Hōʻikeʻike
Astm A216 / Asme sa-216- Kumukū Wricb -ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia i ke kālepa canibon i hoʻohana pinepineʻia ma nā noi likeʻole.
Uaʻaeʻia ka mōʻaukala ma waena o ka petrochemical, mana pā'āʻu, Nā'āpana wai a me nā'āpana'āina, ʻIkeʻia nā WCB Credies ma Gates, honua honua, E nānā a me nā kumulāʻau, pipet complees, pump kino kino a me nā moku paʻakikī.
Hoʻohui ia i nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, maikaʻi maikaʻi a me ka mancinability, a me ka hoʻokele ponoʻana i ka hana mechanic ma kahi puka aniani ākea ākea, ʻO ia ka mea e koho ai i kahi koho maʻamau i kahi o ka hoʻouka kauaʻana a me nā wela nui.
1. He aha ka mea kūʻai akuʻo A216 WCB?
A216 wcb (Astm A216 / Asme sa-216 papa wcb) he kumu nui-kumu kiola ʻaihue kīwī specified for pressure-retaining castings such as valve bodies, Nā Hale Hōʻikeʻike, flanges and vessel components.
It is formulated as a weldable, “low-carbon” steel (0.25-0.35% c) intended to offer a pragmatic balance of cost, whola, markinpalibility, toughness and strength for service in ambient and moderate elevated temperatures.
Typical service guidance places WCB in the range –29 °C to ~427 °C, although the exact allowable working temperature depends on design code, section thickness and required mechanical/impact properties.
ʻO ka hoʻomahaʻana o ka hoʻolālāʻana (He aha ka "wcb"ʻo ia hoʻi)
ASTM A216 uses compact letter codes to describe intended service and relative properties:
- W — Weldable: the chemistry and melting practice are controlled to reduce weldability problems (low hydrogen cracking tendency and moderate hardenability).
- C — Carbon steel: not a deliberately alloyed grade (no intentional high Cr, Ni additions as in stainless/alloy cast steels).
- B — Grade B: a mid-range strength/ductility balance within the A216 family. (Other A216 grades: WCA = lower-strength carbon grade; Wc = higher-carbon/higher-strength grade.)
2. Chemistory maʻamau o ka amps a216 wcb carbon
| Mua | Typical range (wt%) | Hana / effect |
| C (KālekaʻAʻI) | 0.25 - 0.35 | Principal strength/hardenability driver. Higher C → higher as-cast strength and hardness, but lower weldability and toughness; promotes pearlite fraction. |
| Mn (Mang kāne) | 0.60 - 1.20 | Deoxidizer and strengthener; improves hardenability and tensile strength; excessive Mn with S can form MnS inclusions. |
| A (Silikino) | 0.10 - 0.50 | Deoxididhier; small additions improve strength and oxidation resistance during melting; too much can promote brittleness in some conditions. |
| P (Phoshorus) | ≤ 0.04 (Kuhi. 0.02–0.04) | Impurity — increases strength but reduces toughness and promotes embrittlement; kept low for pressure parts. |
S (Sulfur) |
≤ 0.05 (Kuhi. 0.01-0.05) | Impright - hoʻomaikaʻi i ka machinenability e like me nā sulfides akā ke kumu nui a hōʻemi i ka pōkole a hōʻemi i ka paʻakikī; kāohi / pono i loko o ke kaomiʻana i nā ments. |
| Cu (keleawe) | Nāhele - Ç0.40 | Pinepine pinepine e like me ke koena; Ua hoʻomaikaʻiʻo CU CUM i ke kū'ēʻana i ka paleʻana o ka corrosion. |
| I (Nickel) | Nāhele - Ç0.40 | Haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma WCB; ʻaʻole i hāʻawiʻiaʻo Ni liʻiliʻi i ka paʻakikī akāʻaʻole i manaʻoʻia e like me kahi hoʻohui hoʻohui. |
| Cr (Chromium) | Nāhele - Ç0.30 | Haʻahaʻa loa; ʻoi aku ka nui o nā cr cr cr cr crap i ke kilokilo ma mua o wcb. |
| Mo (Mybrideum) | Nāhele - ≤ «.08 | ʻO ka maʻamau maʻamau; Hōʻike ka mea nui i kahi papa kula no ka lawelawe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. |
| Lia ('Eron) | Kaulike | Nā Pākuʻi Base Metal. |
| Ooe, N, ʻO nā mea'ē aʻe'ē aʻe | Nā Papa PpM | ʻO ka oxygen nui, nitrogen, a iʻole nā mea paʻakikī (E.g., Sno, Pb, E like me) degrade ductility a me ka paʻakikī-i hoʻopaʻaʻia e ka hana melt. |
3. Nā mea hana i nā mea hana o A216 WCB Carbon
Ka hana a Astm A216 WCB E mālama ana i ke kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa i ka lawelawe ma luna o kāna Nā Pīkuhi Propertinies, e kāohiʻia e ka chemistry, 'āpana liʻiliʻi, kāheaʻana, a me nā wela wela.
