DOLIAMERA | 0.05-2.0 % | Maʻamau 0.1-1.0 %, akāʻo nāʻano likeʻole me ka papa |
| ʻO nā mea mua | Nookahi (Ma waho o nā alahele) | Cr, I, Mo, V, W, B - kēlā me kēia mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia no ka paʻakikī, paʻakikī, corrosion a iʻole ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe-t |
| Ikaika ikaika | 400-800 mPA (hoʻohaʻahaʻa- i ke kiʻekiʻe-c) | 900-1 400 Mpa (hoʻohaʻahaʻa- i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe-alloy & wahine maila) |
| Ka ikaika | 250-550 mpa | 800-1 200 Mpa |
| Ewangantion (Kumaikalua) | 20-30 % (haʻahaʻa-c); ~ 10-15 % (kiʻekiʻe-c) | 10-20 %, Ke hilinaʻi nei ma Alloy Mix |
| Hālulu (Hrc) | ≤ 60 Hrc (ʻO nā māka kiʻekiʻe-c) | 48-64 hrc (nā mea hana e pili ana i 65 Hrc; Nā Kūlana Kūʻai-hana ~ 50 hrc) |
E kāʻei i ke kū'ē |
Loli (cenete-hoʻokumu) | High (ʻO nā kālele paʻakikī o Cr, V, W); 2-3 |
| Pahuikawa | 0.1-0.5 mm / yr id id | < 0.01 mm / yr no ke akamai /ʻano; 0.02-0.1 mm / yr no ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa-alloy |
| Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua | 45-60 w / m · k | 20-50 w / m · k (Nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa; Mo / w allys kiʻekiʻe) |
| Ka hoʻonuiʻana | 11-13 × 106 / k | 10-17 × 10⁻⁶ / k (Nohoula ≈ 17; Wīwī-M ≈ 11; ≈ted ≈ med 13) |
| ʻO keʻano o ka uila | 10-15 μω · * cm | 20-100 μω · cm (Stainss ~ 70; kū me kaʻike alloy) |
| ʻO Magnetic Permeibility | High (≈ 200-1 000) | ʻAnoʻano: haʻahaʻa ma Austetitic (~-2), kiʻekiʻe ma Ferritic / MartItic |
| ʻO ka hana wela | Mālu: Annae, hana maʻamau, Quetch & huhū | Mea paʻakikī: hana pono, Hedget-paʻakikī, Nā helu helu Qench, ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau hou-welu kūikawā |
Huahuai |
Maikaʻi loa, wawahua, markinpalibility | ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī e like me keʻano o nā mea e koi ai i nā mea e pono ai nā mea e pono ai |
| Huakai | ≈ 7.85 g / cm³ | 7.7-8.1 g / cm³ (Hoʻololi iki me nā mea'ē aʻe) |
| ʻO kaʻoihana lawelawe kiʻekiʻe. | ≤ 300 ° C (ma luna o ka mea e hoʻopau ai) | 400-600 ° C (Cr-mo); 700-1 000 ° C (Nā mea ola e pili ana) |
| Kālā (USD / TON) | $500- $ 700 | $1 000- $ 3 000 (Ke hilinaʻi nei i ka paʻakikī) |
| Nā noi maʻamau | Nā sruptural beams, nā pahu kaʻa kaʻa, Poolali, Nā'āpanaʻenehana'ē aʻe | Na'Āpanaʻo Aerospace, pono & nā lāʻau lāʻau, mana-mea kanu, ʻO ke kūpono hoʻokolokolo hana kiʻekiʻe, olakino |
11. Hopena
Ma ka hōʻuluʻulu, ALLOY KAHALE CELLS vs. ʻO ke kākelaʻo Carbon i kēlā me kēia hana ma kēlā me kēia.
Hāʻawiʻo Carbon i nā mea kūʻai aku, ka maʻalahi o nā fabrication, a me ka hana kūpono no ka hana hana a me nā mea hoʻohana.
Like, Hoʻohuiʻo Alloy-me kāna mau mea i hoʻonuiʻia a me keʻano o ka corrosionion-resisties-pane i nā koi o Aerospace, ikaika, a me nāʻoihana kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.
Ma ka loiloiʻana i ka kemika e hana ai, nā koina mechanical, nā mana kūpono, a me nā kumu waiwai, Hiki i nā meaʻenehana ke koho i ka helu kila kila optimal, durability, a me ka hana.
