Hanaʻole i nā kila kila?

1. Hōʻikeʻike

Hanaʻole i nā kila kila? ʻOiai kona inoa, Hiki i nā mea kila ceelless ke-a ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana e pili ana i ka corrosion kūloko.

Ua uku kēia nīnau i ka paona nui no kekahi mea e kuhikuhi ana i nā mea e kuhikuhi ana i kaʻenehana, kūkulu hoʻi, a iʻole nā ​​huahana kūʻai: ʻO ka helehelena lōʻihi, incrutural integrity, a me nā koi mālama mālama o nā mea kūʻai aku-ceel i nā mea āpau i ka hinge ma kaʻikeʻana a no ke aha e pauʻole ai nā pale.

I nā māhele aʻe, Eʻimi mākou i kaʻepekema ma hope o ka paleʻana i ka pale pale pale o ka chrisium-waiwai, nā mea hana kūlohelohe hiki ke wāwahi, a me nā hoʻolālā kūpono e pale ai i ka corrosion i makemakeʻoleʻia.

2. He aha ke kila stiinless?

Kila kohu ʻole he corrosionion-resistant alloy primerally i hakuʻia 'Eron (Lia), Chromium (Cr), and KālekaʻAʻI (C), me nā koho koho koho e like me nickel (I), Mybridelu (Mo), and nitrogen (N).

Kona pale kūʻokoʻa e hoʻopili ai i nā mea e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia mai nā kilokilo maʻamau-a he nui kēia ma muli o kahiʻano nui: Chromium.

Role o ka chromium: Ka paleʻana

He aha ka mea e hana ai i nā kila koi " mea iki loa 10.5% ʻO kaʻikepili chromium. ʻO kēia chromium hou i nā oxygen me ka oxygen i ke kaiāulu e hana ai i kope, ʻO Mīwīʻo Oxide Ma kaʻaoʻao o ka mea hoʻokele.

Kaulana e like me ka Passive Paying, ʻO ka hoʻoponoponoʻana iā ia iho a hana i nā mea e like me ka pā i ka mistiture a me nā ea-ʻelua o nā mea nui no ka hana paʻa.

E noʻonoʻo e like me keʻano he transparent, ʻO kaʻili o ka pale e pale ai i ka uhi i lalo.

ʻAʻole like me nā mea pena a iʻole nā ​​lole, ʻO kēia kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi iā ia iho inā i hāʻawiʻia i ka oxygen i hāʻawiʻia i kēia manawa.

Nā mea hana maʻamau maʻamau

Ma waho o ka chromium, Hiki ke hoʻohuiʻia kekahi mau mea'ē aʻe i nā waiwai o nā kila maikaʻi maikaʻi loa:

Nāʻohana kila kila

Aia heʻelima mauʻohana nui o nā mea kanu lāʻau, kēlā me kēia i weheweheʻia e kā lākou micropsructure:

• Austetetitic (E.g., 304, 316): Ka mea maʻamau; Ke kū'ē nei ke kū'ē kiʻekiʻe; non-magnetic.
• Ferritic (E.g., 430): Magnetic, uku haʻahaʻa, Ka liʻiliʻiʻo Corrosion-resistant.
• Martesestic (E.g., 410, 420): Paʻakikī a ikaika hoʻi; hoʻohanaʻia i kaʻoki; ke kū'ēʻana i ka paleʻana.
• Duplex (E.g., 2205): E hoʻohui i nā hana a me nā mea ferritic; ʻO ka ikaika ikaika a me ke kū'ēʻana.
• Hoʻopau-paʻakikī (E.g., 17-4Ph): Ikaika ikaika me keʻano kūlike o ka corrosiote; Hoʻohanaʻia ma Aerospace.

3. He aha nā mea e kū ai?

E hoʻomaopopo inā hikiʻole i ke kila stielless hiki ke holo, He mea nui ia e wehewehe mua He aha nā mea a ma lalo o nā kūlana heʻano ia.

He aha ka mea?

'Ōwili heʻanoʻanoʻano o ka corrosion e kū ana i ka wā 'Eron (Lia) hopena me oxygen (OAHO) and kaiwa (Hue) I ke kaiāulu e hana ai nāʻili hao hao-Typically Lihuailona m «i-· Nho, ʻO kahi meaʻulaʻula ulaula-brownish.