ʻO nā wahi maʻamau o ka lumi maʻamau
(E like me ka mea i hōʻikeʻia e ASTM A216 / Asme sa-216, me nāʻikepili hanana maʻamau)
| Waiwai | Koi (Astm A216 WCB) | Kaonaʻeha (kūlohelohe / ʻO ka Hālāwai Hālau) | Nā memo |
| Ikaika ikaika (Us) | ≥ 485 Mpa (70 ksi) | 485-655 mPA (70-95 ksi) | Loaʻa i nā waiwai kiʻekiʻe i loaʻa me keʻano maikaʻi maikaʻi. |
| Ka ikaika (0.2% Kahiki) | ≥ 250 Mpa (36 ksi) | 250-450 mpa (36-65 ksi) | Hoʻonui me ka carbon kiʻekiʻe aʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. |
| Ewangantion (i 2 i / 50 mm) | ≥ 22% | 22-30% | Hoʻonui ka denimtime i ka nui o ka nui o ka nui o ka helu ma muli o ka hoʻomehanaʻana i nā kumukūʻai. |
| Ka hōʻemiʻana o ka wahi | ≥ 30% | 30-40% | Hōʻike i ka dunctility a me ke kū'ēʻana i ka fricture brittle. |
| Hālulu (Mau Kanaka Waiwai, Hbw 10/3000) | ʻAʻole i kohoʻia | 130-180 HB (e like me-lawe) / 150-190 hb (kūlohelohe) | ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī ma hope o ka mālama wela, Akā ua ho'ēmiʻo Machinability. |
| Ka hopena hopena (List v-n't @ rt) | ʻAʻole i koiʻia e ka maʻamau (pinepineʻia e nā mea kūʻai aku) | 20-40 J maʻamau ma RT | Hilinaʻi nui loa i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, P / s ass, a me nā wela wela. |
ʻO ka huina pāhele liʻiliʻi: ʻO ka mālamalama nui-mānoanoa nui, ka hanaʻana i nā mea waiwai nui / ferrite → Ferrite.
ʻO nā mea i hoʻonuiʻia i ka mahana
Astm A216 WCB Carbon Steel i hoʻohana nuiʻia i loko ʻO nā noi hoʻohālikelike odium-medium, Akā e like me nā kālena kāleka āpau, ia Ua hōʻemi ka ikaika o ka mīkini me ka mahana o ka mahana.
| Keka ao (° C) | Ikaika ikaika (Mpa) | Ka ikaika (Mpa) | ʻO ka ikaika ikaika o Creep (10,000 huh, Mpa) |
| 100 | ~530 | ~ 290 | N / a |
| 200 | ~ 500 | ~270 | N / a |
| 300 | ~ 460 | ~ 240 | ~180 |
| 400 | ~410 | ~ 210 | ~ 120 |
| 427 | ~390 | ~ 200 | ~ 100 |
4. O ka kino & ʻO nā mea hoʻonani o A216 WCB Carbon Steel
In addition to its mechanical properties, 'ōlelo physical and thermal properties of ASTM A216 WCB cast steel play a critical role in engineering design.
