ʻO nā mea i heleʻoleʻia i nā waiwai hao

1. He aha ka mea haoʻo Ductile?

ʻO Dāhihi hae hao-ʻO nā mea i kapaʻiaʻo Nodular a iʻole SPRERROL kiʻi kiʻi i kaʻohana ʻO nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi sptherrol.

ʻAʻole like me ka hina hina, ʻO ka mea e like me ke kiʻi uila e like me ka mea e hoʻokumu ai i nā mea noʻonoʻo a me ka brittleness, ʻO nā kiʻi kiʻi o Ductile i haoʻia i keʻano o ka unahi i hoʻomaka i ka hoʻomakaʻana a me nā hoʻolahaʻana i nāʻano o ka tear-resistant.

Hoʻomohalaʻia ma nā makahiki 1940 a me ke kālepaʻana e ka Hui PūʻIa o Nickel ma 1948,

ʻO nā mea hao hao haoʻo Duticled whola, ikaika kiʻekiʻe (a i 1000 MPA ma luna o nā māka kūikawā), and ʻaʻole kūpono (elongation e like me ke kiʻekiʻe 20% I nā helu ferritic piha).

Hiki i kona Matrix ke hiki i ka musritic piha piha loa i ka nui o ka diglititic 400-1000 MPA UTS and 10-20% elongation.

Ma ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i kāna micsusructure nodular a me nā hana kūpono kūpono, ʻO nā mea hoʻolālā unness ductive hao e hālāwai me ka palekana ikaika, Lōʻihi, a me nā kumukūʻai kumukūʻai.

2. Microstructure a memisstry

Dermile catrot i loaʻa i ka hui likeʻole o ka ikaika, kumaikalua, a me ka hōʻehaʻana i kaʻeha mai kahi microsrucre.

ʻElua mau hiʻohiʻona ma ka morphology kiʻi kiko'ī.

Kiʻi mīpī: Nodules vs. 'Akakiō

ʻAʻole hiki ke kiʻi o ka flake slash hina, ʻO ka mea e hoʻokumu ai i ka crack-hoʻomakaʻana i nā mea hoʻokūkū koʻikoʻi, ʻO nā'āpana hao i aneane i like me nā kiʻi sphical.

ʻO nā helu nodule maʻamau 100 i 300 nodules / mm², me ka nodularity ma luna 80% e hōʻoia ana i ka hana maikaʻiʻana.

Hōʻike nā haʻawina i kahi helu nodulale ma luna o 200 / MMI² E hiki ke hoʻonui i ka ikaika o ka densile e piʻi aʻe 15% a ua hoʻohālikelikeʻia ka hoʻohuiʻana i ka lehulehu i ka ikehu i ka nui o nā hua nodule.

ʻO ke kī nui: Hoʻokomoʻia ke kiʻi sptherral, ka hoʻolahaʻana i ka fuctive fuctile a me ka rasorption ikehu ma mua o ka cleavage blatavage.

Haha: Ferrite, Puʻuʻupuʻu, a hui pūʻia

ʻO ka Mar itrix e puni ana i kēia nodules hou aʻe o nā mea hana tailors:

• Piha piha piha

• • Ka Hoʻolālā: ≥ 90% ferrite
  • Waiwai: Elongation up 20%, Us a puni 350-450 mpa
  • Noi: Nā mea e koi ai i nā haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe, e like me ka pīhoihoiʻana o ka pīhoihoi

• ʻO ka Matrix pakeke

• • Ka Hoʻolālā: ≥ 90% Puʻuʻupuʻu
  • Waiwai: UTS i 650-800 mPA, liuliu i kaupalena 6-8%
  • Noi: ʻO nā Gears kiʻekiʻe a me nā'āpana

• Hui pūʻiaʻo Ferrite-Mipite

• • Ka Hoʻolālā: Nā'āpana kaulike (E.g., 50:50)
  • Waiwai: Us 400-550 mpa me ka evengaation 10-15%
  • Noi: ʻO nā hale kūʻai nui-kumu e hoʻopili ana i ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī

Hoʻoponopono nā mea hana i nā kumukūʻai e hoʻohana ana i ka chull chlls a iʻole nā ​​hōʻailona e hoʻopili ai i nā'āpana-e hoʻololi i ka rario-prift.

