ʻO nā mea piʻi kila lāʻau lapaʻau lāʻau lapaʻau lāʻau lapaʻau

1. Hōʻikeʻike

ʻO ka hana uluʻana o nā mea lapaʻau i loko o ke olakino e alakaʻi i ka noi no nā mea waiwai e hoʻohui i ka bioompatibial, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, A me ka hana mechanical.

ʻO ka papa hana o ka lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻonui ai i nā mea kila kila e hoʻonui ai i ka Durability a me ka pololei o nā'āpana koʻikoʻi, ʻO ka hōʻemiʻana i nā hana hana a me ka hōʻoiaʻana i ka hilinaʻi lōʻihi.

ʻo kahi laʻana, Hōʻike nā noiʻi e hoʻohana ana i nā mea iʻikeʻia e nā mea i hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā kumukūʻai e pili ana i nā kumukūʻai e pono ai 25%, ʻO ka mea nui e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā hopena hoʻomanawanui a hōʻemi i nā kumukūʻai olakino.

Eia hou, ʻO kēia mau mea hoʻowalewale i ka hana hoʻoweliweliʻana e nā kaʻina hana e hālāwai me nā kūlana regulatory, e hiki ai i ka hana wikiwiki ke mālama i ka maikaʻi.

Ma kēiaʻatikala, Hāʻawi mākou i kahi loiloi helu helu multibansal, ʻO nāʻenehana hana, honua mālamalama, a me na noi noi,

Ke hōʻike nei i ka hōʻikeʻana i keʻano o kēia mau hale kūʻai i kaʻenehana olakino olakino.

2. ʻO nā waihona kālā o ke kila kila kila

ʻO ka papa inoa o ka lāʻau lapaʻau no ke olakino he nui i nā noi koʻikoʻi ma muli o ke olakino ma muli o kāna biocompatibility, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, a me ka ikaika ikaika.

Hoʻopili kēia'āpana i nā hiʻohiʻona kūpono o nāʻano kila maikaʻiʻole,

Eʻimi i kānaʻano hoʻohālikelike a me nā metallirgy, a hoʻohālikelike i nā helu maʻamau e kōkua i ka weheweheʻana i kā lākou mau noi kūikawā.

Wehewehe a me nā hiʻohiʻona

ʻO ka papa inoa o ka Medical Remal e like me "Keʻena olakino" i ka wā e hālāwai ai me nā kūlana ikaika no ka palekana a me ka hana ma nā'ōnaehana olakino.

ʻO nā helu maʻamau i hoʻohanaʻia e pili ana i ka 316l, 317L, a me nā mea'ē aʻe'ē aʻe. ʻO kēia mau mea e hāʻawi mau ai:

• Keia Riana: E hōʻemi lākou i nā hopena maikaʻi, Ke hoʻomau nei lākou iā lākou no ka lōʻihi lōʻihi.
• Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion: Ke pale aku nei lākou i ka degradation i loko o nā wai wai, e hōʻoia ana i ka paʻa a me ka lōʻihi.
• Ka ikaika ikaika: Hāʻawi lākou i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me kaʻehaʻeha i ke koʻikoʻi no nā mea kanu a me nā mea hana maikaʻi.
• Nā waiwai non-magnetic: Pono no nā mea hana i hoʻohanaʻia i loko o ka mea i hōʻikeʻia ma keʻano (Mri), hōʻoia i ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana me nā lako hana diagnostic.

Kemikela chemtical a me ke metallinggy

ʻO ka hana o ka lāʻau lapaʻau lāʻau lapaʻau lāʻau lapaʻau e pili ana i kāna mau mea kanu pono. Komo nā mea nui:

• Chromium: E hana i kahi'āpana o ka oxtide paila e pale aku ai i ka corrosione.
• Nickel: Hoʻonui i ka ductitility a me ka ikaika i ka wā e hāʻawi ai i ka biocomopibility.
• Mybrideum: Hoʻonui i ke kū'ē i ka pitting a me nā crevice corrosion, nui loa i nā wahi waiwai-waiwai.

Eia hou, ka mālamaʻana i kahi microstructure i kālaiʻia.

ʻO nā mea hana e hana i nā hana metallurgical holomua e hōʻoia i ka hoʻonohonohoʻana i keʻano, e hoʻomaikaʻi nuiʻia i ka hana me ka hana o ka mea hana.