These values determine performance under ʻO nā loli hoʻololi, Ke Kauka Kauka, and pressure service, particularly in flanged joints, nā kino valve, and piping components.
ʻO nā waiwai pilikino maʻamau
| Waiwai | Waiwai maʻamau | Nā memo & Relevance |
| Huakai | ~ 7.,85 G / cm³ (7850 kg / m³) | Standard for carbon steels; used for weight calculations in piping and valves. |
| Elastic Modulus (Modulus'ōpiopio, E) | ~ 200 GPA (29,000 ksi) | Governs deflection and stiffness in valve bodies and flanges. |
| ʻO ka laulā o Poisson | 0.27-0.30 | Typical for ferritic steels; important for finite element stress analysis. |
| ʻO Magnetic Permeibility | ~200–600 (pili pili) | WCB is ferromagnetic due to ferrite/pearlite matrix. |
| ʻO keʻano o ka uila | ~0.15 µΩ·m at 20 ° C | Low resistivity, typical of carbon steels. |
Nā'lelo Thermal
| Waiwai | Waiwai kumu | Engineering Implications |
| Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua | 45–54 W/m·K (at 20–100 °C) | Efficient heat transfer in boiler casings and pump housings; higher than stainless steel (~ 15 w / m · k · K). |
| ʻO ka mana wela (Kepana) | ~480 J/kg·K (20 ° C) | ʻO ka mālamaʻana i nā wahi wela a me ka paneʻana i ka cycling cycling. |
| Ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka (Cte) | ~ 11.0-12.5 × 10⁻⁶ / k (20-300 ° C) | Haʻahaʻa ma mua o ke kila kilatitic (~ 17 × 10 × 10⁻⁶ / k), e hōʻemi ana i nā mispabon expanch. |
| TRUFMUSIKI | ~ 14-17 mm² / s | Pili i ka paleʻana i ke kāʻeiʻana i keʻano. |
| Hoʻohemo melū | ~ 1425 ° C | E hoʻoholo ana i ka hoʻounaʻana i ka hana kūpono. |
5. ʻO nā kaʻina hana o ka pahu ceel cheal o A216 WCB
Astm A216 WCB nā mea maʻamau e hana pinepineʻia e Kauhi, Ma muli o ke kauʻana o ka alloy maikaʻi loa a me kāna hoʻohanaʻana i loko Nā Vilves, flanges, Nā kāpili pump, a me nā mea pono.
Ke kohoʻana o keʻano o ke kaʻina hana e pili ana Māhele nui, huanui, Kālā, a koiʻia ka pono o ka dimensional.
Sand cread ('Ōmaʻomaʻo / Resin-berendy)
- Hoʻohana: Ke kaʻina hana (>80% o wcb proform). Kūpono no nui, mea prheys, a me nā'āpana paʻakikī e like me nā kino valve, nā honu, a me nā flanges.
- Nā Mea Kūʻai Kūʻai:
-
- 'Ōmaʻomaʻo (Kāleʻa): Uku haʻahaʻa, hua huahana, Akā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
- Resin-berendy (furan / phenolic): ʻOi aku ka ikaika, ʻO ka hoʻokeleʻo Dimensonal, a hoʻopau i ka lepo no nā kino valve koʻikoʻi.
- Hiki:
-
- Nā Waiwai Kahuna: 10 kg i >10 Tons.
- Timmansional: Ct 9-11 (ISO 8062).
- Paulapua: RA 12.5-25 μM.
- Loaʻa: Kumukūʻai-kūpono no nā hale kūʻai nui; hoʻokipaʻia e komo i loko o nā paila kūloko me nā kaula.
- PAHUI: ʻO ke komoʻana i ke kiʻi kiʻi kiʻiʻia (3-6 mm); pohō i nā hemahema (Ke komo nei ke kaheū, huahua).