Nā mea'ē aʻe

ʻO ka hana a Alloy alloy a me ka inoiculation e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i lalo o ka papa inoa nodopin:

• KālekaʻAʻI (3.2-3.6%) and Silikino (1.8-2.8%) E hoʻonohonoho i ka baseline no ka hale kūʻai a me ke kiʻi kiʻi.
• Magnesum (0.02-0.06%) hana he mea ikaika nodulizer; ʻAʻole i lawa nā alakaʻi mg i nā hiʻohiʻona kiʻiʻole.
• Cerium or rare hawaii (0.005-0.02%) E hoʻokaʻawale hou i nā geometry nodule a hōʻemi i nā cardidual cardidual.

Loaʻa nāʻike i kēia mau mea ma o inoclalants-Perrosilinilicon-Magnesium alloys hoʻohuiʻia ma 0.2-0.4% Ma ke kaupaonaʻana ma mua o ka nininiʻana.

ʻO ka Onoculate kūpono e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hopena o ke kiʻi paʻi kiʻi, Ke hōʻoia nei i kahiʻano nodularly nodular.

ʻo kahi laʻana, ka hoʻonuiʻana mg mai 0.03% i 0.05% hiki ke ho'āla i ka helu nodule e 20%, Ke hoʻoikaika nei i ke ola momona e 30% i nā'āpana'āpana.

3. Nā papa kuhikuhi & Nā Kaumaka

Astm a536

Hoʻohana ka Astm A536 maʻamau i kahi'ōnaehanaʻekoluʻekolu (E.g., 65-45-12) kahi e hōʻike ai kēlā me kēia helu i kahi papa hana mechanical:

• 65 e hōʻike i kahi ikaika hope loa (Us) no 650 Mpa.
• 45 E wehewehe ana i kahi ikaika e hāʻawi ai i ka ikaika (0.2% Kahiki) no 450 Mpa.
• 12 e hōʻike ana i kahi elongation liʻiliʻi loa ma ka fracture o 12 pakeneka.

A536 E wehewehe i nā helu helu heluʻekolu ma ka ikaika o ka densile, ka ikaika, a me ka nui:

• 65-45-12: UTS ≥ 650 Mpa, Ys ≥ 450 Mpa, Elongation ≥ 12%
• 80-55-06: UTS ≥ 800 Mpa, Ys ≥ 550 Mpa, Elongation ≥ 6%
• 100-70-03: UTS ≥ 1000 Mpa, Ys ≥ 700 Mpa, Elongation ≥ 3%

ʻO nā papaʻo En-GJS nomen

MaʻEulopa, I 1563 E wehewehe i nā IRONL i nā irons me nā labels e like me gjs-400-15 a gjs-600-3:

• Gjs kū no ka "Grafite Sprroral,"E hōʻike ana i ke kiʻi kiʻi nodular.
• ʻO ka helu mua (E.g., 400) e like me nā usts ma MPA (Gjs-400-15 → 400 Mpa).
• Ka helu lua (E.g., 15) hāʻawi i ka ellongation i loko o ka pakeneka.

Hoʻopiliʻia kēia'ōnaehana Metric me nā helu astm: Gjs-400-15 e pili ana i ka astm A.36 65-45-12, ʻOiaiʻo GJS-600-3 i nā pāʻani 100-70-03.

4. ʻO nā waiwai hoʻolālā kumu

Hōʻike kēia'āpana i kāna mau kī nui o Metrics-Tensile a hāʻawi i ka ikaika, ʻO ka neʻeʻana a me ka hopena paʻakikī, a me ka paʻakikī-a wehewehe i ka pehea e hōʻoia ai i nā hoʻokolohua maʻamau i hōʻoia i kēlā me kēiaʻano.

Tissile a hāʻawi i ka ikaika

ʻO ka ikaikaʻo Ductile i haoʻia i ka ikaika o ka pale o ka densile 350 Mpa i nā helu ferritic piha i 1000 Mpa i ka mea kūikawā, ʻO nā hana kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.

• Nā helu kumu nui-kumu e like me ka astm A536 65-45-4 650 Mpa A e hāʻawi kokoke i nā ikaika kokoke 450 Mpa.
• Nā māka ikaika kiʻekiʻe (80-55-06) kaomiʻana i ka ikaika 800 Mpa i kahi hua o 550 Mpa, ʻOiaiʻo Austempered hoʻololi maʻalahi loa 1000 Mpa.