ʻO kēia hopena he electrochemical a me nā hopena i loko o ka degradation o ka pono o keʻano o keʻano.

ʻAʻoleʻo Rust kahiʻano ākea wale nō - he hana ikaika, ʻO keʻano holomua o ka corrosio eʻai ana i ka metala, e nāwaliwali ai i kēia manawa.

Nā kūlana e hana ai

Pono nā Rust ʻEkolu mau mea koʻikoʻi:

1. 'Eron (a iʻole he hao haoʻole e like me ke kila)
2. Oxycongen (mai ka lewa a i ka wai paha)
3. Ka wai a iʻole ka wai (nā hana e like me kahi electrolyte)

Ke hui pū nei kēia mau mea, ʻO kahi palapala kelepona uila:

• 'Aʻole: Ua lalo pale uila (oxiyan), Ke hoʻokumu nei i nā Iona hao.
• ʻO Camrodanic Road: ʻO ka Oxygen a me ka wai eʻae i kēlā mau uila e hana i nā Iona hydroxide.
• E hui pūʻia nā tion e hana Hydroxide, ʻO ka mea e hiki ai i nā oxidies.

Corrosione vs rust: He like lākou?

ʻAʻole loa. ʻOiaiʻo Rust kahi ʻano ke kukuna, ʻaʻole nā ​​mea āpau a pau.

ʻo kahi laʻana, Hoʻokumuʻo Alumini i kahi bipi keʻokeʻo, Nā lole keleawe creent Patina, and ʻO nā mea kila kila kilaʻeleʻele a iʻole nā'āpana pipi-All mauʻano o ka corrosiot, akā,ʻaʻole "rust" i keʻano paʻakikī.

4. Hiki i nā mea kila kila?

ʻOiaiʻo kāna inoa inoa, Hiki i ke kila stienless ke holo maoli-But wale nō ma lalo o kekahi mauʻano kaiāulu a iʻole nāʻano hana.

Heʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi kēia: ʻO nā kila Strainless corrosions-resistant, ʻaʻole ʻO Corrosion-Proof.

No ke aha e kū ai nā kila stienless

ʻO keʻano o keʻano o ka corosion ʻO nāʻike chromium kiʻekiʻe (≥10%%), e hiki ai i ka hoʻokumuʻana o a ʻO ka chromi nui chromium (Cr₂o₃) Pipai Pūnaewele. ʻO kēia kiʻiʻoniʻoni:

• Microscopically, Akā pale loa
• Adherent a me ka ho'ōlaʻana iāʻoe iho I ke alo o ka oxygen
• Hiki ke pale i ka oxygen a me ka mistiture mai ka hōʻeaʻana i ka mea i lalo

ʻO kēia papa hana passive e hoʻokaʻawale i nā kila kila mai ke kila carbon, nāʻano Polō, flaky ir ocide ('ōwili) e hiki ai i ka corrosion e prosate.

Akā naʻe,, ʻAʻole kēia kiʻi kiʻi. Hiki iā ia hoʻokaʻawale, smoctically hoʻoukaʻia, a iʻole e laweʻia i ke kino, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kūlana paʻakikī.

I ka manawa a me ke kumu o nā kila kila

ʻO nā mea kila kila I ka wā i hōʻinoʻia ai kona papa passive aʻaʻole iʻaeʻia e hoʻoponopono. Hiki i kēia ke hana ma lalo o nā kūlana he nui:

Kope kikpo (E.g., waiapula, Bleaach):

• Chrlode Itions i nā mea e koho ai i ka paina passive a hoʻomaka Pihaʻana.
• Nā helu like 304 hiki ke kau i nā wahi i nā wahi 30 ppm o nā chlorides.

Nele o ka oxygen:

• I Nā kānaka a iʻole ma lalo o nā waihona ma kahi hikiʻole o ka oxygen, ʻAʻole hiki i ka mea hoʻolimalima.
• Ke alakaʻi nei kēia Kāleʻa Crenice Corrosioni-ʻOiʻi i nā'āpana o ka marine a me nāʻoihanaʻoihana.

Ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana me nā'āpana hao:

• Kamaʻilio pū me ʻO ke Ala Carbon Mea Hana, ʻO ka lepo lepo, a iʻole e hiki i nā'āpana hao ke hoʻolauna i nā pūnaewele corrosition.
• ʻO kēia mau'āpana'ē aʻe, Ke hele nei i ka papa kila kila.

Acidic a iʻole nāʻoihanaʻoihana:

• ʻO nā maʻi e like me ka sulfuric, hydrochlopric, a iʻole nitric acid hiki ke hoʻopau i ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni passove.
• ʻO nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me nā mea hoʻohui e hoʻopili ai i kēia wāwahi.

ʻO keʻano mechanical a iʻole ka mālama wela:

• ʻO ka hana a iʻole ka hana anuanu hiki ke kumu hōʻikeʻike (ʻO nā kākela chromium ma nā palena palaoa).
• Hoʻololi kēia i ka paleʻana i ke kū'ē a alakaʻi i intergranur corrosior.

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maoli-honua o nā kila kila kila

• NāʻIke Kū Pāʻani Kūlana: ʻO nā wahi e kokoke kokoke ana i ka sink a iʻole ka falwasher ma muli o ka paʻakai a me ka wela.
• Kālā lole: 304 ʻO keʻano o ke kālepaʻana i nā hoʻonohonohoʻana o nā moana; 316 ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.
• Nā pipdes welded: ʻO ka holoʻana ma Weld Seams kahi i hoʻopiliʻia ai nā kelepona wela.
• Nā palapala hana: ʻO Rust stick i hoʻokumuʻia e ka paʻakai mokulele a iʻole e pili ana i nā mea paʻaʻoleʻole.

5. Nāʻano o keʻano steel corosion

ʻOiaiʻo ke kila kūponoʻole e hoʻolālāʻia e pale i ka corrosion, ʻaʻole ia. Ua hilinaʻiʻo ia i konaʻano i ka hoʻolahaʻana i ka honua, NA KAKU ANA LOA, Hoʻolālā Goodometry, a hoʻopauʻia.

Hiki i ke kila kila keʻeha kama'āina, galleancha, a me keʻano o ke kaumaha-Eich me nā mea likeʻole, Nā hopena Kūpono, a pale aku i nā hoʻolālā.

Pihaʻana

ʻO ka hoʻouka kaua kūloko e komo i kaʻaoʻao metala

• Kumu: Klā me nā ions (Cl⁻), i loaʻa pinepine ma ka paʻakai paʻakai, Bleaach, a me nā mea hana de-icing, Hiki i ka lolo ke wāwahi i ka papa o ka chromium i hala.
• Helehelena: Liʻiliʻi, nā lua hohonu a iʻole nā ​​"pits" ma luna o kaʻili.
• Nā hopena Kūpono: Hiki ke alakaʻi i ka sophid senforation me ka poho metala haʻahaʻa, pinepine pinepine e heleʻole a hikiʻole.
• Maʻamau i loko: 304 Ua hoʻohanaʻiaʻo Stiinless Steel i loko o ka marine a iʻole nā ​​loko wai.

Kāleʻa Crenice Corrosioni

Corrosio ma nā wahi pale me nā electrolyte stagnant

• Kumu: E hele ana i loko o nā wahi paʻa e hikiʻole ai ke hōʻano hou i ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni, washers, Nā Kupu Lap, a iʻole nā ​​waihona waihona.
• Mea lihua: ʻO ka Starxgen Star i kumu i nā cell'ē aʻe; ʻO ka wahi i heleʻia e lilo i anodic a me nā corrodes wikiwiki.
• Helehelena: Corrosio ma lalo o ka crevice, ʻaʻole pinepine iʻikeʻia.
• Maʻamau i loko: Nā noi kai kai, Nā Kūpili Flanged, a iʻole nā ​​mea hana me nā geomex paʻakikī.

