1. Hōʻikeʻike

Hoʻopiliʻo Hardness i kahi hana pivotal i ka hoʻoholoʻana i ka nui o ka hana a me ka hana. E hōʻike ana i kahi hiki ke loaʻa i kahi mea waiwai i nā hana hana mechanical a me ka hoʻopili pololeiʻana i nā waiwai e like me keʻano o ke komoʻana.

ʻO nā mea paʻakikī heʻekolu mau mea paʻakikī, Pōhakukwell, a me nā mea kākau-hana-i kēlā me kēia hana e hōʻike ai i nā hana hoʻokolohuaʻokoʻa e hāʻawi i nā meaʻike kūʻokoʻa i loko o nāʻano waiwai.

ʻO kā mākou pahuhopu i kēiaʻatikala e nānā i ka hoʻololi ma waena o HB, Hr, a me nā scacks hv mai kaʻenehana, Methodological, He aha kupanaha nā mea hana loea.

E ka hopena, E loaʻa iāʻoe kahiʻike maopopo o ke kōkuaʻana o kēia mau kamaʻilio e mālama i ka mālamaʻana i ka mana o ka mana a me ka hoʻolālāʻana i nā kaʻina hana.

2. He aha ka paʻakikī?

ʻO ka paʻakikī paʻakikī i ke kū'ēʻana i kahi pale o kahi mea i loko o ka deformation plastivation kūloko, e like me ka huhū a iʻole ke kauʻana.

E pāʻani ana i kahi hana koʻikoʻi ma ke kohoʻana i nā koho ma ka hāʻawiʻana i kaʻike i loko o ka pale a me ka ikaika.

I keʻano, ʻO ka paʻakikī he kumu waiwai nui e pili ana i nā correlates me nā mea hana'ē aʻe, ke kōkuaʻana i nā mīkini hana e wānana i kahiʻano o ka hana ma lalo o keʻano hana.

ʻo kahi laʻana, ʻO kahi mea me ka nui o ka waiwai paʻakikī e hōʻike pinepineʻia e hoʻonuiʻia i ka paleʻana, Ke kūpono nei i nā noi kiʻekiʻe e like me nā mea e like me kaʻokiʻana i nā mea hana a me nā'āpana mīkini.

Like, ʻO nā mea waiwai me nā waiwai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e hāʻawi i ka manikini maikaʻi akāʻaʻole paha e hana maikaʻi ma lalo o nā kūlana abumeve.

3. ʻO nā waihona kālā o ke ana paʻakikī

3.1 Overview o ka paʻakikī paʻakikī

Paʻakikī paʻakikī (HB):

ʻO ka ho'āʻoʻana e pili ana i ka hoʻopiliʻana i kahi mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia i loko o ka waihona ma lalo o kahi ukana a ke anaʻana i keʻano o ka indentation.

Hana maikaʻi kēiaʻano no nā mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia a me nā hale kūʻai. ʻo kahi laʻana, ʻO kahi waiwai paʻakikī Briendl maʻamau no ka ceel mild cetel paha ma waena 150 and 250 HB.

'Ōpala paʻakikī (Hr):

ʻO ka hōʻikeʻana o ka Rockwell e hōʻike ana i ka hohonu o ka komoʻana o kahi indenter ma lalo o kahi mea liʻiliʻi e hoʻolōʻihiʻia e kahi ukana nui.

Hoʻokumu ka hōʻike hōʻike i kahi helu paʻakikī ma nāʻano likeʻole (E.g., HRC no nā meaʻoi aku ka paʻakikī e like me ke kila pono, Hrb no nā metala softer).

ʻO nā hōʻikeʻo Rockwell e wikiwiki a hoʻohana pinepineʻia ma nā wahi paʻa o ka mana. ʻo kahi laʻana, ʻO kahi waiwai HRC maʻamau no ka mea hoʻokani pila paʻakikī i hiki ke nānā mai 50 i 65.

ʻO ka paʻakikī paʻakikī (Him):

Hoʻohana nā Vickers i ka hoʻohanaʻana i kahi mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia i ka mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia a pili i kahi ukana mau. Ka nui o ka huhū, anaʻia ma o nā diagonals, hoʻolako i kahi waiwai paʻakikī.

He kūpono nā mea lanakila o nā Vickers no nā kiʻi liʻiliʻi a me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni, pinepine pinepine i nā waiwai e hoʻohālikelike pololei ana ma waena o kahi pālahalaha ākea.

3.2 Nā mea hōʻike hōʻike a me nā kaʻina hana

• Hōʻike Manaʻo BinelL:
  Hoʻopili ke kaʻina hana i ka hoʻopiliʻana i kahi ukana (pinepine 500 kgf no ka kila) me kahi mea spitional.
  Uaʻaeʻia keʻano o ka hopena hopena i ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā hana optical, a ua heluʻia ka hiʻona HB i ka hoʻohanaʻana i kahiʻano kiko'ī.
• ʻO ka hōʻikeʻo Rockwell:
  ʻO kahi uku mua e hoʻonoho ai i kahi kiko'ī, Ma hope o kahi e kauʻia ai kahi ukana nui. Ua hoʻololiʻia ka hohonu o ka huhū i loko o kahi helu paʻakikī e like me ka papa pōhaku i hoʻohanaʻia.
• Ho'āʻo nā mea hana:
  Ua paʻiʻia kahi pahu daimana i loko o ka waihona, Aʻo ka awelika o nā diagonals o ka interentation e hoʻoholo ai i ka hopena hv ma o ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana o nā mea hoʻonani.