Hoʻonohonohoʻiaʻo Tensile tensile penei Astm e8, ka mea e kuhikuhi ana i kahi wikiwiki o ka stephed a me kahi'īlio-'īlio-iwi.

Hāʻawi i ka ikaika-hoʻoholo 0.2% Hōʻikeʻiaʻo Offset, nā mea hoʻolālā alakaʻi i ke kohoʻana i nā mea palekana a me nā palena palena.

ʻO ka neʻeʻana a me ka hopena paʻakikī

Kumaikalua, anaʻia e like me elongation ma fracture, nāʻano'ē aʻe mai 6% I loko o nā meaʻala pila 20% I nā helu ferritic piha.

No ka hapa nui o nā hale kūʻai (E.g., 50:50 ferrite-priceite), Hiki i nā mīkini ke manaʻo 12-15% ewangantion, Ke kū nei i kahi kaulike kūpono ma waena o ka formability a me ka ikaika.

Hopena paʻakikī, loiloiʻia ma o nā hōʻike V-Notch (Astm e23), hina pinepine ma waena 30 J and 60 J I ka lumi lumi.

Eia hou, Hoʻokomo pinepineʻia nā helu ferritic 70 J, e hana ana iā lākou i kūpono no nā mea pili i ke kumuhana e pīhoihoi ai i keʻano o ka pīhoihoi a me nā kaumaha koʻikoʻi.

ʻO kēia mau mea waiwai i kauʻia i ka mea i loko o ka hao i ka hao ma lalo o ka hoʻopiliʻana ma lalo o nā ukana wikiwiki, hoʻemi i nā pilikia o ka catastrophic.

Paʻakikī a hoʻopaʻa i ke kū'ē

ʻO ka paʻakikī paʻakikī e pili kokoke i ka ikaika o ka maʻi a me ke kāʻeiʻana.

ʻO ka helu paʻakikī o Ductile i haoʻia (Bnn) ʻO ka maʻamau maʻamau 170-280 HB, me nā helu helu maʻamau e pili ana 190-230 hb.

Kahi mea hou aʻe, Nā hōʻike paʻakikīʻo Rockwell (E.g., HR B Scale) Hāʻawi Hou, Ma ka hōʻoia o ka pūnaewele o ka mālama wela a me keʻano matrix.

E like me ke kānāwai o ka manamana, Iloko 50 HB hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī o Brinell paʻakikī i kahi 150-200 mPA ala ma ka ikaika o ka densile.

NOEHUI, ʻO ka lāʻau paʻakikī a iʻole Austempered Ductile Irctile irctile-me Bohn waiwai nui loa 300-ʻO nā wahi e hoʻopau ai i nā wahi a me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻe me ke kaumahaʻoleʻana i kaʻeha.

ʻO ka hōʻuluʻuluʻana o nā waiwai nui

Waiwai	Kaonaʻeha	Hōʻike hōʻike
ʻO ka ikaika hope loa	350-1000 MPA	Astm e8
Ka ikaika (0.2% Kahiki)	250-700 mPA	Astm e8
Elongation ma fracture	6-20%	Astm e8
ʻO keʻano o ka ikaika	30-70 j (Lumi Paʻa)	Astm e23
Paʻakikī paʻakikī (Bnn)	170-280	Astm e10

5. ʻO ka momona a me nāʻano hana

Duticle hao i loko o ka momona ma muli o kāna mau kiʻi spherical no ka hoʻopiliʻana i ke koʻikoʻi a me ka lohiʻana.

I nā hoʻokolohua e huli ana, 65-45-12 10⁶ nā kupu I ke kaumahaʻana o nā ampoudes o 200 Mpa, ua hoʻohālikelikeʻia 80 Mpa I loko o ka hao hina.

Hoʻomaka pinepineʻia ka hoʻomakaʻana ma nā invusions, akā, nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi nodular.

Ua hoʻohālikelikeʻia i nā kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, Loaʻa i ka hao duticle i loaʻa i ke ola kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe-cycle me 20-30% haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, Hāʻawi i nā kaumaha kaumaha ma nā noi o nā mea kūʻai aku.

6. ʻO nā waiwai a me nā waiwai a me nā kumulāʻau

I ka manawa e noho ai nā wahi i kauʻia i nā wahi i hoʻonuiʻia i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, Ua hōʻoiaʻo Ductive i ka hao hao.

