Moulage en titane – Pourquoi le casting spécialisé est nécessaire

1. Introduction

Moulage en titane est devenu une technologie de pierre angulaire dans les industries qui exigent des matériaux haute performance et des composants de précision.

Connu pour son Rapport de force / poids exceptionnel, Résistance à la corrosion supérieure, et biocompatibilité, Titanium se distingue comme l'un des matériaux d'ingénierie les plus premium disponibles aujourd'hui.

Avec une densité de juste 4.51 g / cm³, Le titane offre la résistance de l'acier à près de la moitié du poids, le rendre indispensable pour aérospatial, médical, marin, et applications de défense.

Cependant, Ces propriétés uniques présentent également des défis importants. Titane point de fusion élevé (1,668° C) et une forte réactivité avec l'oxygène et l'azote rendent les méthodes de coulée conventionnelles impossibles.

Spécialisé Services de casting en titane sont donc essentiels pour produire du complexe, high-precision components while preserving the alloy’s mechanical integrity and corrosion resistance.

2. What Are Titanium Casting Services?

Titane casting services are specialized manufacturing solutions designed to create near-net-shape components from titanium and titanium alloys through controlled melting and mold casting techniques.

These services require advanced facilities capable of handling titanium’s high reactivity, point de fusion élevé (1,668° C), and unique metallurgical behavior.

Unlike conventional metal casting, titanium casting demands vacuum or inert-gas environments (généralement argon) to prevent contamination by oxygen, azote, or hydrogen, which can cause brittleness and surface defects.

En outre, high-purity ceramic molds (coated with yttria or zirconia) are used because titanium can react with traditional mold materials such as silica or alumina.

Key features of titanium casting services include:

• Precision Production: Ability to create complex geometries and thin-walled components with minimal machining.
• Advanced Melting Techniques: Utilization of Induction de l'aspirateur à la fusion (Vim) ou Induction Skull Melting (ISM) to maintain alloy integrity.
• Traitements post-casting: Processus comme Pressage isostatique chaud (HANCHE), surface machining, et chemical milling to enhance mechanical properties and surface finish.

3. Titanium as a Material – Why Specialized Casting is Necessary

Titanium’s headline advantages—steel‑like strength at ~40% lower density, superb corrosion resistance, et biocompatibilité—come with a set of metallurgical and processing characteristics that make conventional foundry practice unusable.

Successful titanium casting therefore hinges on stringent atmosphere control, inert mold chemistries, high‑energy melting technologies, and post‑casting densification/conditioning.

Thermophysical Reality: Why Ordinary Foundry Tooling Fails

Point de fusion élevé (1,668 ° C / 3,034 ° F)

• Titanium melts ~2–3× hotter than aluminum (660 ° C) and significantly above many steels (often quoted ~1,370 °C for casting grades).
• À ces températures, standard silica- or alumina-based ceramics react with molten titanium, forming brittle intermetallics and oxygen-enriched surface layers.
• Solution:Yttria (Y₂O₃), zircone (Zro₂), or yttria‑stabilized zirconia (Ys) facecoats are mandatory despite being 5–10× more expensive than conventional refractories.

Faible conductivité thermique

• Titanium’s thermal conductivity is roughly one quarter that of steel (≈15–22 W/m·K vs. ~45–50 W/m·K for steels).
• Résultat: non-uniform cooling, steep thermal gradients, et elevated porosity/shrinkage risk if gating/risering and cooling control are not meticulously engineered.
• Expect 6–8% volumetric shrinkage, necessitating robust directional solidification strategies.

Chemical Reactivity: The Alpha-Case & Ductility Killer

Reactivity Above ~600 °C

• Titanium aggressively reacts with oxygène, azote, hydrogène, et carbone, formation Tio₂, Étain, TiHₓ, and TiC à des températures élevées.
• Même 0.1 wt% oxygen peut halve elongation, crippling fatigue life—fatal for aerospace and medical parts.
• Casting Atmosphere Requirement:Vacuum or high-purity argon avec oxygen levels < 50 ppm during melt, verser, and early solidification.

Alpha-Case Formation

• UN dur, fragile, oxygen/nitrogen‑enriched surface layer develops whenever titanium contacts reactive environments at high temperature.
• Mandatory removal via chemical milling (HF‑HNO₃) or precision machining to restore fatigue and fracture performance.

