1. 介绍
CF3 stainless steel, a member of the austenitic cast stainless steel family, is the low-carbon cast equivalent of the popular wrought grade 304l (美国S30403).
It is defined under ASTM A351 and widely used in industries where corrosion resistance, 可焊性, and castability are paramount.
这 “C” in CF3 stands for “Corrosion-resistant”, “F” denotes the steel grade (304L equivalent), and the number “3” identifies its low carbon content (≤ 0.03%).
历史上, CF3 emerged as part of the response to corrosion issues in chloride-rich and welding-intensive applications.
The introduction of low-carbon grades in the mid-20th century was a milestone that enabled the development of high-integrity welded structures without the need for post-weld heat treatment.
Due to its balanced combination of cost-effectiveness, 表现, and resistance to sensitization,
CF3 continues to be strategically important in cast stainless steel applications across chemical, 石化, 水处理, and food-processing sectors.
2. 化学组成 & 冶金
标称化学成分
The typical weight percentage (wt。％) of the alloying elements in CF3 stainless steel, as defined by ASTM A351, 是:
| 元素 | 典型范围 (wt。％) | 功能 |
|---|---|---|
| 铬 (Cr) | 18.0 - 21.0% | Promotes corrosion resistance through passive film formation |
| 镍 (在) | 8.0 - 11.0% | 稳定奥氏体, improves ductility and toughness |
| 碳 (c) | ≤ 0.03% | Reduces sensitization; improves weldability |
| 锰 (Mn) | ≤ 1.5% | Enhances hot workability; deoxidizer |
| 硅 (和) | ≤ 2.0% | 促进铸造中的流动性; deoxidizer |
| 磷 (p) | ≤ 0.04% | Residual; must be minimized to reduce brittleness |
| 硫 (s) | ≤ 0.04% | Residual; excessive S can reduce toughness |
| 铁 (铁) | 平衡 | Matrix element |
这 低碳含量 (≤ 0.03%) significantly mitigates the risk of chromium carbide precipitation at grain boundaries during welding,
making CF3 especially resistant to intergranular corrosion without requiring post-weld heat treatment.
微观结构: 奥氏体基质 & Carbide Control
CF3 stainless steel has a fully austenitic microstructure with a face-centered cubic (FCC) lattice, which contributes to:
- Excellent toughness at both ambient and cryogenic temperatures.
- Non-magnetic behavior in the annealed state.
- Resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in many chloride-containing environments.
Due to its low carbon content, CF3 contains minimal chromium carbides, particularly at grain boundaries.
This improves resistance to sensitization, a condition in which chromium-depleted zones form and become vulnerable to corrosive attack.
Some residual delta ferrite (通常 < 10%) may be present after solidification, particularly in sand-cast components.
which helps prevent hot cracking during solidification, but has minimal impact on corrosion resistance or toughness when kept at controlled levels.
3. ASTM A351 CF3 and Global Equivalents
| 标准 | 指定 | 地区 | Equivalent Grade |
|---|---|---|---|
| ASTM A351 | Grade CF3 | 美国 | Low-carbon cast 304L |
| ASME SA-351 | Grade CF3 | 美国 (boiler code) | Pressure vessel compliant |
| 在 10283 | GX2CRNI19-11 | European Union | 演员版本的版本 1.4306 (304l) |
| ISO 11972 | G-X2CrNi19-11 | 国际的 | Global harmonized equivalent |
| 他G5121 | SCS13A | 日本 | 304L cast grade |
4. 机械性能
| 机械性能 | 典型的价值 |
|---|---|
| 抗拉强度 | ≥485MPa |
| 产生强度 (0.2% 抵消) | ≥205MPa |
| 伸长 | ≥30％ |
| 硬度 | 140–190 hb |
| 影响韧性 (室温) | > 100 J (Charpy V-Notch) |
| Fatigue Endurance Limit | 240–270 MPA (in air, 抛光) |
| 蠕变阻力 | Moderate up to 870°C |
在升高温度下, tensile and yield strengths decrease gradually, but the alloy retains sufficient structural integrity up to 400–500 °C, making it viable for moderate thermal service.