ʻo kahi laʻana, Ke hoʻoikaika nei i nā kaʻina hoʻohālikelike e hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī a hōʻemi i nā kaumaha kūloko, hope loa e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka hilinaʻi o nā mea hoʻonaninani.

Hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike o nā helu

Nā'āpana likeʻole o nā kila lāʻau lapaʻau e hāʻawi ai i nā pono o nā loaʻa kālā. ʻo kahi laʻana:

316L fesalless kila:

• KA MANAWA: Hāʻawi i kahi kaulike maikaʻi loa o ke kumukūʻai, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, a me ka ikaika ikaika.
• Noi: I hoʻohana pinepineʻia i nā mea kūʻai, nā mea kani, a me nā mea hana ma kahi o nā corrosition corrosion constance.

317L fesalless kila:

• KA MANAWA: Aia nā pae kiʻekiʻe, Hāʻawi i ka paleʻana i ke kū'ēʻana.
• Noi: Makemakeʻia ma nā wahi likeʻole e like me nā mea niho niho a iʻole nā ​​mea hana i hōʻikeʻia i nāʻike chloride kiʻekiʻe.

Nā maʻi hou:

• KA MANAWA: Hanaʻia no nā noi kūikawā e koi ana i nāʻano hana kiko'ī, e like me ka hana i hanaʻia e pili ana i nā mea i hoʻoponoponoʻia a iʻole i hoʻololiʻia nā waiwai magnetic.
• Noi: ʻO nā mea maʻi a me nā mea hana kūpono a me nā mea hana maikaʻi loa.

Nā hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike:

Kumu	Nā mea nui loa	ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka mua	Nā noi maʻamau
316L	Cr, I, Mo	Kumukūʻai-maikaʻi, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosion Corrossion	Nā manaʻo, nā mea kani
317L	Cr, I, Mo (ʻoi aku ka nui)	Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosion Corrosiotion	Nā leka detal, ʻO nā mea kūpono kiʻekiʻe
Kāiʻia	Nāʻokoʻa	Nā waiwai maʻamau i hoʻopaʻaʻia i nā noi	Nā Hana Hana Kūʻai

3. Nāʻepekemaʻepekema a me nā waiwai

ʻO nā mea kila kila kila e loaʻa ai nā mea kila kila i ka hana ma luna o ka hana koʻikoʻi mai kahi weheweheʻana i kaʻepekema a me kaʻenehana.

ʻO ka counteron a me ke kū'ēʻana

ʻO ka papa hana ma keʻano o keʻano o keʻano o keʻano o ka biocoms ma ka biocompatibility, mua ma muli o kāna hana paʻaʻana i keʻano.

ʻO ka heleʻana o ka chromium e hana ana i kahi papa o ka paltide palve, ʻo ia ka mea nui no keʻano lōʻihi lōʻihi.

ʻo kahi laʻana, Ua hōʻikeʻia nā haʻawina lapaʻau e hana ana i nā mea i hanaʻia mai ka lā 316L 95% o kā lākou corrosion e kū'ē ana ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki o kaʻikeʻana i nā wai wai.

Nā Pāʻani Kiʻi:

• Hoʻolālāʻo Ovele Oxey: Ua hanaʻo Chromium me ka oxygen e hana i kahi paʻa, ka ho'ōlaʻana iāʻoe iho.
• Haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa: Mālama i nā kūlike me nā'āpana kanaka, ʻO ka hōʻemiʻana i ka maʻi maʻi a me nā pilikia rejection.

Nā Pīkuhi Propertinies

Pono nā mea olakino e hoʻopau i nā mea hana ikaika a me ka loaʻaʻana o ka cyclic, ka hanaʻana i ka ikaika o ka hana waiwai.

Hāʻawi kēia mau mea kūʻai aku i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ʻO ka paleʻana o ka momona, a me ka hopena o ka paleʻana i nā kūlana kūpono loa no nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā mea aʻo.

• ʻO ka ikaika ikaika a me ka hōʻehaʻana:
  Hōʻike nā hōʻailona o ke Kauka Pūnaewele, hiki ke hōʻoia i nā mea i hiki ke mālama i ke kaumaha mauʻole me kaʻole o ka hāʻuleʻole.
  ʻo kahi laʻana, 316L stainless steel maʻamau e hōʻike pinepine i nā ikaika o ka ikaika a puni 550 Mpa, ʻO ke koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻouka kauaʻana.
• Hopena kū'ē:
  Hoʻonuiʻia ma o kaʻoihanaʻenehanaʻo Microstructun a me ka mālama wela, ʻO nā mea waiwai maikaʻi loa e hoʻopiliʻia i nā hana i nā kaʻina hana.
  ʻO ka pauʻana o ka hoʻopauʻana i nā mea liʻiliʻi, ka hōʻemiʻana i ka hopena o ka loaʻaʻole o ka hōʻeha.