Economic Imperatives: Waste Is Not an Option

Raw Material Cost

• Titanium sponge or alloy feedstock typically costs US $15–30/kg-~5× aluminum and several times typical cast steels.
• Par conséquent, wasteful “hog‑out” machining from billet (buy‑to‑fly ratios of 8–10:1) is often uneconomical.
• Casting’s Value Proposition:Near‑net‑shape parts can slash buy‑to‑fly ratios to ~1.5–2.0:1, materially reducing total cost of ownership.

Alloy Landscape That Raises the Bar

• TI-6AL -4V (Grade 5) et Ti-6Al -4V Eli (Grade 23) dominate cast applications for aerospace and medical due to their 900–1,200 MPa UTS, Bonne force de fatigue,
  and acceptable castability—but only when melted, poured, and solidified under tightly controlled conditions (often followed by HANCHE).
• CP (Commercialement pur) titane grades are used where maximum corrosion resistance and ductility matter more than ultimate strength.
• High‑temperature or specialty alloys (Par exemple, Ti‑6Al‑2Sn‑4Zr‑2Mo) plus loin tighten process windows due to more complex chemistry and microstructure demands.

4. Titanium Casting Processes

Titanium casting is fundamentally different from casting aluminum, acier, or other common metals due to titanium’s réactivité, point de fusion élevé, and stringent quality requirements.

Over the decades, the industry has developed specialized casting processes that can produce net- or near-net-shape titanium components with mechanical properties comparable to wrought products.

Moulage d'investissement (Casting de la cire perdue)

Moulage de précision, également connu sous le nom de Processus de la cire perdue, is the most widely used method for titanium components, surtout dans aérospatial (lames de compresseur, supports structurels), implants médicaux (hip and knee components), and industrial parts.

Étapes clés:

1. Création de motifs de cire: A wax replica of the final part is made, often with gating and risers integrated.
2. Bâtiment de coquille en céramique: The wax assembly is repeatedly dipped in yttria- or zirconia-based ceramic slurry and coated with refractory grains, forming a strong shell.
3. Déwax: The wax is melted and drained, Laisser un moule creux.
4. Vacuum Melting & Coulant: Titanium is melted in a vacuum induction skull melter ou cold-hearth electron beam furnace, then poured into the mold under high vacuum or inert argon (<50 ppm o₂).
5. Retrait de la coque & Finition: The ceramic shell is broken, and the part undergoes chemical milling or machining to remove the alpha-case.

Avantages:

• Complex shapes with high dimensional accuracy (±0.25 mm for small parts).
• Forme proche minimizes costly machining.
• Bonne finition de surface (RA 3-6 µm).
• Scalability for medium to high production volumes.

Limites:

• Size limitations: Most titanium investment castings are under 35–50 kg, though larger parts up to 100 kg have been made.
• Porosity control: Hot isostatic pressing (HANCHE) is often required to improve density and fatigue properties.
• Higher cost compared to aluminum or steel investment casting.

Casting centrifuge

Centrifugal casting uses rotational force to distribute molten titanium into the mold cavity.

This process is commonly applied to anneau, implants médicaux, and components requiring fine grain structure and superior mechanical performance.

Caractéristiques clés:

• The rotating mold (up to thousands of RPM) crée un high-pressure field, forcing molten titanium into thin or complex features and reducing porosity.
• Typically conducted in vacuum or argon-filled chambers with precision-controlled induction melting.

Avantages:

• Produit dense, defect-free microstructures, often eliminating the need for HIP.
• Idéal pour pièces symétriques comme les anneaux, disques de turbine, and thin-walled cylindrical components.
• Fine surface finish and dimensional accuracy.

Limites:

• Shape constraints: Works best for round or tubular geometries.
• Coût élevé de l'équipement due to specialized vacuum and rotational systems.

Emerging and Alternative Casting Methods

Cold Hearth & Plasma Arc Melting (PAM):

• Uses a water-cooled copper hearth et plasma arc to melt titanium without contamination from ceramic crucibles.
• Often used as a feedstock production step for investment casting (remelting and refining ingots).

Casting assisté d'additif:

• 3En D wax or polymer patterns (via SLA or FDM) are increasingly replacing traditional wax tooling, accelerating prototype development.
• Hybride additive + fonderie approaches reduce lead times by up to 50% for complex aerospace brackets.

Ceramic Mold Innovations:

• Nouvelle génération yttria-alumina composites are being developed to improve thermal shock resistance and reduce costs.
• Research on sol-gel coatings aims to minimize oxygen pick-up and alpha-case thickness.