Ke hāʻawi pinepine nei nāʻenehana e like me 65-45-12 i nā Matifolds, ʻO nā hale heʻe, a me nā'āpana hou-'āpana no ka mea mālamaʻo ia i ka ikaika a kau i ka ikaika i ka manawa-hilinaʻi-hilinaʻi i kahi kokoke i kahi kokoke 300 ° C.

ʻO ke kūpaʻaʻana o ka ikaika o ka ikaika

Koke koke ma luna, ʻO ka hao haoʻo Duticle ma luna o kekahi mau mea.

No kahi helu Ferrite Ferrite-Private (E.g., 65-45-12), ʻO ka mahana o ka mahana o ka ikaika ma kahi kokoke 650 Mpa drops e pili ana 550-580 mpa a 250 ° C (≈ 85-90% Mālama).

A 300 ° C, ʻO UTS mau ke kūleʻa 500 Mpa, nā mea hoʻolālā e koi ai i ka hilinaʻi houʻana i nā mea hiki i ka hana nui.

Creep pale a me ke kohoʻana i ke ola

Lohi-lohi, ʻO ka deformation Deformation ma lalo o lalo o ka ukana mau loa e lilo i mea koʻikoʻi i loko o nā'āpana helu wela.

ʻO nā hoʻokolohua creep ma ka 65-45-12-12 Drika i haoʻia i ka mea hao nui a me keʻano o ka lua 250 ° C ma lalo o ke kaumaha o 200 Mpa:

• PUNANA LOA CREEP (Hoʻokumuʻo Strain i kahi hoʻopunipuni) Mālama i ka mua 100-200 h.
• Ka'ohila (stanty-state) hoka nā hana ma kahi kiko'ī haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o 10⁻⁷ S⁻¹, ka mea i emi iki ma mua o 1% hou elongation hou 1 000 huh.

Extrapolating ma o ka parson-miller parameter, Kuhiʻia nā mīkini hana 10 000 huh i 1% creep strain a 200 MPA / 300 ° C, ʻO nā koina lawelawe lawelawe no nā turbocharger he nui a me ka exhaust inifolds.

ʻO nā mīkini creep i loko o ka hao ductile

Hoʻokomoʻiaʻo Creep ma ka hao Ductile i loko o ka hoʻohemoʻana i loko o ka'ōpū o Ferritic ma loko o ka Matrice Matrite.

ʻO nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi e like me nā pilikia, hou e lohi ana i ka deformation. Hoʻohālikelikeʻia i ka hao hina, Hōʻikeʻo Ducle hao hao 2-3 × Ke ola neiʻo Creep Cupture i ke ola ma lalo o nā kūlana kūlana likeʻole.

Nā noi maʻamau maʻamau

• Exhaust inifolds: Me nā wela o ka papa kiʻekiʻe i 600 ° C, Uaʻike ka hoʻonohonohoʻana i ke kua o 200-300 ° C ma ka lawelawe.
  ʻO ka hiki i ka mea haoʻo Ducle hao e hoʻopau i ka cycling ma waena o ke keiki a me 300 ° C me ka hoʻopunipuniʻole e hana maikaʻi.
• ʻO nā hale heʻe: Kaʻike mauʻana i 350-450 ° C Ke koi nei ka pahuhopu i ka hau i ka paleʻana i keʻano o ke kāʻei a me ka creep.
  Nā helu e like me 80-55-06 (800 MPA UT OTS) E lawelawe pinepine maʻaneʻi, Mahalo i ko lākouʻike kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ka kūpaʻa matrix.

Nā koho hoʻolālā

Hāʻawiʻia i kēiaʻikepili, pono nā mea hoʻolālā:

1. E wehewehe i nā māka ma ka mahana o ka hana: E hoʻohana i nā helu ferritic no ka 250 ° C, a hui pūʻia a huiʻia paha (E.g., 80-55-06) I ka wā e kokoke kokoke ana i ka pākeke 300 ° C.
2. Pūnaewele no nā'āpana-ʻokoʻa: Hoʻohui 1-2% ʻO ka papa inoaʻokoʻa hou i nā noi creep lōʻihi e ukuʻia no ka hoʻolālāʻana no ka olaʻoihana.
3. E hoʻopili i nā mea palekana: Hoʻonui i ka hoʻolālāʻana i nā male kaumaha ma 20-30% luna ma luna o nā kūlana spell state e kiaʻi ai e kiaʻi i nā spikes thermal.