5. 热的 & 物理特性
| 财产 | 价值 |
|---|---|
| 密度 | 〜7.9 g/cm³ |
| 导热率 | 〜16 w/m·k (at 100°C) |
| Coefficient of Expansion | 17.3 µm/m·°C (20–400°C) |
| 电阻率 | 0.72 µΩ·m |
| 磁反应 | 非磁性 (退火) |
| 氧化抗性 | Good up to ~800°C |
6. Casting Characteristics of CF3 Stainless Steel
CF3 stainless steel—cast equivalent of 316—brings molybdenum‑enhanced corrosion resistance into complex geometries.
To harness its full potential, foundries must account for its unique casting behavior, from melt handling to solidification control.
流动性 & 浇注温度
CF3 melts between 1450 °C和 1550 °C, slightly higher than CF8 due to its Mo content.
At a pouring superheat of 1500–1560 °C, CF3 achieves a fluidity of 220–280 mm (ISO 243), enabling fill of thin‑walled sections down to 4 毫米.
然而, excessive superheat can increase gas pickup 和氧化, so operators typically limit superheat to 50 °C above liquidus.
Solidification Range & 收缩
与 冻结范围 大约 60–90 °C, CF3 solidifies over a broader temperature interval than simple austenitic alloys.
最后, it exhibits 线性收缩 的 1.9–2.3 %, necessitating careful shrink‑compensation in pattern design.
预防 中心线孔隙率, engineers employ 方向固化: placing insulated risers above hot spots and using 发冷 to accelerate freezing in thick sections.
Feeding & Riser Design
Given its moderate shrinkage, CF3 castings benefit from risers sized to feed 30–40 % of the casting mass they support.
Finite‑element thermal simulation often guides riser placement, ensuring uninterrupted metal flow into contracting zones.
此外, 放热袖子 on critical risers prolong feeding life without increasing overall mold volume.
脱气, Deoxidation & Inoculation
To minimize gas porosity, foundries typically argon‑purge the molten CF3 before pouring.
They also add 硅 (0.3–0.6 %) 和 铝 (0.02–0.05 %) deoxidizers, which form stable oxides and reduce dissolved oxygen.
最后, a small rare‑earth inoculant (例如。, 0.03–0.05 % Fe‑Ce) promotes fine, uniform δ‑ferrite and prevents microshrinkage, enhancing mechanical consistency.
Suitable Casting Methods for CF3 Stainless Steel
| 铸造方法 | 典型的应用 | 优点 | 考虑因素 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 沙子铸造 (Green or No-Bake) | 阀体, 泵外壳, 法兰 | – Cost-effective for large parts – Flexible for varied designs |
– Rougher surface finish (Ra 6–12 μm) – Tighter control needed for porosity |
| 壳模 | Instrumentation covers, small valves | – Good dimensional accuracy (±0.3%) – Fine surface finish (Ra 3–6 μm) |
– More expensive molds – Best for small to medium-sized parts |
| 熔模铸造 (失去蜡) | 叶轮, medical fittings, 高精度组件 | – Excellent surface finish (RA < 3 μm) – High geometric complexity |
– Higher cost – Limited to small–medium parts |
| 离心铸件 | 衬套, 戒指, pipe sections | – High density – Low porosity – Good mechanical properties in radial direction |
– Suitable only for rotationally symmetric parts |
| 真空铸造 | Critical components in aerospace, nuclear applications | – Reduced oxidation – Cleaner microstructure |
– Expensive – Requires specialized equipment |
| 陶瓷模具铸造 | Complex heat-resistant parts | – Excellent surface detail – Good dimensional precision |
– Longer mold preparation time – Higher cost |
Heat Treatment Practices
铸造后, CF3 typically undergoes 解决方案退火 范围 1040–1120°C (1900–2050°F) followed by rapid water quenching. This process serves several purposes:
- Dissolves residual carbides, restoring corrosion resistance
- Homogenizes the microstructure, eliminating segregation from solidification
- Improves ductility and toughness by removing delta ferrite or brittle phases
Strict temperature control during annealing is critical. Insufficient quenching rates can result in 致敏 和 chromium depletion 在晶界, compromising corrosion resistance.