Metal Injection Casting (Micro):

• A niche technique combining powder metallurgy and casting for smaller titanium parts.
• Not as widespread but promising for medical and dental devices.

5. Traitements post-casting

Titanium castings, especially those intended for aerospace, médical, or high-performance industrial applications, require a series of Traitements post-casting to refine mechanical properties, eliminate defects, and achieve desired surface quality.

Pressage isostatique chaud (HANCHE)

But: HIP is the most critical post-casting treatment for titanium, used to eliminate internal porosity and micro-shrinkage that naturally occur during solidification.

• Processus: Components are placed in a high-pressure vessel (100–200 MPA) à des températures élevées (typically 900–950°C for Ti-6Al-4V) under an inert argon atmosphere for 2–4 hours.
• Effet:

• • Densifies the microstructure to >99.9% theoretical density.
  • Améliorer fatigue strength by 20–30% compared to non-HIPed parts.
  • Reduces scatter in mechanical properties and enhances reliability.

Traitement thermique

But: Heat treatments adjust the microstructure (α/β phase distribution) for improved strength, ductilité, et la ténacité.

• Common Heat Treatments:

• • Soulagement du stress: 650–760°C for 1–2 hours to reduce residual stresses after casting and machining.
  • Solution Treatment and Aging (Sta):

• • • Solution: ~925°C (below β-transus) for 1–2 hours, air-cooled.
    • Vieillissement: 480–595°C for 2–8 hours to enhance strength.

• • Beta Anneal: >995° C (above β-transus), controlled cooling to increase fracture toughness, used for heavy-section castings.

• Point de données: STA-treated Ti-6Al-4V castings can achieve UTS of 850–950 MPa and elongation of 8–12%, approaching wrought properties.

Alpha-Case Removal

Alpha-case is a brittle, oxygen-rich surface layer (50–300 μm thick) formed during casting due to reaction with mold materials or residual oxygen.

• Removal Techniques:

• • Chemical Milling (Décapage): Solutions acides (HF-HNO₃) to uniformly dissolve alpha-case.
  • Mechanical Methods: Grit blasting, usinage, ou broyage (often combined with chemical milling).

• Importance: Unremoved alpha-case can reduce fatigue life by jusqu'à 50%.

Finition des surfaces

Qualité de surface is critical for fatigue performance, résistance à la corrosion, et esthétique (especially for medical implants).

• Processus:

• • Abrasive Blasting or Polissage: To achieve Ra ≤ 1–3 μm for aerospace; <0.2 μm for medical implants.
  • Électropolition: Smooths micro-roughness, often used in orthopedic components.
  • Passivation: Nitric acid or citric acid treatments to enhance corrosion resistance.

Tests non destructeurs (NDT) et assurance qualité

• Tests radiographiques (Rt): Detects internal porosity or inclusions.
• Tests ultrasoniques (Utah): Identifies subsurface flaws, especially in thick sections.
• Inspection de pénétrant fluorescent (FPI): Finds surface cracks or porosity after finishing.
• Normes: Aerospace parts adhere to AMS 2630/2631, while medical implants follow ASTM F1472 or F1108 protocols.

Final Machining

Titanium castings are typically delivered forme proche, but critical surfaces (Interfaces d'accouplement, alésages de précision) require final machining.

• Défis:

• • Low thermal conductivity causes tool wear and heat buildup.
  • Nécessite carbide or coated tools, Basses vitesses de coupe, and abundant coolant.

Optional Coatings & Traitements de surface

Some high-performance applications use additional treatments to enhance surface performance:

• Anodisation: Improves corrosion resistance and aesthetics (common in medical implants).
• PVD or Thermal Spray Coatings: Applied for wear or thermal barriers in aerospace engines.
• Choc laser: Induces surface compressive stresses, improving fatigue life by up to 2×.

6. Key Technical Challenges in Titanium Casting

Casting titanium (and its most common alloy, TI-6AL -4V) is fundamentally harder than casting steels, Ni‑base superalloys, ou en aluminium.

La combinaison de very high reactivity, high melting temperature, faible conductivité thermique, tight property requirements,

and stringent certification regimes forces service providers to engineer every step—melting, conception de moisissure, coulant, solidification, and post‑processing—under unusually tight controls.

Below are the principal challenges, why they occur, their consequences, and how best‑in‑class foundries mitigate them.

