ʻO ka hana wela no nā hale kūʻai alumini

1. Hōʻikeʻike

Hoʻololi ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela i nā pahu alumini mai as-cast, nā ʻāpana waiwai ʻokoʻa i loko o nā ʻāpana i hana pono ʻia e kūpono i nā koi noi noi.

Ma ka mālama pono ʻana i ka mahana, nā manawaʻehā, a me nā uku hōʻoluʻolu, hiki i nā foundries a me nā metallurgists ke hoʻololi i nā waiwai mechanical,

e like me ka ikaika, paakiki, kumaikalua, a me kaʻehaʻeha, ʻoiai e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i nā ʻano lole, markinpalibility, a me ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe.

Hoʻopili kēia ʻatikala i nā kumu, nā kaʻina hana, a me nā hana maikaʻi loa o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka alumini.

Manaʻo mākou e hoʻolako i kahi ʻoihana, moo kakahtia, a me ke alakaʻi piha i nā ʻenekinia, Melltallirgist, a me nā poʻe loea maikaʻi e ʻimi nei e hoʻonui i nā mea hoʻolei alumini no ka hana a me ke kumukūʻai.

2. No ke aha e mālama ai ka wela i nā pahu alumini?

ʻO ke kumu o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela:

• Hoʻonui i ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī
• Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka Ductility a me ka Paʻu luhi
• Hoʻonui ʻia ka mīkini a me ka pale ʻana i ka lole
• ʻO ke kūpaʻa ʻana a me ke koena-koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi
• Nā Waiwai i hana ʻia no nā kūlana lawelawe
• Kūlike a me ka hōʻoia maikaʻi

3. Nā Aluminum hoolei ma'amau

Hoʻokaʻawale pinepine ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe alumini i ʻelua mau ʻāpana nui:

• Sand cread / Mau loa (umekaumaha hoolei) alloys
• Make buring alloys (kaomiʻana)

Ua koho ʻia lākou e a helu helu ʻehā (E.g., A356, A319, A380) a hāʻule i loko o ka 2xX, 3xX, 4xX, a i ʻole 7xx moʻo e pili ana i nā mea hoʻohui mua.

Pākaukau: Nānā o nā Aluminum hoolei Aluminum maʻamau

4. He aha nā ʻano o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela i loaʻa no nā pahu alumini?

ʻO ke kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela no nā mea hoʻolei alumini e like me ka hoʻohui ʻana, ʻano hoʻolei ʻana, a me nā waiwai mechanical i makemake ʻia.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā umu ahi kūikawā a me nā ʻano hoʻopaʻa hoʻopaʻa pono e hōʻoia i ka paʻa o ka dimensional a pale i ka haki ʻana i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana.. Aia ma lalo iho nā ʻano lapaʻau wela maʻamau i hoʻopili ʻia i nā hoʻolei alumini:

TF (Hana ʻia i ka wela piha)

ʻO ke kumu o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa TF e hoʻonui nui i ka paʻakikī a me ka ikaika o nā pahu alumini.

ʻO ke kaʻina hana e hoʻomehana i ka hoʻolei ʻana i kahi 515–535°C no 4 i 12 hola e hoʻoheheʻe i nā mea hoʻohuihui i loko o kahi hopena paʻa.

A laila e kinai koke ʻia i loko o ka wai mehana e pale ai i ka haki ʻana, ukali ʻia e ka ʻelemakule ma 150–160°C no 4 i 16 Nā hola hola.

Aneane papalua keia lapaau ana i ka paakiki o ka hoolei kumu. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo TF ke koi ʻia ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka lōʻihi, e like me nā mea hana.

Aia kona pōmaikaʻi i ka hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻana i nā waiwai mechanical aʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka pono o ka hoʻolei ʻana.

Kūlana TB (T4)

ʻO kēia hana wela e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ductility a me ka ikaika maʻalahi.

Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma lalo pono o ko lākou wahi heheʻe a hiki i ke komo ʻana o nā mea hao i loko o kahi hopena paʻa, alaila kinai i ka wai, wai paila, a i ʻole ka hopena polymer.

Ua koho ʻia ke ʻano hoʻopaʻapaʻa e kaulike i nā waiwai mechanical, e hoemi i ka distortion, a hoemi i ke kaumaha o loko.

Ua kūpono ʻo TB no nā ʻāpana e koi ana i ka formability maikaʻi a me ka weldability.

ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi ka mālama ʻana i ka ductility a me ka ikaika kūpono, e hoʻoikaika i nā kaʻina hana hou aku.

TB7 (Hoʻoponopono ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia)

Hoʻolālā ʻia e hana i nā castings me ka malleability i hoʻonui ʻia, Ua like kēia lāʻau lapaʻau me TF akā me ka ʻelemakule i hana ʻia ma kahi mahana kiʻekiʻe o 240-270 ° C no 2 i 4 Nā hola hola.

Loaʻa kēia i nā hoʻoheheʻe palupalu liʻiliʻi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me TF, e maʻalahi iā lākou e hana me nā noi kahi e pono ai ka maʻalahi.

Hoʻohana ʻia ia i nā ʻāpana e pono ai ke kūpaʻa wela a me ka paʻakikī.

KA (Age paʻakikī)

ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela ʻo TE e hoʻolalelale i ke kaʻina hana ʻelemakule ma ka hoʻomehana ʻana i nā hoʻolei ʻana i 150-170°C no 4 i 12 hola kinai ʻole.

He mea pono loa kēia no nā hoʻolei ʻia ʻana a maikaʻi paha i hiki ke hōʻino ʻia e ka hoʻoilo wikiwiki.

Hoʻomaikaʻi ke kaʻina hana i ka paʻakikī a me ka paʻa ʻole me ka pilikia ʻole. ʻOi ʻia ʻo TE no nā ʻāpana palupalu kahi koʻikoʻi ka paʻa ʻana o ke ʻano.

T5 (Ka elemakule)

Hoʻopaʻa kēia kaʻina hana kahiko i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana ma o ka hoʻomehana ʻana iā lākou ma kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (150-200 ° C) no ka 2 i 24 Nā hola hola.

Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo T5 i ka machinability a me ke kūpaʻa dimensional a hoʻohana maʻamau i nā hoʻoheheʻe make kahi mea nui ka paʻakikī a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻili..

ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā waiwai mechanical me ka liʻiliʻi o ka hopena wela ma ka hoʻolei ʻana.

T6 Magper

Hoʻohana ʻia ka lāʻau T6 no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻakikī.

Hoʻoponopono ʻia ka hoʻolei ʻana ma kahi o 538 ° C no kahi 12 Nā hola hola, hoʻopio koke ʻia i ka wai a i ʻole glycol ma 66-100°C, a laila hana ʻia ma 154°C no 3 i 5 Nā hola hola.

Pinepine, ʻO kahi ʻanuʻu hoʻopololei ma hope o ke kinai ʻana e hōʻoia i ka pololei o ke ana.

Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo T6 i ka aerospace, aitompetitive, a me nā ʻoihana pale no nā ʻāpana kūkulu e pono ai ka hana mechanical maikaʻi loa.

ʻO kāna pono nui ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ikaika me ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka deformation ma lalo o ka ukana.

TF7 (T7 a i ʻole T71 - Hoʻoponopono ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia)

Hoʻonui kēia lāʻau lapaʻau i ke kūpaʻa mechanical kiʻekiʻe ma o ka hoʻonā ʻana i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana iā lākou ma 200-250 ° C..

ʻOiai hāʻawi ia i ka tensile haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a hāʻawi i ka ikaika ma mua o T6, Hoʻonui ka TF7 i ka pale wela a me ke kūpaʻa dimensional.

He kūpono ia no nā ʻāpana i ʻike ʻia i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ke kaumaha lōʻihi.

Hoʻopau Stress a me Annealing (TS Kūlana)

Hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela i ke kaumaha, Hana ʻia ma 200-250 ° C, e hoemi ana i ke koena o ke kaumaha e hiki ai ke kuewa a poha paha.

Annalile, hana ma 300-400°C, hoʻomaʻamaʻa hoʻoheheʻe ʻia no ka maʻalahi a i ʻole ka hana ʻana.

Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia mau lāʻau lapaʻau no nā hoʻoheheʻe mānoanoa a paʻakikī paha e koi ana i nā hana mechanical hou aʻe. ʻO kā lākou pōmaikaʻi ʻo ia ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kūpaʻa dimensional a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana.

Hoʻopiʻi Polymer

Ma kahi o ka wai, Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻonā polymer e kinai i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana ma kahi wikiwiki.