Kahiki Galvaniko

Ka hopena electrOchemical ma waena o nā metala dissimilar meta

• Kumu: I ka wā e hoʻopiliʻia ai ka kila stiinless e pili ana i kahi mea hou a iʻole ka mea hao liʻiliʻiʻole i ke alo o kahi electrolyte (E.g., wai), hoʻokahi mea hao kālā.
• Hoʻoloholo: ʻO nā bolts stielless colts i hoʻopiliʻia me nā fram alumini e hiki ai ke kumu i ka alumini i corrode.
• Maʻanuiia: Hilinaʻi i nā kūlana pili o nā metala.

ʻO ke kūleʻaʻana o ke kalaʻana (SCC)

Wikiwiki, ʻO ka maikaʻiʻole ma lalo o ke kaumaha ma lalo o ke kaumaha ma keʻano o ke kaiāulu

• Kumu: Ka huiʻana o ke kaumaha termile (ka nohoʻana a iʻole noiʻia), Nā Kūlana Kūlana Kūlana (pinepine chorride-waiwai), a me nā microstructure.
• Helehelena: ʻO nā'āpana microscopic e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka manawa, e alakaʻi ana i ka hana pio.
• Maʻamau i loko: 304/304L Austetitic Stainless nā mea hoʻokūkū maikaʻi ma lalo o ke kaumaha ma ka wela, HUDE, a iʻole nā ​​kūlana waiwai.
• Nāʻoihana i pili: Ke kālepaʻana, Nleace, meaʻai meaʻai, a me nā mea kanu wai wai.

Intergranur corrosior (Igc)

ʻO ka hoʻouka kauaʻana ma keʻano he mau palena palaoa

• Kumu: Chromium e hoʻokaʻawale i nā palena palaoa ma muli o ka noʻonoʻo (ka hoʻomehana ma ka 450-850 ° C Rub), pinepine i ka wā o ka hoʻohanaʻana a iʻole ka hopena wela wela.
• Mea lihua: Hoʻopiliʻo Chromium me ka carbon e hana i nā kaʻa chromium, ka ho'ēmiʻana i ka corrosion e pale i nā palena nui.
• Hopena: ʻIkeʻia paha ke kaula me ke keleawe akā lilo i nāwaliwali.
• Kinohi: Ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā hōʻailona haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e like me 304l / 316l a iʻole nā ​​helu helu 321 (Ka-stabilized) and 347 (Nb-stabilized).

6. ʻO nā mea e pili ana i ke kū'ēʻana

• NA KAKU ANA LOA: ʻOi aku ke kiʻekiʻe (≥20 %), Mo (≥2 %), a me nā mea e koi aku ai i ke kū'ē.
• Hoʻopau ʻili: Pula a iʻole ka hoʻopiliʻana i nā wahi e hoʻopili ai i ka hoʻouka kauaʻana ma mua o ka paʻakikī.
• Kaʻona:

• • Chrlodes (wai wai, de-iceing salts) he keu loa.
  • Nā'āpana a me nā mea kanuʻoihana (Pī, No -hi) hiki i ka erode i ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive.

• Mechanical kaumaha & Huahuai: Kulou ana, Welding, a hiki i ka machining ke hōʻike i nā kaumaha o nā subses a me nā mea hōʻike hōʻike.

7. ʻO nā mea kila Steelless a me kā lākou paleʻana

Hele mai nā mea hele kū'ēʻole i loko o kahi ākea ākea o nā helu, ʻO kēlā me kēiaʻenehana me nā mea hoʻohui kiko'ī a me nā microstructure

E hāʻawi i nā pale kū'ē o ka Optiminized a me nā mea hana i nā mea hana no nā wahi i manaʻoʻia.

Ke kohoʻana i ka papa kūpono kūpono e hōʻoia i ka hōʻoiaʻana i ka lōʻihi, palekana, a me ke kumukūʻai-kūpono.

ʻO ka hōʻuluʻuluʻana o ka paleʻana o Corrosion e ka papa

8. Ka mālamaʻana a me ka paleʻana o ka rust

Pehea e hoʻonui ai i ka mea kila kila a me ka hana

ʻOiaiʻo kāna inoa inoa no ka paleʻana o ka corrosion, ʻAʻole maikaʻi loaʻo Stiinless Steel.

Koho kūpono, hana mālamaʻia, a me nā hana mālama mālama pono e mālama i kona kūpaʻa, helehelena, a me ka hana.