Réactivité, Alpha‑Case, and Mold/Metal Interactions

The challenge

À des températures élevées, titanium reacts aggressively with oxygène, azote, hydrogène, et carbone, and with conventional refractories (Par exemple, silica, alumine).

This forms a brittle oxygen/nitrogen‑enriched “alpha‑case” layer (souvent 50–300 µm épais, but can exceed 500 µm if poorly controlled), degrading fatigue strength and ductility.

Why it happens

• Thermodynamic drive: Titanium’s strong affinity for O, N, H above ~600 °C.
• Inadequate atmospheres: Residual O₂ > 50 ppm or N₂/H₂ ingress during melt/pour leads to interstitial pickup.
• Reactive molds: Non‑inert shell facecoats (silice / alumine) react with molten Ti, forming brittle intermetallics and raising oxygen content.

Mitigations

• Vide / inert gas (argon) environnements with O₂ levels < 50 ppm (often 10⁻³–10⁻⁴ torr vacuum).
• Inert facecoats: yttria (Y₂O₃), zircone (Zro₂), or YSZ shells (6–12 couches) to minimize reaction.
• Post‑cast alpha‑case removal via chemical milling (HF‑HNO₃; typical removal 100–300 µm) or precision machining / grognement de grain.
• Tight chemistry control: keep O, N, H within alloy specifications (Par exemple, O ≤ 0.20 wt% for Ti‑6Al‑4V Grade 5; much lower for ELI).

Porosité des gaz, Rétrécissement, et défauts de densité

The challenge

Even with vacuum or inert atmospheres, porosité des gaz (H₂ pickup) et Porosité de rétrécissement can form due to turbulent fill, Mauvaise alimentation, or low superheat.

Micro‑porosity directly compromises Vie de fatigue et ténacité de fracture.

Signatures typiques

• Porosité des gaz: rounded pores, often near surface or in isolated pockets.
• Porosité de rétrécissement: interdendritic, clustered in hot spots or at the last‑to‑solidify zones.

Mitigations

• Pressage isostatique chaud (HANCHE): Commonly mandatory for aerospace/medical; Par exemple, 900–950 ° C, 100–200 MPA, 2–4 heures to collapse voids and achieve >99.9% densité.
• Optimized gating/risering en utilisant CFD & solidification simulation (Magmasoft, Procédure, FLOW‑3D CAST) to ensure directional solidification and adequate feeding.
• Controlled pouring superheat: typiquement 50–80 °C above liquidus to balance fluidity vs. réactivité; excessive superheat increases mold attack and alpha‑case.
• Low‑turbulence fill strategies (tilt‑pour, bottom‑fill, vacuum‑assist, or centrifugal) to reduce entrained gas and oxide films.

Précision dimensionnelle, Distorsion, et les contraintes résiduelles

The challenge

Titane faible conductivité thermique et high solidification shrinkage (6–8% volumetric) create strong thermal gradients, caution distorsion, warpage, and residual stresses.

High shell preheat (souvent 900–1,000 °C) adds to mold creep risks.

Mitigations

• Finite element–based thermal/mechanical simulation to predict distortion and compensate in tooling (negative offsets).
• Rigid, well‑supported shells with engineered thickness where needed.
• Tight process window control for shell preheat, mold cool‑down rates, and part handling.
• Post‑cast stress relief / HANCHE to reduce residual stresses before finish machining.

Contrôle de l'inclusion et propreté

The challenge

Inclusions (refractory fragments, oxydes, nitrides, carbures) act as crack initiators, drastically reducing fatigue and fracture performance—fatal in aerospace and medical service.

Mitigations

• Induction Skull Melting (ISM) ou cold‑hearth electron beam melting to avoid crucible contamination and float out high‑density inclusions.
• High‑purity ceramic systems and strict housekeeping (outillage, boue, manutention).
• Melt filtration / refined practice dans la mesure du possible (though far more limited than in lower‑temperature alloys).
• NDT regimes (Radiographie, Utah, FPI) tuned to detect inclusion sizes below critical defect dimensions.

Intégrité et écaillage de la coque

The challenge

Shells for titanium casting (yttria/zirconia) sont cher, fragile, and susceptible to thermal shock.

Spalling or cracking during preheat/pour risks metal leaks, inclusions, and dimensional errors.

Mitigations

• Optimized shell build (slurry viscosity, stucco distribution, layer count 6–12).
• Controlled drying and firing cycles to avoid differential shrinkage.
• Thermal management: ramp rates, uniform preheat, and matching shell thermal expansion to minimize stress.
• Robust handling and inspection protocols to catch micro‑cracks pre‑pour.