ʻO ka hana wela a me nā loli

ʻO nā hana wela wela a me nā hana uila i hoʻohālikelikeʻia i ka Michikolize i ka Microstructure o nā kila kila, hopena i ka hana maikaʻiʻana a me ka hana corrosione.

ʻO nā mea mālama wela:

• Annalile: E hōʻoluʻolu i nā kaumaha kūloko a hōʻoia i ka hoʻolālā grain, e alakaʻi ana e hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī.
• Electropophinging a: E wehe i nā mea nui a me ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka hoʻokumuʻana o kahi papa kūʻai, No laila ke kū'ēʻana i ke kū'ēʻana.

Nanostructreaming a me nā lole lole:

Hōʻike hou nā noiʻi hou e pili ana i ka hoʻopiliʻana iā Nanostructited Coatistors hiki ke hōʻemi i ka lole i hoʻopaʻaʻia e 20%,

E like me ka hōʻikeʻana Nā Kūlana Mokua (2024). Ua hoʻonuiʻia kēia mau hana i ka hana holoʻokoʻa a me ka hana o nā polokalamu lapaʻau.

Ka hopena o ka hoʻopauʻana a me nā micsstructure

He lealea, ʻO ka paleʻana i ka paleʻana i ka papa hana i kahi hana koʻikoʻi ma ka liʻiliʻiʻana i ka liʻiliʻi a me nā lole, mau i nā mea hana a me nā mea hana hana e pono ai e pono ai.

Loaʻa i nāʻenehana Polani Polani a me nā mālamaʻana i nā hana i hiki ke hoʻokō i ka huahana hope loa e hālāwai me nā kūlana kūpono kūpono.

E hoʻoholo ana ka Microstrutory i ka hopena o ka mea e pane aku ai i ka mea e pili ana i ka loaʻaʻana o ka cyclic a me nā hopena.

Hoʻohana nā mea hana hana i ka ho'ōlaʻana a me nā kaʻina hana e hoʻokō ai i kahi hoʻolālā palaoa, nā mea i unuhi pololei i loko o nā waiwai mechanical maʻamau ma waena o ke kāʻeiʻana.

Hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike

Aia ma lalo nei he papaʻaina e hōʻuluʻulu i nā waiwai koʻikoʻi o nā mea kūʻai aku o nā lāʻau lapaʻau maʻamau:

Waiwai	316L	317L	Nā maʻi hou
Keia Riana	Kūpono	Kūpono (ʻOi aku ka nui)	Tailored no nā noi kiko'ī
Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion	>95% E hoʻomau ma hope o ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka lōʻihi	ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi ma nā wahi kūwaho	Ua hoʻohanaʻia me nā lole
Ikaika ikaika	~ 550 mpa	~ 560 mPA	Nāʻano maʻamau e pili ana i ka hanaʻana
Hoʻopau i ka hopena	Kiʻekiʻe me ka electrophishinging	Kiʻekiʻe loa me nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa holomua	Optimelized no nā pono kūpono
Kūpono kūpono	Nā Kahu Lahui, Nā Hana Hana Kūʻai	ʻO nā mea kūpono kiʻekiʻe, Nā noi Dental	Nā mea maʻi pilikino

4. Nā kaʻina hana hana no nā kila kila kila

Nā hana kīwī

Hoʻohana nā mea hana i nāʻano kūʻai aku e hiki ai ke hoʻokō pololei, ʻO nā mea kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe:

• Hoʻolei kālā (Nalowale-wax casting): Kūpono no ka hoʻoikaikaʻana, ʻO nā'āpana likeʻole e like me nā mea e like me nā mea hana dental a me nā mea hana hana.
• Sand cread: He kūpono no nā'āpana nui i kahi e pono ai ke kumukūʻai kumukūʻai.
• Nā hana hybrid me ka hana hoʻohui hoʻohui: 3D-PRDTED MODD e hiki ai i ka SPODSPID SPODYPTPPTPPTPE a me ka hana maʻamau, Hoʻopili i nā kaʻina hana hana.

Nā noʻonoʻo kānāwai

E koho nā mea mīkini i nā hoʻolālā i kāheaʻia ma o ka nānāʻana:

• Kokoke kokoke: Ho'ēmi i ka post-shoping machining a mālama i ka hoʻolālā hoʻolālā.
• Hoʻopau ʻili: Hoʻokō i nā papa inoa biocompatible ma o ka electrophishinging a me ka hoʻolaha.
• Hoʻolālā no ka mea hana hana: E hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka hana a me nā maikaʻi ma waena o nā pūʻulu hana.

  

ʻO nā hana mālama

Ma hope o ka hoʻoleiʻana, nā'āpana i lalo:

• ʻO ka mālama wela a me ka polishing: E hoʻonui i nā meaʻike a me ka maikaʻi.
• Hoʻolauna: E hōʻoia i kahi maʻemaʻe, corrosionion-resistant.
• Sterlilization: Mālama i nāʻano kūpono, pono no nā noi olakino.

5. Honua mālamalama, Nā kūlana, a me nā hōʻoia

ʻO ka hōʻoiaʻana i ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe loa he paramount i ka hana lapaʻau ma ka hana lapaʻau.

Hoʻohana nā mea hana i nā hana hoʻomalu o ka mea e hōʻoia ai i nā mea e hoʻokō ai i nā mea e hālāwai ai a iʻole ma mua o nā kūlanaʻoihana.

ʻO nā hana hōʻoia maikaʻi

• ʻO ka hōʻike hoʻokaumahaʻole (Ndt): X-ray inforst, ʻO ka ho'āʻoʻana, A loaʻa ka nānāʻana o DY ADVER PERVERITANT E nānā i nā hemahema o loko me kaʻole o ka hoʻopiliʻana i nā mea.
• ʻO ka hōʻoia o ka dimedonal: Hoʻonohonoho i nā mīkini hōʻailona (Cmm) E hōʻoia i kēlā me kēia'āpana e pili ana i nā mea e pono ai.
• Microstructural: E hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka hana stain stain a me ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana o ka papa.

Nā pono honua honua a me nā pono hoʻoponopono

Pono e pono nā mea kūʻai aku o nā mea kūʻai aku me nā mea kilokilo e like me nā kūlana e like me:

• Astm F138 / F139 a me ISO 5832-1: E hoʻolako i nā papa inoa no ka biocompatibility a me ka hana mechanical o nā mea hoʻonaninani.
• Nā Kūlana FDA a meʻEulopa MDR: E hōʻoia i nā mea e hoʻokō i nā mea palekana a me nā kuleana kūpono.

Nā Kūlana Kūʻai

ʻO nā mea hana e pili ana i nā protocols hōʻoia hōʻoia e hōʻoia i ka traceability,

CANCH CITISE, a me ka hoʻokōʻana me nā hoʻokolohua biocompatical, ʻO ka kūkuluʻana i ka hilinaʻi i waena o nā mea mālama olakino a me nā kino regulatory.

6. Nā noi a me nā hana hana

Nā maʻi lapaʻau a me nā mea hana

ʻO ka papa hana o ka lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā mea kilokilo maikaʻiʻole i kahi hana koʻikoʻi ma nā noi likeʻole:

• ʻO nā mea hana ortthopedic: ʻO ka hip a me nā kuli ke hilinaʻi i ka ikaika a me ka lōʻihi o ka ikaika o 316l / 317l hale kūʻai.
• Nā leka detal: Mālama i nā mea i hoʻokaʻawaleʻia i nā'āpana.
• Nā'āpana kāleka cardiovasculat: Kākoʻo nā mea kūʻai aku i nā hoʻolālā paʻakikī paʻakikī e mālama i ka Ctasel State.
• Nā mea kani: Nā mea hana e like me nā kaha, 'ōī, a me nā clamps pōmaikaʻi mai nā mea hana maikaʻi loa a me nā meaʻoleʻole o kēia mau kumuwaiwai.

  

Nā noi lapaʻau'ē aʻe

Ma waho aʻe o nā mea kūʻai, ʻO kēia mau hale kūʻai:

• Nā lako hana diagnostic: Nā hui ma nā polokalamu mri-palekana a me ka noʻonoʻoʻana i nā mea hana.
• ʻO nā mea maʻi pilikino: Mālamaʻo ka mea kūʻai aku i ka hana rapid o nā mea hana o nā mea hana hana e hana i nā hopena o ka holomua.

ʻO nā pōmaikaʻi waiwai a me nā pono

ʻO nā mea i loaʻa i nā mea i loaʻa i nā mea e hōʻemi ai i nā mea hoʻoponopono hou a me nā pono mālama mālama pono, nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa lōʻihi.

Hōʻike nā haʻawina i kēlā me kēia maikaʻi i hoʻomaikaʻiʻia e hōʻemi i nā uku a hikiʻole i ka 15%, ʻO ka hāʻawiʻana i nā hopena maikaʻi loa a hoʻonuiʻia i ke kumukūʻai.

7. Nā pilikia a me nā hopena o nā kila kila kila

Nā Pūnaewele Hōʻailona

Biocompatibility a me Nickel Sentitivity

• Paʻakikī: ʻOiaiʻo 316l stainless steel (18% Cr, 14% I, 2.5% Mo) ua hoʻohana nuiʻia, ʻO kāna manaʻo nickel (10-14%) hiki i nā mea hoʻohālikelike i nā maʻi allergic 15% o nā maʻi maʻi (FDA, 2023).
• Hopena:

• • Nickel-free alloys: Ka hanaʻana o nā mea kanu o Nitrogen (E.g., Lei 108 me 21% Cr, 0.5% I, 0.9% N).
  • Nāwaimaka: E hoʻopili i ka nitride nitride (Kū) nā mea e waiho ai i ka nickel mai ka pilina pili.

Ke kū'ēʻana o ka corrosioni ma nā wahi o nā'āina

• Paʻakikī: Chrlode-waiwai phrisiosological wai (E.g., Koko, salla) Accelenatet Pitting a me Crevice Corrosion.
  ʻO ke kūleʻaʻana o ke kalaʻana (SCC) hele i loko 35% o nā pono hana hou Ma hope o ka hoʻihoʻi houʻana (Nace international, 2022).
• Hopena:

• • Uilaiauliwi: Hoʻemi i ka paʻakikī o kaʻeha Ra <0.2 }m, Ke kaʻanaʻana i nā crevices no nā mea hana bacterial / corrosion.
  • Hoʻolauna: ʻO nāʻauʻau nitric Acrid e wehe i ka haoʻole, Hoʻopili i ka chromium chromium oxide ma ke kūpaʻa.

ʻO nā pono kūpono a me ka hoʻopauʻana

• Paʻakikī: Pono nā mea hana e like me nā Drills Briend <0.05 mm a me nā aniani-like me ka hoʻopauʻana i ka hoʻopauʻana i ka pōʻino.
• Hopena:

• • Hoʻolei kālā: Hoʻokō i ± 0.1 mm pololei no nā geomet paʻakikī (E.g., Nā Mea Hana Hou).
  • Mea hoʻohuiʻaha: 3Nā mods d-prpted e hiki ai i nā mea hana maʻamau me 99.9% huakai (Stryker Corp. Kālā Kū'ē Manaʻo, 2023).

ʻO nā hana hana a me nā koina

Nā kumukūʻai kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe

• Paʻakikī: ʻO nā kumukūʻai kūʻaiʻo Medical-papa hana $8-12 / kg (vsa. $3-5 / kg no nā heluʻoihana) Ma muli o nā palena haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (C <0.03%, S <0.01%).
• Hopena:

• • Recycling scrap: Hoʻopili hou nā'ōnaehana paʻa paʻa 90% o ka pona machining swarf, ʻO nā kumukūʻai o nā mea waiwai 25% (Asm international, 2023).
  • ʻO ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka ikaika: ʻO nā uuku e hōʻemi i ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka ikehu 30% Hoʻohālikelike i nā Furna Arc.
    na B) ʻO ka mālama maikaʻi a me ka paleʻana

• Paʻakikī: ʻO nā poosity a iʻole nā ​​manaʻo i loko o nā mea kūʻai aku i ka hopena. ʻO kahi hewa hoʻokahi i kahi mea hiki ke alakaʻi i ka loiloi houʻana i ke kumukūʻai $20,000+.
• Hopena:

• • Ai-driven ndt: Kuhi i nā mīkini hoʻonaʻauao AgoriTimms e kuhikuhi i nā kiʻi x-ray me 99.5% Hōʻike pololei i kaʻike (Hāʻawi i ke olakino, 2023).
  • ʻO ke kaomiʻana o ka wela wela (Hip): Hoʻopau i nā leo kūloko ma ka hoʻopiliʻana 1,200° C a 100 Kaomi mpa.

ʻO nā hoʻoponopono hoʻoponopono a me nā mākeke mākeke

Ka hoʻokō me nā kūlana honua

• Paʻakikī: Ke hālāwai nei nā hālāwai divergent (E.g., FDA 21 CFR'āpana 820 vsa. EU mdr) hoʻonui i ka manawa-i-mākeke e 6-12 mahina.
• Hopena:

• • Nā sminipel twipetion: Hōʻoia i nā hoʻolālā e kū'ē iā ISO 13485 a me ka astm f899 mau hana mua.
  • Blockchain traceability: Track raw mea i nā mea hou mai kaʻu huahana hope loa e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokōʻana me ke hoʻoponoponoʻana i nā minelit.
    na B) Hoʻokūkū mai nā mea'ē aʻe

• Paʻakikī: Nā Alloys Annays Alloys (Ti-6al-4v) A hopuʻo Peek Polym 40% o ka mākeke implant Ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka biocompatibility a me ka radiolucency.
• Hopena:

• • Nā hoʻolālā hybrid: ʻO nā mea kila kila kilati me nā lole peek (E.g., ʻO ka SPINA FISH COSS).
  • Nā hoʻololi antimicrobial: Laser-etch microtextures a iʻole i hoʻopiliʻia nā mea kālā kālā e hōʻemi i nā kumukūʻai maʻi ma 50% (ʻO ka nūhou o nā noiʻi biomenical bionedical, 2023).

Nā Kūlana Kūʻai

Hoʻoili pio

• Paʻakikī: Hoʻokomoʻia ka hanaʻana o ka lāʻau lapaʻau 5-7% scrap, posing lawena i nā pilikia no ka bio-coackamed.
• Hopena:

• • Nā hoʻolālā Greenry Greenry: Recycle geel steel scrap i loko o nā pono hanaʻole (E.g., Clack, Nā alanui).
  • ʻO Bidegradable Binders: Hoʻololi i nā mea hana Silica-e pili ana i ke one ma ke one i ke kauʻana me nā mea hoʻololi.

Kālā Kū'ē Manaʻo: ʻO ka corrosion ma luna o nā screws orthodic

• Pilikia: 316L screws i hōʻikeʻia e pili ana i ka pale 12% o nā maʻi maʻi NA MEA 2 makahiki (Smith & Mohai, 2021).
• Hopena: Ua huli 'Ākana 465® kila kohu ʻole (12% Cr, 11% I, 1.5% Mo) me nā papa papa.
• Hopena: ʻAʻole hikiʻole ke loaʻaʻole o Zero Corrosonion i loko 500+ nā hihia ma luna 3 makahiki.

ʻO nā hoʻolālā hana hou-elima

• ʻO nā mea kōkua akamai: E hoʻomohala i nā mea kilokilo aloha-hoʻomanaʻo no ka papa inoa o nā iwi iwi.
• ʻO ka hoʻokele waiwai: Hoa me nā haukapila e hōʻiliʻili ai a me nā remanufacture.
• Ai-opitized canding: E wānana i nā hoʻolālā geting geting / sister e hōʻemi i ka pauʻana o nā mea waiwai e 15%.

8. Hopena

Kahi papa Koa kila kohu ʻole Ke pāʻani neiʻo Sastings i kahi kūlana inika i kaʻenehana olakino olakino.

Hāʻawi lākou i kahi hui kūʻokoʻa o ka biocompatibility, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, a me nā ikaika ikaika e pono ai nā mea kūʻai aku, nā mea kani, a me nā polokalamu diagnostic.

Ma ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā lako holomua, nā hana hana hanaʻole, a me ke kāohi pono kūloko, Ua hoʻonuiʻia kēia mau mea kūʻai aku, Hoʻemi i nā uku hoʻoponopono, a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā hopena maʻi.

E like me ka hanaʻana o kaʻoihana, ʻO Ongoning Innovation, Hoʻohui, aʻo nā hana hoʻomaʻamaʻa e hoʻokele ai i ka hanauna hou o ka hana lāʻau lapaʻau,

e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana e noho mau nā hopena olakino olakino a hiki i ka hiki.

Makemake i ke aʻoʻana?

Kāhea iā mākou i kēia lā: Eʻike pehea e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻololi i kā mākou mea kūʻai aku i ke kāpena wikiwiki e hoʻololi i kāu kaʻina hana lapaʻau.