Hoʻolei kālā (Ke kaʻina hana-Wax)
- Hoʻohana: Noi no ʻO nā'āpana liʻiliʻi a liʻiliʻi paha IA MEA pololei a me ka maikaʻi he koʻikoʻi, E.g., nā'āpana trim hapa, nā mea hana pump, Nā Pāʻani Pōmi Pūnaewele.
A216 WCB E hoʻonui ana i ka hale o ka hale kūʻai - Ke holo nei ke kaʻina: ʻO Wax Pain → Dememic Shemika → Dewaxing → Dewaxing → Ital e ninini ana.
- Hiki:
-
- Nā Waiwai Kahuna: 50 G - 50 kg.
- Timmansional: Ct 5-7 (ISO 8062).
- Paulapua: RA 3.2-6.3 μM.
- Loaʻa: Hōʻemi i ka paʻiʻana, hoʻokō i kahi kokoke i keʻano, ʻO ka hana kiko'ī maikaʻi loa.
- PAHUI: ʻOi aku ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe vs Sand Canding, kaupalena i nā'āpana / liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.
Nā pāpale pīpī pale
- Hoʻohana: Idium-saized, ʻO nā mea hoʻokūkū paʻakikī WCB. Hoʻohana pinepineʻia no nā holohaʻana, Nā kāpili pump, a me nā awāwa.
- Ke kaʻina hana: Ua hāʻule nā mea maikaʻi maikaʻi me ka mālamaʻana i ka resin subin i kahiʻano heʻekuʻe hāmeʻa, Ua hanaʻo Burt Most.
- Hiki:
-
- Timmansional: Ct 6-8.
- Paulapua: RA 6.3-12.5 μM.
- Loaʻa: ʻOi aku kaʻoi aʻe o kaʻoi aku ma mua o ke kauʻana, ka machining, maikaʻi maikaʻi.
- PAHUI: ʻO ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe; ʻaʻole e hoʻokele no nā hale kūʻai nui loa.
ʻO Centricugual kāhea
- Hoʻohana: Cylindrical a iʻole ke kaniʻana i nā'āpana wcb, e like me Pipaila mau Pau, moe 'ana, a me nā apo pahu pahu.
- Ke kaʻina hana: Ua nininiʻo Molten Steel i kahi ka'ūlūʻana, ʻO Centrifugal ikaika e hoʻokele i ka metala, hana hewa, defect-free frecture.
- Hiki:
-
- ʻO ka lole ākea ākea: Kūpono.
- Hōʻoia: ʻO ka poosity liʻiliʻi a iʻole kaʻohiʻana.
- Loaʻa: ʻO ke kūpaʻa kūpono kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ʻO keʻano maikaʻi maikaʻi, maikaʻi loa no ke kaomiʻana i nā'āpana.
- PAHUI: Hoʻopiliʻia i nā gyometrical cylindrical.
Hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike o nā kaʻina hana canding
| Ke kaʻina hana | ʻO ka laulā nui | Timmansional (ISO 8062) | Hoʻopau ʻili (RA μm) | Nā noi maʻamau |
| Sand cread | 10 kg - >10 Tons | Ct 9-11 | 12.5-25 | ʻO nā kino nui nui, nā honu, flanges |
| Hoʻolei kālā | 50 G - 50 kg | Ct 5-7 | 3.2-6.3 | Nā'āpana waiwai liʻiliʻi, hanakai, Hoʻohui kūpono kūpono |
| Nā pāpale pīpī pale | 1 - 200 kg | Ct 6-8 | 6.3-12.5 | Nā Hale Hōʻikeʻike, Valve SOKES, nā holohaʻana |
| ʻO Centricugual kāhea | Olemela: 50-1000 mm | CT 7-9 | 6.3-12.5 | Pipaila mau Pau, apo, Nā apo pahu pahu |
| Ke hoʻomau nei | Nāʻeiwa & Nā BaRS | Ct 11-13 | >25 | Semi-hoʻopau i nā mea hānai (ʻO Rere no WCB Valves) |
6. ʻO ka hana wela & Ke hoʻoiho neiʻo Thermal i kahi kila Carbon WCB
ʻO ka hana wela e pāʻani ai i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi i ke kāohiʻana i ka Nā Pīkuhi Propertinies, paʻakikī, a me ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe o A216 WCB Candings.