Hoʻemi kēia i nā koʻikoʻi o loko a me ka distortion, kūpono ia no nā hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o ka pā paʻakikī a lahilahi paha e koi ana i ka ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī akā ʻo ka pololei kiʻekiʻe.

Hāʻawi ʻo Polymer quenching i kahi ala hoʻoluʻu maʻalahi e pale i nā geometries palupalu.

Nā ʻano hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela maʻamau no ka papa hoʻolei alumini

5. ʻO nā meaʻai hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela Alloy-Specific

A356/356.0: Kaʻina T6 maʻamau

• Hoʻoponopono: 540–560 °C, 6 huh (25 ʻāpana mm).
• Quetch: Wai (~20 °C) me ka haʻalulu haʻahaʻa.
• ʻEhā (T6): 160–165 °C, 6 huh; ʻoluʻolu o ka ea a puni.
• T7 koho: 180 ° C, 10 huh; hau anuanu.

A380/A383: Nā noi T4 a me T5

• T4 (Kūlohelohe'ōpiopio): E kinai mai 505–525 °C; paa 18–24 h; ikaika kaupalena (~UTS 200 Mpa) me ka maikaʻi maikaʻi (4-6%).
• T5: Direct elemakule hana ma 160 °C no 4–6 hola; hopena ~UTS 210–230 MPa, elongation 3–4%.

319/319.0: SHT a me ka ʻelemakule no HPDC

• Sht: 505–525 °C no 4–6 hola (10– 20 mm mau ʻāpana).
• Quetch: Polymer (10% PAG) e hoemi i ka distortion.
• Nā makahiki (T6): 160–170 °C no 8–10 hola; hua UTS ~260 MPa, elongation ~4–5%.

A413: Kiekie-ikaika Hoolei

• Sht: 540–560 °C no 8–10 hola (ʻāpana mānoanoa 50-100 mm).
• Quetch: Wai + hoʻopaʻa ʻino; hoʻoholo no 400 °C/s hoʻoluʻu.
• Nā makahiki (T6): 160–170 °C, 10 huh; UTS ~270–310 MPa, elongation ~3–4%.
• Overage (T7): 180-200 ° C, 10-12 h; UTS ~260–290 MPa, elongation ~5–6%.

6061 (Nā ʻano hoʻolei) a me nā huila kūikawā

• 6061- Hoʻolei SHT: 530–550 °C no 4–6 hola (12– 25 mm mau ʻāpana).
• Quetch: ʻO ka wai a i ʻole ka polymer (ʻae ʻia nā mea ʻelua no ka distortion haʻahaʻa).
• Nā makahiki (T6): 160 ° C, 8 huh; hua mai ~UTS 240–270 MPa, elongation ~8–10%.
• 6063―Kiola: SHT like, Ua lawa pinepine ʻo T5 no UTS 165–200 MPa akā hāʻawi ʻo T6 i UTS ~210 MPa.

6. Hooponopono Waiwai Mechanical

Ikaika ikaika, Ka ikaika, a me ka Elongation Post-Treatment

• A356 T6: UTS 240–280 MPa; YS 200–240 MPa; Elongation 6–8%.
• A380 T5: UTS 210–230 MPa; YS 160–180 MPa; Elongation 3–4%.
• 319 T6: UTS 260–280 MPa; YS 210–230 MPa; Elongation 4–5%.
• A413 T6: UTS 270–310 MPa; YS 220–260 MPa; Elongation 3–4%.

Hoʻololi Paʻakikī ma o nā ʻanuʻu lapaʻau wela

• A356: As-cast ~70 HB; ma hope o SHT ~60 HB; T6 ~ 80–85 HB; T7 ~75–80 HB.
• 319: As-cast ~75 HB; T5 ~85 HB; T6 ~90–95 HB.
• A413: As-cast ~80 HB; T6 ~95–105 HB; T7 ~ 90–100 HB.

Ka hana luhi a me ka ulu ʻana o ka māwae

• A356 T6: Ka palena hoʻomanawanui ~70 MPa; T0 ~50 MPa.
• 319 T6: ~ 55 mpa; ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana i ka luhi kiʻekiʻe ma muli o ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o Cu-rich precipitates.
• Ka hopena o ke koʻikoʻi: Hiki ke hoʻonui i ke ola luhi ma ka 20-30% o ka hoʻomaha pilikia..