7. 耐腐蚀性
一般腐蚀
In neutral and mildly acidic environments, CF3 maintains excellent resistance due to its chromium-rich passive film. Corrosion rates are typically < 0.05 mm/year in potable water and wastewater systems.
Localized Corrosion Resistance
The alloy shows good performance in environments containing chlorides up to ~200 ppm:
- 固定性等效数 (木头): 〜18
- Critical Pitting Temperature (CPT): 〜20–25°C (varies with chloride level)
应力腐蚀破裂 (SCC)
CF3’s low carbon content improves SCC resistance in chloride-bearing environments, particularly in the 50–100°C range, a known danger zone for austenitic grades.
8. 制造 & 可加工性
数控加工
CF3 machines comparably to wrought 304, with a machinability index of ~45 % (在哪里 304 equals 50 %).
Shops typically use carbide tools, cutting speeds of 100–150 m/min, and feeds of 0.12–0.18 mm/rev, delivering surface finishes around Ra 1.6 µm.
焊接
Fabricators weld CF3 using 309 或者 312 filler alloys without preheat.
Post‑weld annealing at 1,050 °C for one hour restores corrosion resistance, reducing delta‑ferrite and dissolving weld‑zone carbides.
成型 & 加入
Although CF3’s work‑hardening rate lags that of carbon steel, it tolerates cold forming reductions up to 40 %.
To prevent springback, designers recommend bend radii of at least 3× material thickness.
9. Applications of CF3 Stainless Steel
阀, 泵, and Fittings in Water Treatment
In municipal and industrial water treatment facilities, CF3 stainless steel is a material of choice for:
- Valve bodies and bonnets
- Pump casings and impellers
- Pipe fittings and couplings
Its resistance to chloride-induced corrosion, even in brackish or mildly saline environments, ensures long service life with minimal maintenance.
The low carbon content reduces the risk of sensitization during welding, which is critical for pressure-retaining systems.
Petrochemical and Oil & Gas Components
The oil and gas industry frequently uses CF3 for castings that encounter corrosive fluids, including hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide, and CO₂-rich environments. 常见应用包括:
- 压缩机外壳
- Manifolds and flowline components
- Metering valves and flanges
In up- and midstream systems, CF3 helps prevent stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) 和 点缀, which are accelerated by high chloride content or wet sour gas.
Food Processing and Pharmaceutical Equipment
Hygienic process systems require materials with excellent corrosion resistance, 光滑的表面饰面, and compatibility with cleaning agents (CIP/SIP). CF3 fits these requirements, 使其适合:
- Sanitary valves and pipe fittings
- Mixing and metering equipment
- Dosing pumps and housings
它是 austenitic microstructure, which remains stable even after repeated sterilization cycles, helps meet FDA 和 3-A Sanitary Standards in critical production environments.
Power Generation and Marine Hardware
- Steam and condensate system components
- Seawater pumps and valve parts
- Heat exchanger end covers
Its resistance to aqueous corrosion, 生物污染, 和 oxidation at elevated temperatures enhances component longevity in these aggressive settings.
In marine environments, CF3 performs reliably in both surface and submerged service.
Other Emerging Applications
- Hydrogen handling systems: Due to its non-magnetic and crack-resistant nature
- Semiconductor wet-processing tools: Where ultra-clean, non-reactive materials are needed
- Additive-manufactured cast components: For reduced weight and complex design integration
10. 与替代材料进行比较
Selecting the appropriate stainless steel grade for a given application requires a deep understanding of the performance trade-offs between available options.