Koho koho kūpono

ʻO kekahi o nā ala maikaʻi loa e pale ai i ka'ōpala e koho ana i ka papa kila kila kūpono kūpono.

• 304 lawa no ka inonor, Laulu, a me nā noi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
• 316 Oole Nā helu Duplex ua manaʻoʻia no ka moana, Kahahana, a iʻole nā ​​wahi i keʻano he chemika me ka chloride kiʻekiʻe a iʻole ka hōʻikeʻana.
• Nā helu kiʻekiʻe-alloy Uā 904L he kūpono no ka lehulehu, e like me ka sulfuric acid a iʻole kai kai.

Nā mea mālama kino e hoʻonui ai i ke kū'ē

Ua hilinaʻiʻo Stiinless Steel i kāna papa inoa passive, chomium-waiwai. E hoʻonui ana a hoʻihoʻi hou paha i kēia mea e hiki ai ke hōʻemi nui i ka hopena o ka holoʻana.

• Hoʻolauna: Kahi lāʻau lapaʻau (ʻO ka nitric a iʻole citric acid-hoʻokumuʻia) e hoʻoneʻe ana i ka hao hao a hāpai i ka uluʻana o ka hui chromium.
• Uilaiauliwi: ʻO nā pae a me nā microscopically pae, ʻO ka hoʻemiʻana i ka hana crevice a me nā mea kanu e hoʻolaha ai i ka corrosion kūloko.
• Pickling: Hoʻopau i nā'āpana o nā mode-a me nā'āpana o nā'āpana a iʻole keʻano i hanaʻia i ka wā o ka hanaʻana a me ke kaʻina wela.

ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maʻamau a me ka hoʻokele kaiāulu

ʻO nā helu maikaʻi loa e hiki ke hoʻoponoponoʻia inā i pāpāʻia a waihoʻoleʻia.

Nā mea hoʻonaninani e like me nā chrides, Slfes, a me nā'āpana hao ke hoʻomaka i ka corrosiote ma mua o ka manawa.

Nā'ōlelo aʻoaʻo:

• Hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā papa maʻemaʻe me ʻO ka holoiʻana and wai wai.
• Pale aku i ka hoʻohanaʻana ʻO ke kilī a iʻole nāʻaihue carbon cheel brushes, Hiki ke waiho i nā waihona hao.
• Hoʻohana nā lole lole palupalu a iʻole nā ​​pale pepa pope.
• E holoi pono, ʻoi aku ma hope o ka hoʻopiliʻana me ka paʻakai, Nā'āpana, a iʻole ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā chemika.
• I nā hoʻonohonohoʻoihana, Hoʻohui paleʻana i nā mea paʻa Oole dehumidifier kahi e pono ai.

ʻO ka hoʻolālā a me ka hoʻonohonohoʻana i nā hana maikaʻi loa

ʻO ka mālama maikaʻiʻana i ka wāʻokiʻoki, Welding, a iʻole e hoʻopili ai i ka hōʻinoʻana i ka papa o ka orde pale a iʻole ka hoʻopukaʻana i nā mea haumia.

• Hoʻohana nā mea kila kila kila Hōʻalo i ka cross-sentication me ke kila carbon.
• Ma hope o ka welding, noi post-weld hoʻomaʻemaʻe and hoʻolauna e hoʻoneʻe i ke kāʻei a me ka wela wela.
• Āla nā kihi a me nā creines I ka hoʻolālāʻana e hōʻemi i ka hoʻohanaʻana.
• Ākele alohaʻo Galvanika me nā metala i nā metala a iʻole ke kumuʻole.

9. Nā mea maʻamau e pili ana i nā kila kila kila

"ʻO nā mea kila kūponoʻole?"

E like me ke kūkākūkāʻana ma kēiaʻatikala, ʻAʻoleʻo iaʻo ka mea kila Stoineless.

ʻOiai e hāʻawi ana i ka paleʻana o ka corrossion maikaʻi loa i hoʻohālikelikeʻia i ke kila carbon, Hiki i nā kūlana kūikawā ke kumu i ka wā hoʻomaha o ka pākuʻi passive a hoʻomaka i ka hoʻokumuʻana.