Contrôle de la chimie, Ségrégation, et certification

The challenge

Titanium alloys—especially Ti‑6Al‑4V and Ti‑6Al‑4V ELI (Grade 23)—have tight composition windows for oxygen, azote, hydrogène, and residual elements.

Deviations reduce ductility and fracture resistance. Segregation during solidification can create localized property drops.

Mitigations

• Spectrometric melt chemistry verification (pre‑ and post‑pour) avec full heat/lot traceability.
• Usage de premium revert management (faire le ménage, controlled recycled material) to keep interstitials low.
• HANCHE + traitement thermique to homogenize microstructure and eliminate micro‑segregation.
• Quality systems & certifications (AS9100, ISO 13485, Nadcap for NDT, traitement thermique, et traitement chimique) to enforce discipline and auditability.

Charge d'inspection et de qualification

The challenge

Because titanium castings often serve in mission‑critical roles, le NDT and qualification burden is heavy:

• Radiographie (Rt) for internal porosity/shrinkage.
• Tests ultrasoniques (Utah) for volumetric defects.
• Inspection de pénétrant fluorescent (FPI) for surface‑breaking cracks.
• Tests mécaniques (traction, ténacité de fracture, fatigue) et microstructural evaluation (alpha‑case depth, inclusion counts).

Mitigations

• Standardized qualification plans (Par exemple, AMS, ASTM F1108 for cast Ti‑6Al‑4V) avec defined acceptance criteria.
• Process capability metrics (CP, Cpk) on critical properties (Uts, élongation, O/N/H, defect size distributions).
• Digital traceability (MES/PLM systems) et jumeaux numériques to correlate process signatures with inspection outcomes.

Coût, Rendement, et pression de débit

The challenge

• Yttria/zirconia shells, masse de vide, HANCHE, and chem‑milling are expensive.
• Scrap or rework rates of even 5–10% can crush profitability given raw material costs of US$15–30/kg and high processing overhead.

Mitigations

• Conception de la fabrication (DFM): early collaboration to reduce mass, eliminate hard‑to‑feed hot spots, and increase yield.
• Simulation‑first culture: use flow/solidification/stress simulations to hit “right‑first‑time.”
• Lean post‑processing cells integrating HIP → chemical mill → CNC finish to shorten lead time and reduce handling damage.
• Contrôle des processus statistiques (SPP) on chemistry, température, vacuum level, shell thickness, and defect metrics.

7. Propriétés mécaniques du titane coulé

Cast titanium (most commonly TI-6AL -4V, y compris. ELI/Grade 23) can deliver wrought‑like performance when the process is tightly controlled and HANCHE (Pressage isostatique chaud) plus appropriate traitement thermique are applied.

As-cast parts typically show higher porosity, lower ductility and fatigue life, et un coarser α/β microstructure than wrought equivalents; HIP and chem‑milling (to remove alpha‑case) are therefore routine for aerospace and medical hardware.

Propriétés mécaniques de base (Gammes représentatives)

Values depend on alloy (Par exemple, Ti‑6Al‑4V vs. Cp ti), faire fondre, procédé de casting, Taille de la section, HANCHE, and subsequent heat treatment.

Typical specification frameworks include ASTM F1108 (implants), AMS / ISO / ASTM B standards for structural parts.

8. Principaux domaines d'application de la coulée en titane

Titanium casting services are widely applied in industries where forte résistance, léger, et résistance à la corrosion sont critiques.

Below are the main application sectors where titanium casting is indispensable:

Aérospatial et aviation

• Applications: Aircraft engine casings, lames de turbine, raccords structurels, composants du train d'atterrissage, satellite housings.

Implants médicaux et dentaires

• Applications: Hip and knee joint replacements, plaques d'os, spinal cages, dental root implants, outils chirurgicaux.

Traitement industriel et chimique

• Applications: Pompes, vannes, échange, raccords de tuyaux, heat exchanger components in chemical plants and desalination facilities.

Automobile et sport automobile

• Applications: Exhaust valves, turbocharger wheels, cannes de connexion, suspension components for high-performance vehicles.

Production d'énergie et d'électricité

• Applications: Lames de turbine, hydroelectric components, nuclear reactor fittings, offshore platform parts.

Applications émergentes

• Robotics and Drones: Lightweight titanium frames and joints.
• Electronique grand public: Titanium casings for premium laptops and wearables.
• Additive Manufacturing Hybrid Casting: Custom and complex geometries combining 3D printing with casting.