Nā pahuhopu o ka mālama wela
- Hoʻopau i nā molitructure → kaulike i nā kaulike ferrite / peʻa, dissolve segregations.
- E hoʻonui i nā meaʻike → hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono, hoʻopaʻa i ka ikaika.
- Hōʻoluʻolu i nā kūlana kūlana → Hoʻemi i ka pilikia o ka hanaʻana i ka wā machining a lawelawe paha.
- Ka holomua → Ka Lina Holo Hōʻaha (Pwht) Hoʻihoʻi hou i ka ductility i nā pūpū i hala.
ʻO nā kaʻina hana wela wela
Hana maʻamau
- Ke kaʻina hana: Ka eha ana 900-950 ° C, Kōkuhi'Āina.
- Kumu:
-
- E hōʻoluʻolu i ka nui grain.
- E hana i kahi hui nui o ka minifom (ferrite microstructure.
- Hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻakikī a me ka mancinability.
- Noi: ʻO ka mālama maʻamau no nā kino valve, KahawaiOli, a me nā'āpana koʻikoʻi.
Annalile
- Ke kaʻina hana: Ka eha ana 850-900 ° C, lohi ka huluhulu.
- Kumu:
-
- Hoʻemi i nā paʻakikī paʻakikī a me nā kūlana kaumaha.
- Hoʻonui i ka manchinebility (Hoʻohana no nā mea hoʻokūkū paʻakikī).
- Noi: ʻOkoʻa ma mua o ka hanaʻana; noiʻia ma kahi e pono ai ka lōʻihi lōʻihi.
Ke kaumaha nei ke kaumaha
- Ke kaʻina hana: Ka eha ana 580-620 ° C, Ke hoʻopaʻa nei no 1-2 mau hola, lohi i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻana i ka hulu.
- Kumu:
-
- Hoʻemi i nā kaumaha o ke koena o ke kauʻana a iʻole ke kalaʻana.
- Mālama i ka hōʻikeʻana i ka wā o ka machining.
- Noi: ʻO nā hale kūʻai nui nui a me nā hoʻoponopono houʻana.
Queech & Huhū (Koho koho)
- Ke kaʻina hana:
-
- Austenitizing ma 880-920 ° C, ukali e ka wai / aila.
- Huhū ma 600-700 ° C.
- Kumu:
-
- Hoʻonui i ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī.
- Hoʻolako i nā mea i hoʻolakoʻia i ke kū'ē no nā noi kiko'ī (ʻOiaiʻaʻole liʻiliʻi no ka WCB hoʻohālikelike i nā mea hoʻokele aloke).
Ka hopena ma nāʻanoʻike
| ʻO ka hana wela | Ikaika ikaika (Mpa) | Ka ikaika (Mpa) | Ewangantion (%) | Hopena paʻakikī (J, I 20 ° C) |
| E like me-lawe | 415-485 | 205-240 | 18-20 | 15-20 |
| Kūlohelohe | 485-585 | 240-310 | 20-25 | 25-35 |
| Anned | 415-485 | 205-240 | 22-28 | 20-25 |
| Hoʻomaikaʻiʻia ke kaumaha | Like me ke alo | Like me ke alo | Main ↑ | Main ↑ |
| Quetch & Huhū | 585-655 | 310-380 | 15-18 | 20-25 |
7. Machimen, Welding & Huahuai
Markinpalibility:
- Ua hoʻohālikelikeʻiaʻo WCB i hoʻohālikelikeʻia me nā mea hoʻonaninani haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. E hoʻohana i nā mea hana kaʻa kaʻa ma nā wikiwiki wikiwiki; Ua loaʻa i nā mea kaumaha ke ola i ka pōmaikaʻi mai nā hoʻonohonoho rigid.