"ʻO nā mea kila āpau āpau?"

Nui nā helu helu o nā kila kūponoʻole, ʻO kēlā me kēia me nā mea hoʻohui likeʻole a me nā waiwai.

Ka paleʻana o ka corrosion, ikaika, a me nā hiʻohiʻona'ē aʻe e like me nā helu. Ke kohoʻana i ka papa hana hewa no kahi noi hiki ke alakaʻi i ka corrosition premature.

"ʻO keʻano o nā mea kila kūpono?"

Ponoʻo StANALS GRAELY i ka mālama maʻamau e mālama ai i kona paleʻana.

ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, ʻO ka paleʻana i nā wahi harsh, and, I kekahi mau hihia, Pono nā mea hana e pale aku ai i ka kūkuluʻana i ka kūkuluʻana i nā mea haumia a hōʻoia i ka pono o ka pono o ka papa kūʻai.

10. Hopena

I ka hopena, ʻO nā mea kila maikaʻiʻole he mea maikaʻiʻole me nā waiwai maikaʻi loa-resistant, Akāʻaʻole ia he mea hikiʻole i ka wikiwiki.

ʻO keʻano kūʻokoʻa o ke kila kila, ʻO ka hana maʻamau o ka chromium i ka hanaʻana i kahi papa kūʻai, Hāʻawi i kona paleʻana i loko o ka corrosion.

Akā naʻe,, nā mea likeʻole, me ka hōʻikeʻana i nā chrides, Nā'āpana, Mechanical kaumaha, a me ka mālama ponoʻole, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i kēia pale a alakaʻi i ka holoʻana.

Ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i nāʻano likeʻole o ka corrosion e hiki ai ke hoʻopili i nā kila kila, ʻO nā kumuwaiwai e hāpai ana i kona paleʻana,

aʻo ka mālama pono a me nā hana koho pono ke koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka ola a me ka hanaʻana i nā huahana kila kilatiko a me nā hana.

Ma ka hoʻokuʻuʻana i nā mea maʻamau a me nā hoʻoholo i hōʻikeʻia e pili ana i nā koho koho, mālamaʻona, a me ka mālama,

Hiki iā mākou ke hōʻoia i ka hoʻomauʻana o ke kila kila e lilo i mea hilinaʻi a hilinaʻi i nā mea paʻa i loko o kahi ākea ākea.

 

LangHe: ʻO ka kila kila kūponoʻole & Nā lawelawe hoʻokipa

LangHe he mea hāʻawi i hāʻawiʻia ʻO nā kila kila kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, lawelawe i nāʻoihana ma kahi e hana ai, durability, a he koʻikoʻi nā kuʻekuʻe corrosion.

Me nā mea hana holomua holomua a me kahi kūpaʻa e hana i ka hana i ka hana, LangHe Hāʻawi i ka hilinaʻi, ʻO nā mea i hanaʻoleʻia e hoʻopili i nā hopena kila e hoʻokō i nā koi noi noi nui loa.

Hoʻokomoʻia kā mākou mau mea hana kila kūpono:

• Hoʻolei kālā & Nalowale shop
  ʻO ka nānāʻana kiʻekiʻe loa no nā geometries paʻakikī, e hōʻoia ana i nā mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia a me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.
• Sand cread & Nā wili lei
  Kūpono no nā'āpana nui a me nā hana kūpono, no nā'āpanaʻoihana a me nā pae hoʻonohonoho.
• CNC Mīkini & Post-ho'ōla
  Hoʻopiha i nā lawelawe machining e komo pū ana, MilightʻAʻole, hoʻomālamalama, Kāleka, a me nā hana kino.

Inā makemakeʻoe i nā'āpana kiʻekiʻe, ʻO nā mea hoʻokūkū paʻakikī, a iʻole nā'āpanaʻokoʻa, LangHe ʻO kāu hoa noho hilinaʻi i loko o ka hana sweel hoʻopunipuni.

Kāhea iā mākou i kēia lā e aʻo pehea LangHe hiki ke hāʻawi i nā hopena steelless i nā hopena i nā hana me ka hana, hilinaʻi, a me ka pololei pololei i kāu mau noi.