9. Avantages et limitations des services de casting en titane

Titanium casting services provide critical benefits for industries requiring hautement performance, complexe, et composants légers, but they also come with inherent technical and economic challenges.

Avantages des services de casting en titane

Géométries complexes et flexibilité de conception

• Investment casting enables the creation of complexe, near-net-shape components, Réduire le besoin d'usinage étendu.
• Complex hollow shapes or thin-walled parts (vers le bas 1–2 mm) peut être atteint, which would be impossible or costly with forging or machining.

Excellentes propriétés de matériau

• Ratio de force / poids: Titanium castings can achieve tensile strengths of 900–1100 MPa while being 40–45% lighter than steel.
• Résistance à la corrosion: Outstanding resistance to seawater, chlorures, and oxidizing environments.
• Résistance à la fatigue: Titanium castings exhibit high cycle fatigue life, crucial for aerospace and medical applications.

Biocompatibilité

• Titanium’s inertness makes cast components suitable for implants médicaux et dispositifs chirurgicaux.

Économies de coûts sur des pièces complexes

• Compared to machining from solid titanium billets, casting can reduce material waste by 40–60%, given titanium’s high raw material cost ($15–30 / kg).
• Near-net-shape casting minimizes post-processing time and tooling costs.

Limites des services de casting en titane

Coûts de production élevés

• Titanium casting requires vacuum or inert gas environments to prevent contamination, as well as specialized furnaces and refractory molds (yttria, zircone).
• Tooling costs for precision investment casting can be high, making it less economical for low-volume custom parts compared to additive manufacturing.

Complexité technique et contrôle de la qualité

• Titane high reactivity (oxygène, nitrogen pickup) can cause embrittlement or porosity if not carefully controlled.
• Defect risks: Larmes, cavités de rétrécissement, and porosity require non-destructive testing (radiographie, ultrasonic inspections), adding cost and complexity.

Limitations de la taille des composants

• Large titanium castings (>50 kg) are difficult to produce due to challenges in uniform cooling and mold stability.
• The majority of cast titanium components are sous 30 kg in aerospace applications.

Variabilité de la propriété mécanique

• Cast titanium components often have lower fracture toughness and fatigue strength compared to wrought or forged titanium alloys, unless post-casting treatments (HANCHE, traitement thermique) are applied.

Des délais plus longs

• Precision investment casting involves multiple steps—wax pattern creation, Bâtiment de coquille en céramique, épuisement professionnel, fonderie, et finir—resulting in lead times of 8–12 semaines pour pièces complexes.

10. Comparaison avec d'autres méthodes de fabrication

Titanium components can be produced through various manufacturing techniques, y compris fonderie, forgeage, usinage, et fabrication additive (SUIS).

11. Conclusion

Titanium casting is both an art and a science—requiring cutting-edge technology, contrôle précis, and deep metallurgical expertise.

Despite its challenges, it remains indispensable for industries where performance, weight savings, and durability are critical.

By partnering with experienced titanium casting service providers, manufacturers can achieve high-quality, cost-effective solutions tailored to demanding specifications.

As aerospace, médical, and defense industries continue to push the boundaries of material performance, titanium casting will remain at the forefront of advanced manufacturing, complemented by innovations in digital design, hybrid production, et durabilité.

FAQ

Pourquoi le moulage en titane est-il plus cher que le moulage en acier?

Titanium’s high raw material cost ($15–30/kg vs. $0.5–1/kg for steel), energy-intensive processing (vacuum furnaces), and specialized shells (yttria) make it 10–20× costlier.

Les pièces moulées en titane sont-elles biocompatibles?

Oui. Alloys like Ti-6Al-4V ELI meet ISO 10993 normes, with no cytotoxicity or allergic reactions, making them ideal for implants.

Quelle est la taille maximale d'un casting en titane?

Most services limit parts to <50 kg; larger castings (>100 kg) have defect rates >20% due to shell fragility.

Comment le titane coulé se compare-t-il au titane forgé en force?

Cast titanium has 5–10% lower tensile strength but retains comparable corrosion resistance and offers 30–50% cost savings for complex shapes.

Les pièces moulées en titane peuvent-elles résister aux températures élevées?

Ti-5Al-2.5Sn and Ti-6Al-4V retain 80% de résistance à la température ambiante à 500 ° C, suitable for jet engine components but not as high-temperature as nickel alloys.