CF3 stainless steel, as the low-carbon cast equivalent of 304L, is often compared to related alloys such as CF3M, CF8, CF8M, and wrought 304 防锈的.
| 财产 | CF3 (304L演员) | CF3M (316L演员) | CF8 (304 投掷) | CF8M (316 投掷) | 304L Wrought |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 钼 (莫) 内容 | 不 | 是的 | 不 | 是的 | 不 |
| 碳含量 | ≤ 0.03% (低碳) | ≤ 0.03% (低碳) | ≤ 0.08% | ≤ 0.08% | ≤ 0.03% (低碳) |
| 氯化物耐药性 | 缓和 | 出色的 | 缓和 | 出色的 | 缓和 |
| 点抗性 (木头) | 〜18 | 〜25–27 | 〜20 | 〜25–27 | 〜18 |
| 耐腐蚀性 | 好的 | 出色的 | 缓和 | 出色的 | 好的 |
| 可焊性 | 出色的 | 出色的 | 缓和 | 缓和 | 出色的 |
| 成本 | $$ | $$$ | $$ | $$$ | $$ |
| 力量 (拉伸) | 〜485 MPA | ~500 MPa | ~510 MPa | ~520 MPa | ~520 MPa |
| 伸长 | 〜40％ | ~45% | ~45% | ~45% | ~45% |
| 形成性 | Excellent for cast parts | Excellent for cast parts | Good for cast parts | Good for cast parts | 出色的 (for rolled or formed parts) |
| 应用领域 | Water systems, food-grade parts | 化学, 海洋, 离岸 | General industrial parts | 海军陆战队, 化学, 离岸 | High-ductility, 薄壁零件 |
11. 结论
总之, CF3 stainless steel merges the proven corrosion resistance of 304 with the versatility of casting.
Its balanced chemistry, robust mechanical profile, and proven long‑term durability make CF3 an authoritative choice for medium‑duty corrosive environments.
而且, with annual global production exceeding 50,000 tonnes and scrap rates under 6 %, CF3 delivers both economic and performance advantages.
期待, integrating CF3 into hybrid casting–additive workflows and exploring surface treatments promises to extend its service envelope—ensuring CF3 remains a cornerstone alloy in industrial applications.
狼河 如果您需要高质量的话，是制造需求的理想选择 不锈钢铸件.
FAQs on CF3 Stainless Steel
Is CF3 Stainless Steel suitable for high-temperature applications?
CF3 is generally suitable for moderate-temperature applications (up to about 800°F or 427°C).
For higher temperatures, or when 氧化抗性 at elevated temperatures is critical,
other grades like CF8M 或者 316 不锈钢 may be more appropriate due to their enhanced high-temperature properties.
Can CF3 be welded?
是的, CF3 stainless steel is highly 可焊接. Its low carbon content minimizes the risk of carbide formation during welding, reducing the chances of intergranular corrosion.
然而, it is always recommended to use appropriate welding techniques 和 post-weld heat treatments when working with this material in critical applications.
Is CF3 Suitable for Cryogenic Applications?
是的, CF3 exhibits good toughness at low temperatures, making it suitable for use in cryogenic applications such as liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage and transportation.
Can CF3 Be Heat Treated?
CF3 is generally not heat treatable for strengthening purposes. 然而, it can be annealed to relieve stresses and improve machinability.
How does CF3 Stainless Steel perform in seawater?
CF3 offers moderate resistance to seawater corrosion, but it is not as resistant as CF3M or CF8M, which have enhanced chloride resistance due to the presence of 钼.
在 海洋环境 with high salinity, CF3 may experience some 点腐蚀 随着时间的推移, so CF3M or CF8M might be more suitable.
How should CF3 Stainless Steel be maintained?
Regular maintenance of CF3 stainless steel includes:
- 打扫: Removing contaminants such as chlorine, 盐, and chemicals that could cause localized corrosion.
- 检查: Checking for any signs of 点缀 或者 缝隙腐蚀, 特别是在 海洋 或者 chemical environments.
- 焊接: Ensuring proper 后焊接 热处理 to avoid cracking or sensitization.
Can CF3 Stainless Steel be used in food contact applications?
是的, CF3 is often used in 食品加工设备 由于它的 耐腐蚀性 和 ease of cleaning.
It complies with FDA 和 3-A Sanitary Standards, 使其成为合适的选择 卫生 阀, 泵, 和管道系统.