ʻO ka huliʻana i nā wikiwiki e hiki ai i nā wikiwiki e pili ana i ka hana a me ka pauku: E.g., ~ 100-250 m / min me nā mea i hoʻopiliʻia (nāʻano likeʻole ma kaʻaoʻao-'āpana a me ka coolant).
Alakaʻi alakaʻi:
- Preheat / unuhi: Hoomakaʻia e pale aku i ka hana hydrogen a ke kāohi nei i ka helu hoʻomehana; maʻamau preheat 100-250 ° C ma muli o ka mānoanoa.
- Nā Hihi Kōlea: E hoʻohana i nā mea hoʻokūkū kūpono a iʻole nā mea koho haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (E.g., Er70 series a iʻole ka papa kuhikuhi i kēlā me kēia papahana).
- ʻO ka hana wela wela (Pwht): i hoʻohanaʻia ma kahi e pono ai e code a iʻole e hōʻemi i ke kaumaha kūlohelohe (maʻamau pwht 550-650 ° C no nā kālena kāleka kāleka; E hahai i ke kaʻina hana a me ke code).
- Hoʻoponopono hou: ʻaeʻia me nā kaʻina hana a me keʻano ma hope o NDT / nānā.
8. Kuupuiawi, Kaona Kahua & Nā pāpale
Pūnaewele kūleʻa:
- ʻO WCB ka carbon carbon ceel - prone i ka corrosion maʻamau ma nā wahi palupalu, ʻO ka nānāʻana i nā wai chornant-waiwai, a me ka hoʻouka kauaʻanaʻo Galvanical i ka wā i kauʻia i nā metala noble.
Hana ia i ka wai, pono, a iʻole nā lawelawe ponoʻole e paleʻia i ka wā i mālamaʻia ai.
Nā pale palekana:
- ʻO nā lole waho: epoxy, fusion-boded epoxy, Poelurhane, a iʻole nāʻehaʻeha nui no ka paleʻana o ka matomoshic.
- Garvalirigigling: hiki no kekahi mau mea kūpono, akā ua kaupalenaʻia no nā'āpana paʻakikī me nā maka machined.
- Kukui kūloko: ʻōpala, Ptfe, ʻO nā lining-lining-lining a iʻole epoxy e ola ai no nā wai ulu (maʻamau no nā vale i nā lawelaweʻoihana).
- Mālamaʻo Cashodic: hiki ke kanuʻia ma nā hana i kanuʻia a iʻoleʻia, akā e noʻonoʻo i ka wā i noho ai nā metala.
9. ʻO ka hōʻike hoʻokaumahaʻole & Honua mālamalama
Nā NDT no nā WCB Sturesings:
- Nānā nānā (Vt): ʻO ka loiloi mua-laina no nā hemahema.
- Hōʻikeʻike ho'ālaʻana (T): eʻike i ka poosity kūloko, shrinkage. Pono pinepine i koiʻia no nā hale kūʻai paʻa.
- ʻO ka ho'āʻoʻana (U): kūpono no ka hoʻolālāʻana i nā mea hoʻopiʻi a me nā loiloi volumetric i nā'āpana nui.
- Magnetic Particle (Mt) & Ka wai wai (Pt): nā lawaiʻa-wāwahi.
- Hālulu & Nā Hōʻike Tesile: ʻO kēlā me kēia hoʻolālā astm / asme sampling. Hopena ho'āʻo (Lihua) E koiʻia no nā lawelawe i'ōleloʻia (ʻO ka lawelawe haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa).
10. Nā noi o kahi pahu ceel
ʻO A216 Gr WCB Carbon Steel ka mea hoʻokahi o ka ʻO ka nui loa i hoʻohanaʻia i nā ki'ī I nā mea hana ikaika a me nāʻoihana kahe.
Nā Hana Kūʻai
- Nā huahana: Nā Valoko, nā hua waina honua, Nā Kūlana Pihi, E nānā i nā Valves, a me nā mea kanu keleawe.
- Nā Kūlana lawelawe:
-
- Keka ao: -29° C a 427 ° C (per astm / asme).