7. Hana ai.uk & ʻO nā hopena maʻi wela

ʻOiaiʻo Ductile e hoʻolei i ka microstructure a me ka huiʻana i hoʻonohonoho i ke kahua no kāna mau mea hana, 'ōlelo hana hana hana and Nā mea mālama i nā pale wela hoʻoholo i ka hana hope loa.

Ma ka paleʻana e ninini ana i nā pakala, ʻO nā uku hoʻomehana, helu nodule, and Ka Ho'ōla, Loaʻa i nā mea loaʻa Tailor Ducle hao e hoʻokō i nā koi noi noi.

E ninini ana i nā hana a me ka hoʻonuiʻana

Loaʻa nā mea i ninini i ka hao ductile dule ma waena o nā mahana ma waena 1420 ° C a 1480 ° C E hōʻoia e hoʻopiha piha i ka hoʻopiha pihaʻana me kaʻole o ka oxidation.

Ma hope o ka nininiʻana, 'ōlelo Kaila, i ka mea i ka moll i nā mea, PAUKU PAUKU, a me ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā moa, E hoʻokaʻawale i ka kaulike o Ferrite.

ʻo kahi laʻana, a 15 mm pā pōhaku mm e paleʻia ma 5 ° C / s ʻO nā hana maʻamau ~ 60% mimetite, Ke hoʻoikaika nei i ka ikaika densile 550 Mpa me 8% ewangantion.

He ʻokoʻa, ka pauku like 1 ° C / s E hoʻomohala iā ~ 80% Ferrite, hoʻokō 400 MPA UT a 15% ewangantion.

ʻO nā mīkini hana i kēia mau hopena maikaʻi loa e koho ai i nā hale kūʻai: ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻana i nā kūlana ikaika kiʻekiʻe, E hoʻolōʻihi i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻana no nā mea e hiki mai ana.

Helu nodulale a me ka hana hana inconculation

Kiʻi kiʻi kiʻiʻia e like me ka hapa o ka pakeneka no ke kiʻi nodular. Ka nui o nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi-ikaika e hilinaʻi nuiʻia i loko o ka inoculation.

Ua hoʻohuiʻo ACEYY INOCTIOND 0.2-0.4%% Ferrosilicon-Magnesium Alloy i ka lale, ka hanaʻana 80-95% nodularity a 150-250 noducles / mm².

No nā papa lole koʻikoʻi, hihia inconculation (") ʻO Augments ka kahawai nui loa, e hāpai ana i ka nānāʻana i ka pale 10-20% me ka hoʻopiliʻana i nā molo core.

E hoʻomaka ana kēiaʻano hanaʻelua i nā waiwai mechanical i nā'āpana āpau a me ka hoʻonuiʻiaʻana o nā mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia.

ʻO nāʻano hana wela

ʻO ka hana wela he mea ikaika no ka e hana ana i nā mea hana mechanical o ka ductive step hao no nā noiʻenehana kūikawā. ʻO nā hana maʻamau i hoʻohanaʻia:

• Annalile: Hana pinepineʻia ma 870-950 ° C, ukaliʻia e ka wikiwiki wikiwiki, ʻO ka hoʻololiʻana i nā momi i nā paila ma nā wahi o nā mea ferritic, Hoʻonui nuiʻana i ka dunctility a me ka hopena hopena.
  Hoʻohana pinepineʻia ia no nā'āpana e pono ai i ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
• Hana maʻamau: Alakaʻiʻia ma ~ 900 ° C me ka ea hoʻomaha, Ua hōʻole kēia kaʻina i ka hoʻonohonohoʻana i ka palaoa a me nā hoʻolaha i ka nui o nā mea i huiʻia a iʻole i hoʻohuiʻia matrix.
  E hoʻonui iā ia i ka ikaika a me ka manikini, e kūpono ana i nā gears, hums, a me nā brackets.
• E wela ana: ʻO kēia hana wela holomua holomua e hoʻololi i ka hao hao hao i loko ʻO Austempeed Ductile hao (Adi) Ma ka piʻiʻana i ka hale kūʻai i loko o kahiʻauʻau paʻakai (~ 250-400 ° C) a hoʻopaʻaʻia a hiki i kahiʻano banitic matritic.
  Ka hopena hopena hopena e hōʻike ana i ka ikaika o ka kiʻekiʻe (a i 1,400 Mpa) a ke kau nei i ka paleʻana i ka wā e mālama ai i ka pono kūpono.

Ke kaʻina hana a me ke kūpaʻa

Ke mālama nei i ka mālamaʻana i keʻano o ka mālamaʻana i ka mahana o ka mahana o ka mahana i loko o ± 10 ° C, kaʻikeʻana i ka OCCulant Acculant i loko o ± 0.02%, a me ka hōʻoiaʻana i nā wela wela-hōʻoia i ka batch-to-batch.

I loko o nā thermocoups a me nā'ōnaehana intomated atacusication i nā hana avert e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea hana, pale aku i nā anomalies microstructural e like me nā mea i hāʻule i lalo 75% a iʻole ka hoʻonohonohoʻana i ka laweʻana.

ʻO kēia mau mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia i nā mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia i nā mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia a hoʻoemi i nā kumukūʻai scrap.

8. Nā noi o ka hao ductive

Ka Hoʻolālā Wīwī

• Lihao - Ma muli o ko lākou mau kūlana momona kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻakikī, Hiki i nā Cractive Rollhafts i nā miliona miliona o nā neʻe i lalo o nā ukana dinamic.
• Nā hihia likeʻole a me nā'āpana - pōmaikaʻi mai ka pale o ka alloy a alloy a me ka hiki ke hoʻopili i nā shocks.
• ʻO nā alakaʻi alakaʻi, ʻO nā lima lima, a me nā mea i hoʻopiʻiʻia - kahi e hui pū ai ka huiʻana o ka ductility a me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka palekana a me ka hana.

Pumps a me nā valves

• Nā mea hou aku a me nā mea hanaʻole
• Nā kino lāʻau no ka wai, pono, a me nā'ōnaehana hau
• Pipe fitters a me nā flanges i nā noi a me nā noiʻoihana

Makani a ikaika hou

• Nā leʻaleʻa o nā kāne
• Roor hubs
• ʻO ka laweʻana i nā mea lawe

ʻO nā lako hana a me nā mea kaumaha

Nā'āpana e like me nā housings axle, nā brackets, a e hoʻoleiʻia nā mea kūʻai aku mai ka hao hao no kona hiki ke pale i ka deformation ma lalo o nā ukana nui.

Pono, Aila, a me nāʻoihana moana

• Nā'ōnaehana pāpalu
• ʻO nā wahi o nā kahua'āina
• Subeseanilds

9. Hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike me nā kumuwaiwai'ē aʻe

Eia kahi papa hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike e hoʻololi i nāʻano hana o ka hana ductile, 'Āpana hina, Kahu kila, a me ka hao duclem duclem (Adi) i loko o kahi papaʻaina:

10. Hopena

ʻO nā mea iʻokiʻia i ka hao ma ke kihi o ke kūʻaiʻana i ke kumukūʻai o ke kumukūʻai a me nā hana lapaʻau kiʻekiʻe.

Ia kiʻi kiʻi ʻO ka hoʻonohonohoʻana i ka ikaika, paʻakikī, a me kaʻehaʻeha, ʻOiai e hāʻawi ana i ka hanaʻana a me ka hoʻoiliʻana i nā mea maikaʻi loa no nā noi kūikawā.

Ma ka hoʻopiliʻana i nā papa kuhikuhi maʻamau, kaohiʻana o nā microstructure, a e hoʻokō nei i nā protocols maikaʻi loa, ʻO nā Engineers Harness Ductive hao e hana palekana, piha, a me nā'āpana waiwai.

E like me nā innovations e like me Adi a e kū mai ka hoʻohui hoʻohui hoʻohui, E hoʻomau mauʻo Ductile i ka hao hao, hoʻoikaika i konaʻano e like me keʻano o keʻano o kaʻoihana ma mua.

LangHe ʻO ke koho kūpono kūpono no kāu hana hana e pono ai inā makemakeʻoe i ka maikaʻi kiʻekiʻe ʻO nā huahana haoʻo Duxle.

Kāhea iā mākou i kēia lā!