Kūʻē ʻo Creep i nā noi hoʻolei kiʻekiʻe

• ʻOi aku ka nui o ka A356 T7: Mālama ʻo ~ 85% o ka ikaika wela o ka lumi ma 150 ° C; ʻae ʻia no nā bracket engine.
• A413: T7 paa ~80% ma 200 ° C; paipai ʻia no ka lawe ʻana i nā hale ma lalo o nā ukana hoʻomau.

7. Nā noi o nā hoʻolei alumini

Ka Hoʻolālā Wīwī

• Nā poloka mīkini (A356 T6): Hōʻike ʻia 20% hoemi kaumaha vs. hae hao; ʻO ka lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻohua i ka UTS ~260 MPa, e hiki ai ke hoʻokiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.
• Nā poʻo Cylinder (319 T6): Hoʻopau ka lapaʻau T6 i nā hemahema luhi pili i ka porosity; mau holo ma waena o ka laina e hana like me <1% ʻōpala ma muli o ke kinai ʻana.

Na'Āpanaʻo Aerospace

• ʻO nā mea hoʻolele Turbine (6061 T6): Ma o SHT ikaika a me ka ʻelemakule, loaa ke ola luhi >10⁷ pōʻaiapuni ma lalo 200 MPa kaumaha; Hōʻoia ka CMM post-treatment i ka pau ʻana <0.01 mm.
• Poloka Lapa Hoopae (A356 T7): Overaged no ke kūpaʻa, noho ka noho 75% o ka ikaika ma 120 ° C; ʻaʻole i hoʻopau i ka lawelawe 15,000 nā pōʻaiapuni i ka loiloi.

Nā mīkini mīkini

• Nā Hale Hōʻikeʻike (A413 T6): T6 hōʻoia UTS >280 Mpa, e hoemi ana i ka manoanoa o ka paia e 20% vsa. nā hoʻolālā as-cast; noho nā ʻāpana lubrication i loko o ± 0.05 mm ma hope o ke kinai ʻana.
• Nā kino valve (A380 T5): Loaʻa i ka UTS ~220 MPa, elongation ~4%; hoʻomaha pilikia ma 300 Hoʻopau ka °C 80% o ka distortion as-cast, e hoemi ana i ka manawa machining e 30%.

Nā mea hoʻohana uila a me nā wela wela

• Sinks wela (6061 T6): Hāʻawi i ka UTS ~250 MPa a me ka hoʻoili wela ~180 W/m·K; hoʻokuʻu ʻia a laila mālama ʻia i ka wela no ka hana maikaʻi loa i nā modula LED mana kiʻekiʻe.
• Nā Chassis Chassis (A356 T6): Hoʻopaʻa ʻo T6 i ka ʻoʻoleʻa ma lalo o nā ukana mechanical; liʻiliʻi warpage (<0.2 mm a puni 200 mm ka lōʻihi) mālama i ka panel kūpono a me ka pau.

8. Hopena

Hana wela o aluminum ʻO ka hoʻolele ʻana ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo "hoʻokahi-nui-pono-a pau"..

Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kumu metala — hoʻonā, Queech, a me ka ʻelemakule—hiki i ka poʻe metallurgists ke hoʻolālā i nā pōʻaiapuni e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai no nā ʻāpana kikoʻī (6061, 7075, 356, etc.) a me nā geometries hapa.

Ma o ka mālama pono ʻana i nā wela o ka umu, hoʻopio i ka media, a me nā moʻolelo kahiko, Hoʻololi ʻia nā hoʻoheheʻe i nā ʻāpana hana kiʻekiʻe kūpono no nā spars aerospace, Mary Ples, nā hui kaʻa, a me nā pā uila pololei.

Lākahi, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka wela e pili ana:

• ALLOLOL koho a me kemika
• Hoʻomalu kaʻina hana pololei (keka ao, wa, uku hoʻopaʻa)
• Nānā ma hope o ka mālama ʻana (Ndt, Nā hōʻike hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua, hōʻoia dimensional)
• ʻO nā koho huhū i hoʻohana ʻia (T6 no ka ikaika, T7 no ka paʻa, TS no ka hoʻomaha pilikia)

Ma ka mālama ʻana i kēia mau loina a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana umu ahi a me nā metrologies, ʻO nā mea hana e hōʻoia i ka hui wale ʻana o nā mea hoʻolei alumini akā ma mua o ka mechanical, durability, a me nā kūlana hilinaʻi o nā ʻoihana hou.