- Ka paipai: a i Helu 150-2500 Ke hilinaʻi nei ma ka pā pōhaku.
- Hōʻike hoʻohālike: Kii 600 ʻO nā helu helu no ka lawelaweʻana i nā lawelawe refinery e kuhikuhi pinepine i ka WCB A216 WCB no nā koho Steel Steel koho.
Piping Gittowings & Flanges
- Nā huahana: Elbows, tenate, Nā hōʻemi, ʻO ka mālamalama makapō, ʻO kaʻulaʻula a me nā'ōpala.
Pumps & Nā mea hoʻohālikelike
- Nā huahana: Nā kāpili pump, hanakai (ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā mea e nānāʻia i kekahi manawa), ʻO nā mea hoʻonani.
- Hoʻoloholo: ʻO Boler Fofer Feding Pumps ma ka mana o nā mea kanu i hoʻohana maʻamau i nā hale o WCB me nā pale kūloko.
Nā ipu koʻikoʻi & Nā mea hana hana
- Nā huahana: Nā moku hou, Nā kānana paʻakikī, nā mea hoʻonohonoho, Nā pahu Steam (Nā'āpana, ʻAʻole nā moku holoʻokoʻa).
Ikaika & ʻAilaʻaila / gas infrastructure
- Nā Vearline Valves: ʻO API 6D BLACK VALK, nā hua waina puaʻa.
- Lawelawe lawelawe: ʻO nā kumuwaiwai catalytic, ʻO nā māheleʻokoʻa.
- Nā mea kanu mua: Nā Hale Kūʻai Kūʻai Kūʻai, Nā Hale Hōʻikeʻike, ʻO nā kikowaena kikowaena UPULFURIET.
- Pono ola: Paʻakikī ma ka hoʻomakaʻana o subzeo (-29° C) a me ka ikaika ma lalo o nā ukana tercl.
Nā mīkini mīkini & Peopleʻoihana Pūnaewele
- Noi: Nā mea hana waiwai kaumaha, Nā kākuhi Gar, Nā Koho Pūnaewele, Kākoʻo.
Nā palena lawelawe (Ināʻaʻole e hoʻohana i WCB)
- Nā Mokuna Pūnaewele: ʻAʻole kūpono no ka hakakāʻana, acid, a iʻole ka hōʻikeʻana i ke kai (E hoʻohana i nā cf8m cf8m).
- Mahana kiʻekiʻe (>427° C): Koi pono i nā mea i hoʻopiliʻia e like me ka astm ABM A217 wc6, Wc9 no ka paleʻana o ka creep.
- Nā palapala noi (< -46° C): Ua nalowaleʻo WCB i ka paʻakikī; nā helu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (E.g., Lcb, Lcc) koiʻia.
11. Hoʻohālikelike me nā koho'ē aʻe
| Kūlike | A216 WCB Carbon | A217 ALLOY ALAY CARS CHAREST (Wc6 / wc9) | Nā mea kūʻai akuʻole (CF8 / CF8m) | Ui |
| Kālā | ★★★ ☆ (hoʻohaʻahaʻa) | ★ ★ ☆ - - - - (High) | ★ ☆☆ - Lewale (kiʻekiʻe loa) | ★★★★★★ pio (haʻahaʻa loa) |
| Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion | ★ ★ ☆ - - - - (ilihune, pono e uhi) | ★ ★ ☆ - - - - (loli, kekahi mau pale o ka inidation) | ★★★★★★ pio (Kūpono) | ★ ★ ☆ - - - - (loli, hoʻomaikaʻiʻia e nā lole) |
| Max. Keka ao | ~ 427 ° C | ~ 593 ° C | ~ 550 ° C | ~ 300 ° C |
| Lawelaweʻo cryogonic | ʻAʻole kūpono (< -29 ° C) | Paʻa | Kūpono (Cf8m / cf3m loli) | Ilihune |
| Ikaika ikaika (Mpa) | 485-550 | 550-620 | 450-600 | 400-500 |
| Hālulu (HB) | 140-180 | 180-220 | 150-200 | 120-160 |
| Ikaika & Paʻakikī | ★★ ★ ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ (lawa) | ★★★ ☆ (ikaika nui) | ★★ ★ ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ (lawa, haʻahaʻa loa) | ★ ★ ☆ - - - - (haʻahaʻa) |
| Wawahua / Hōʻano hou | ★★★ ☆ (maikaʻi loa) | ★★ ★ ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ (koi i ka preheat / pwht) | ★★ ★ ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ (ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī) | ★ ☆☆ - Lewale (paʻa) |
| Nā noi kūpono maikaʻi loa | Nā Kūlana Nui-kumu, flanges, Nā kāpili pump | Nāʻaiʻana, Nā Turines Steam, Lawelawe kahi lawelawe kiʻekiʻe | Chemika / petrochemimical, Ke wai wai, SerOSSAIVER | ʻO nā'ōnaehana wai haʻahaʻa / square |
12. Hopena
ʻO kahi papa inoaʻo A216 Sigle WCB Carbonʻo ia ka hope o keʻano o nāʻoihanaʻoihana-me ka loaʻaʻana o nā'ōnaehana, wawahua, a me nā waiwai kaulike e hana ai ia no ka meaʻole no ka corrosive, nā noi kiko'ī.
Mai nā mea holo maikaʻi i nā mea kanu mana, Hiki i ka palekana, ka hana ponoʻana i nā māhele he nui loa a paʻakikī paha e hana ma nā kaʻina hana i hanaʻia.
FaqS
Q1: Hiki iā A216 WCB e hoʻopauʻia?
A: ʻAe-A216 WCB e hoʻolālāʻia no ka weldbility. E hoʻohana i nā mea uila e7018 haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no nā'āpana paʻa (>25 mm) I mea e pale ai i ke kīwī anuanu; ʻAʻole koiʻia ka preheat no nā'āpanaʻokoʻa (<25 mm).
ʻO ka hoʻihoʻiʻana i ke kaumaha (595-650 ° C) ua manaʻoʻia no nā moku ikaika.
Q2: He A216 WCB kūpono kūpono no ka lawelaweʻana (H₂S)?
A: ʻAʻole hiki i ka-A216 WCB ka mea i hiki ke maʻalahi i ka cracking hydrogen (Hic) I nā hui H₂s.
No ka lawelaweʻana (≥50 ppm h₂s), e hoʻohana i A350 Lf2 (haʻahaʻa-alilo) a iʻole a217 wc9 (chromium-molybdenum steel) hoʻokō me ka hana mr0175.
Q3: He aha keʻano nui o ka mahana A216 WCB hiki ke mālama?
A: Astm A216 Limit A216 WCB i 427 ° C. Ma luna o kēia mahana, Hoʻopauʻo Creep Deforceterates (0.1% no ka 1000 hola ma 450 ° C), ke kū nei i ka pā o ka moku.
No ka >427° C lawelawe, e hoʻohana i A217 WC9 (593° C max) a iʻole 316l (870° C max).
Q4: Pehea ka lōʻihi o A216 WCB hope loa i ka lawelawe hou?
A: Me kahi papa epoxy, Loaʻa iā A216 WCB kahi ola lawelawe o 15-20 mau makahiki i loko o ka wai hou (ʻO CORRORAIN REPTE 0.011.05 MM / makahiki). Āohiʻia, ʻO ia mau makahiki 5-8 mau makahiki (corrosion helu 0.1-0.3 MM / makahiki).
Q5: He aha kaʻokoʻa ma waena o A216 WCB a me A516 GR 70?
A: A216 WCB he Kauhi (No nāʻano paʻakikī e like me nā kino valve), oiai A516 Gr 70 oe mea hoʻohāihi (No nā papa pākaukau i hoʻohanaʻia ma nā moku ikaika).
ʻO nā ikaika likeʻole, Akā a516 GR 70 uaʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (-46° C vs. -29° C no WCB).