3.3 ʻO keʻano o ka hoʻonohonohoʻana

ʻO nā hana hoʻokolohua maʻamau e like me ka astm e8 / e8m, Hostm e92, ISO 6892-1, a me iso 6508 E hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka hana a me ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i nā waiwai paʻakikī ma nāʻano hana likeʻole a me nāʻoihana.
Ke hoʻolaha nei i kēia mau papa hana i nā loli liʻiliʻi ma ke anaʻana, Aia ma laila e puhi ana i ka mana o ka maikaʻi a me ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka hilinaʻi i kaʻikepili o kaʻikepili.

4. Hoʻololi ma waena o nā unahi paʻakikī

Ka hoʻohuliʻana i nā waiwai paʻakikī ma waena o ka brinell (HB), Pōhakukwell (Hr), a me nā mea kākau (Him) He mea nui nā scales no ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i nā waiwai waiwai ma waena o nāʻano ho'āʻo likeʻole.

ʻOiaiʻo kēia mau mea e hoʻohana ai i nāʻanoʻokoʻa, hilinaʻi nui nā mīkini i nā pilina empirical, Nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻololi, a me nā papa hoʻonohonoho maʻamau e unuhi i nā waiwai paʻakikī.

I kēia'āpana, Mālama mākou i nā loina, methodologies, a me nā paʻakikī o ka hoʻololiʻana i nā waiwai paʻakikī ma waena o kēia mau ukiuki.

4.1 Nā hoʻohālike e pili ai

At the heart of hardness conversion lie mathematical relationships derived from extensive experimental data.

Researchers have established empirical correlations between HB, Hr, and HV values by testing a wide range of materials under standardized conditions.

These relationships provide approximate equivalences, e like me:

• Hoʻoloholo: A hardness value of 200 HB often corresponds to about 30 Hrc a me na 350 Him for many steels.

Engineers use these conversion relationships to ensure that materials meet required specifications, even if different testing methods are used.

It is important to note that these conversions are approximate; factors like material composition, ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho grain, and test conditions can influence the accuracy of the conversion.

4.2 Conversion Methodologies

Manufacturers and engineers employ several methodologies to convert hardness values between different scales:

Direct Conversion Formulas:
E pili ana kekahi mau hoʻololi i nāʻano i hoʻopaʻaʻia i nā dimensitant i hoʻopaʻaʻia a noi i nā ukana. ʻOiai ua pono kēia mau'ōlelo, Ke nānā nei lākou i ka waiwai-kūikawā.
ʻo kahi laʻana, E pili ana kahi hoʻohālikelike empirical e pili ana i ka hb i nā uku hr e like me kēia:

HrC≈0.0025 × Hb + 10

Akā naʻe,, ʻO kēlā mauʻano hana likeʻole e pili ana a e hoʻopiliʻia me ka makaʻala.

• Nā papa lole a me nā kiʻi:
  Nā papa hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho a me nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi e hāʻawi i kahi hōʻike wikiwiki no ka hoʻohuliʻana i nā waiwai paʻakikī.
  ʻO kēia mau mea hana e kuhikuhi ai i nā hōʻike hoʻokolohua a hāʻawi i nā hui hoʻololi maʻamau. ʻo kahi laʻana, E hōʻike paha kahi papa hoʻololi hoʻololi:

• • 200 HB ≈ 30 Hrc
  • 250 HB ≈ 35 Hrc
  • 350 Him pinepine pinepine me kahi pae paʻakikī like 30 Hrc I nā kākā maʻamau.

• Nā Hana Pūnaewele:
  Hiki i nā polokalamu loea holomua ke hoʻololi i nā waiwai paʻakikī ma waena o nā kolo e hoʻohana ana i nā waihona waiwai nui.
  ʻO kēia ala e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pololei a me nā'ōnaehana hoʻokele maikaʻi i nā kaʻina hana hana i nā hana hana.

4.3 Nā pilikia i ka hoʻololi paʻakikī

ʻOiai ka loaʻaʻana o nā pono hoʻololi, ʻO kekahi mau hoʻokūkū paʻakikī:

• I loko o nāʻano likeʻole:
  ʻO nāʻano hana hoʻokolohua paʻakikī e hana i nā loli i nā hopena ma muli o nāʻokoʻa ma muli o nāʻokoʻa ma Indenter Geometry, Kākau noi, a me ka hoʻomākaukauʻana.
  Hiki i kēiaʻano hoʻohālikelike ke pili i ke hoʻololi pololeiʻana.
• ʻO ke kūlohelohe:
  Ua loaʻa i nā hoʻohālikelike hoʻololi a me nā papaʻaina mai nāʻikepili empirical, ʻO keʻano he hana maikaʻi lākou no nā mea maʻamau akāʻaʻole paha e pololei no nā mea likeʻole me nā micstructures likeʻole.
• Nā mea waiwai-kūikawā:
  Hiki i ka pilina pili ma waena o nā mea paʻakikī paʻakikī e like me nā mea nui ma waena o nā mea.
  ʻo kahi laʻana, ʻO ka hoʻololiʻana no nā kilokina kiʻekiʻe-carbon paha e like me ia o kēlā alumini alloys, e pono ai i ka mālamaʻana i ka wā e noi ana i nāʻano lehulehu.

4.4 Nāʻike data-driven

E hōʻike, E noʻonoʻo i ka papa kuhikuhi e pili ana i kēia manawa no kahi kila maʻamau: