Mea kūʻai aku: Waiwai, Noi & KA MANAWA

ʻAʻoleʻo Copper kahi mea metala akā he corsesttone o ke kūkulu kanaka.

Mai nā limahana hana kahiko i nā mea hana hana a me nā kiʻi kiʻi i kāna hana koʻikoʻi i ka hana pilikino i kēia manawa, ʻO ka Copper kahi mea nui e kī ai i ke kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa i ka millennia.

Mahalo i kānaʻano uila uila, durability, a me ka hewa, Ua kūʻo Copper i kona wahi e like me kekahi o nā mea waiwai nui loa ma ka honua.

Eʻimi kēiaʻatikala i nā waiwai core keleawe, Nā helu helu a me nāʻano, a pehea e koho ai i ke keleawe kūpono loa no kāu papahana aʻe.

1. He aha ke keleawe?

keleawe (Cu), me ka helu atomic 29, he mea hao e pili ana i ka hui o ka hui o ka papa o ka papa manawa.

ʻO kāna huneʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula,ʻo ia kekahi o kāna mau hiʻohiʻona maʻamau, Aʻo kāna metallic luster wale nō e hoʻonui wale i kāna hoʻopiʻi.

Kaulana no konaʻano maikaʻi loa a me keʻano kiʻekiʻe, Kūʻo Copper i kahi o nā metalile nui loa.

Nona ka "ʻulaʻulaʻulaʻula" me Keihei and bronze, ʻO nā mea āpau āpauʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā metala dure i loaʻaʻole i nā'āpana nui.

Ma luna o nā kenekulia, Ua hoʻonuiʻia ka hoʻohanaʻana o Colpper mai nā mea hana maʻamau i nāʻoihana kanaka maʻamau e holomua i nā noi i nāʻoihana hou.

Hiki i kona mau kikowaena ke maʻalahi e maʻalahi, ka hanaʻana i kahi mea nui ma waena o nāʻano hana ākea ākea.

Wahi a ka hui noiʻi copper copp (ه meka), ʻO ke keleawe ke kolu o ke kolu o ka mea i hoʻohana nuiʻia, Ma hope o ka hao a me ka alumini.

ʻO nā mea alakaʻi alakaʻi o ke keleawe, me Chile, Pelū, a congo, E hoʻopaʻa inoa i nā kumukūʻai blobal i kaʻu hana, me Kina.

2. Nā Kūlana Kūʻai Kūʻai

Hoʻokomoʻia ka hana keleawe e pili ana i kahiʻano o nā hana i hoʻolālāʻia e laweʻia, remiia, a me ke kumukūʻai keleawe i loko o nāʻano hana no nāʻoihana likeʻole.

Mai ka mineng a me nā meaʻala i nā kaʻina hana hope loa, ʻO kēlā me kēiaʻano he mea nui e hōʻoia ai i ka loaʻaʻana o ka keleawe i nā koi kiko'ī o kāna noi.

Ma lalo, Ua wāwahi mākou i nā wāwae kiʻekiʻe i komo i loko o ke kumukūʻai keleawe, ka hoʻolahaʻana i nāʻenehana e hana i nā keleawe i kahi mea a me nā mea waiwai.

Ka uku o ke keleawe

ʻO ke kahua mua ma ke kumukūʻai keleaweʻo ia keʻano o ka helu keleawe i ka honua mai ka honua mai. Hanaʻia kēia ma o nā hana mining e like me keʻano o ka liʻiliʻi a i lalo paha, Ke hilinaʻi nei i ka wahi a me ka hohonu o nā waihona ORE.

Mining:

Ua loaʻa muaʻo Copper mai nā waihona Ore. ʻO nā helu maʻamauʻelua o nā keleawe he chalcopyrite (Cafes2) a hanau (Cu5fes4).

ʻO kēia mau ords maʻamau e hoʻokaʻawaleʻia ma o ka mika wehe, kahi e laweʻia ai ka nui o ka honua e komo i ka ORE.

I kekahi mau hihia, Hoʻohanaʻia ka mīkini i lalo e hōʻea i nā waihona hohonu o ka copper ore.

ʻO keʻano o ke kaʻa e wehe ai i keʻano hana maʻamau, accounting no a puni 60% o ka hana chopbal.

ʻO ke kālaiʻana a me ke kālaiʻana:

Hoʻokahiʻia, Uaʻokiʻia ka mea kūʻai aku i loko o nā'āpana liʻiliʻi e hōʻike i ka coppper-loaʻa i nā minela.

Ua ukaliʻia kēia kaʻina hana, ka mea hou e hōʻemi ai i ka nui o nā'āpana o ka ore.

Hoʻonuiʻia ke kauʻana i ka'āina o ka ore, ka hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻana i ka hoʻokaʻawale o ke keleawe mai nā mea e hoʻopuniʻia ai.

Ka Hina Huki:

Ma hope o ka puhiʻana a me ke kālaiʻana, ʻO ke kāʻei keleawe i lalo o ka flotation e hoʻokaʻawale i nā minela keleawe mai ka papaʻaina.

Ua huiʻia ka ORE me ka wai a me nā mea kanu, e kumu ana i nā'āpana keleawe e lilo i hydrophobic (E hoʻihoʻi hou i ka wai).

Hāʻawi kēia i nā minela keleawe e holo i ka papa, kahi a lākou e hele ai, ʻOiai ke koena o nā mea ola (Nā'ōpū) E hoʻomoʻi i lalo.

Smelking a me kaʻoluʻolu

Ke hoʻokaʻawaleʻia nei ka copper copper i hoʻokaʻawaleʻia mai nā meaʻole, ʻO ka hana hope aʻe he meaʻoluʻolu, kahi i hāpaiʻia ai ka hoʻopiliʻana i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e lawe i nā keleawe maʻemaʻe.
Aia heʻelua mau ala nui no ka smulking keleawe: pyrometalltallurgical a me ka hoʻopiliʻana i ka electrolytic.

• Pyrometallhertig:
  Hoʻokomoʻia kēiaʻano hana kuʻuna i ka hoʻohanaʻana i ke keleawe i loko o ka umu e lawe i nā mea kanu a lawe i ka "blister keleawe,"ʻO wai ka mea 98-99% keleawe.
  ʻO keʻano o ka huiʻana ma mua o ka umu, e kumu ana i ke keleawe e hoʻokaʻawale a hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea'ē aʻe.
  ʻO ka hopena he hui pūʻana o ka keleawe a me ka sulfur, ka mea i mālamaʻia e hana i kahiʻano o ke keleawe.
• ʻO ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana:
  Blister keleawe, e loaʻa ana i nā mea haumia, ʻO ka hoʻopiliʻana i ka electroes electrOlytic e hana i ke keleawe kiʻekiʻe.
  Ma kēia kaʻina hana, Ua neʻeʻia kahi mea uila uila ma o kahi hopena solfate colfate, e hoʻokau ana i nā mea kūʻai aku i nā leona a me ka waihoʻana i ka cathode.
  Ua waihoʻia nā mea nui ma hope o ka hopena electrolyte. ʻO ka hopena he keleawe me ka maʻemaʻe o 99.99%, ʻo ia ka maʻamau no ka hapanui o nā noi a me nā noi uila.

Ke hoʻololi a hana

Ke kiʻiʻia nei ke keleawe a ua hoʻopauʻia, e like me nāʻano hana likeʻole e hoʻohuli ai i nāʻano maʻamau e like me nā pale, Nā Wires, tuku, a iʻole nā ​​alloys.
ʻO kēia mau kaʻina hana e hoʻopili ana, Kauwili, hukiʻulu, Kākau, A extusion.

Kauhi:

Kauhi ʻO ke kaʻina o ka nininiʻana i ke keleawe keleawe i loko o nā molds e hana i nāʻano kiko'ī a iʻole nā'āpana.

He mea maikaʻi loa kēiaʻano hana no ka hana nui, ʻO nā'āpana paʻakikī e like me nā mea kūpono, Nā Vilves, a iʻole e hoʻonāukiuki i nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻolālā. ʻElua mau papa hana papa mua:

• Sand cread: Ma ke kīwīʻo Sand, Ua nininiʻiaʻo Moolt Coopper i loko o nā molds i hanaʻia i ke one. Ma hope o ka holoiʻana, Ua wāwahiʻia ke kahe o ke one e hōʻike i ka'āpana.
• Hoolei Make: I ka makeʻana, Ua hoʻohālikelikeʻiaʻo Moolt Coopper ma lalo o ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe i nā papa metala (make). He kūpono kēiaʻano no ka hanaʻana i ka pololei, Nā'āpana kiko'ī me nā mea paʻa paʻa.

Kauwili:

Hiki ke hanaʻia ke keleawe i nā'āpanaʻili, Nā papa, a me nā kaula ma o kahi kaʻina iʻikeʻia e like me ka holoʻana.

Ma kēia kaʻina hana, ua hala aku ke keleawe ma o kahi papa o nā mea hana e hōʻemi ai i kona mānoanoa. ʻElua mauʻano o ka holoʻana:

• Lele wela: I ka holo wela, ua hoʻomehanaʻia ka keleawe a laila i hala ma o nā poʻe Rollers e hōʻemi i kona mānoanoa a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka lole.
  Hoʻohanaʻia kēiaʻano hana no nā huahana nui e like me nā papa a me nā pale.
• Ke anuanu: I ke anuanu, Ua leleʻiaʻo Copper i ka mahana o ka lumi e hoʻokō ai i kahi mea e hiki ai ke hoʻopau a kiʻekiʻe loa.
  ʻO ka neʻeʻana o ke anuanu e hana ana i nā'āpanaʻili a me nā pale pololei, me nā mānoanoa e like me ka liʻiliʻi 0.005 iniha.

Hukiʻulu:

ʻO ke kiʻi kiʻi kahi kaʻina hana i hoʻohanaʻia e hana i nā wili keleawe a me nā'ōpala. Ua hukiʻia ke keleawe ma o ka make, e hōʻemi ana i kona'āpana a hoʻonui i kona lōʻihi.
Pono kēiaʻano hana no ka hanaʻana i nā koho balota i hoʻohanaʻia ma nā noi electrical.

Hiki ke hana maikaʻiʻia, me ke keleawe i hala i ka nui o nā mea he nui e hoʻokō ai i ka mānoanoa i makemakeʻia.

Hoʻohanaʻia ia e hana i nā tubs keleawe no ka plumbing a me nā noi hanaʻoihana.

Kākau:

ʻO ke kala keleawe e pili ana i ke kalaʻana i ka coppper ma ke kaomiʻana i ke kaomi, pinepine ma ka hammering a iʻole ke kaomiʻana.

Hoʻohanaʻia kēia kaʻina hana e hana i nā'āpana e koi ai i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka nui.

ʻO ke kalaʻana he mea maʻamau i ka hanaʻana o nā'āpana keleawe no ka automotive, AerERPPACE, a me nāʻoihana uila. Aiaʻelua mauʻano o ke kalaʻana:

• E hoʻopau ana i ka holoiʻana: I ka holoiʻana i ke kalaʻana, ua kauʻia ma waena o nā'āpanaʻeluaʻelua a me nā hammered a iʻole e hoʻopiliʻia e hoʻokō ai i keʻano makemake.
• Ua paniʻia ka make-make: Hoʻokomoʻia ka Copper i loko o kahi make me kahiʻano kiko'ī a laila hammed a paʻa paha e hoʻopiha i kaʻai make.
  Hoʻohanaʻia kēiaʻano hana no ka hoʻokumuʻana i nāʻano likeʻole a me nā'āpana.

Hānehi:

Hoʻokomo ka extision i ke koiʻana i ke keleawe ma kahi make e hana ai i nā'āpana me nāʻano helu helu helu. Hoʻohana nuiʻia ke kaʻina hana no ka hanaʻana i nā tubts keleawe, ʻO nā Roos, a me nā mea hana.

Ua kiʻiʻiaʻo Copper ma ka makeʻana o ka make me ka hoʻohanaʻana i kahi pēpē hydraulic, Ke hana nei i kahiʻano lōʻihi me ka mānoanoa.

ʻO kaʻano make e hoʻoholo ai i keʻano hope o ke keleawe i hoʻopukaʻia, hiki keʻokiʻia i loko o nā lōʻihi i makemakeʻia.

Alloying a me nā hoʻololi'ē aʻe

ʻO nā mea kūʻai aku i nā mea kūʻai pinepineʻia me nā metala'ē aʻe e hoʻonui i kāna mau mea hana. Hoʻokumuʻia kēia mau makana e ka hoʻohuiʻana i nā keleawe me nā mea e like me Zinc, kū, beryllium, a me ka aluminum.
Hoʻokomoʻia ke kaʻina hana hoʻohuiʻana i nā metals i nā metals e hana pū i kahi kāwili homogeneous e hōʻike ana i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, E kāʻei i ke kū'ē, a iʻole ke kū'ēʻana.

• keleawe (ʻO nā alloys keleawe-zinc): Ua hanaʻia ke keleawe ma ka hoʻohuiʻana iā Zinc i ke keleawe, hopena i kahi alloy i ikaika, corrosions-resistant, a me ka matchiable.
• Bronze (ʻO nā alloys keleawe-tin): ʻO Bronze he alloy o ka keleawe a me ke kāʻei, kaulana no kona paʻakikī, E kāʻei i ke kū'ē, a hiki i ka hiki ke kūleʻa i nā wahi kiʻekiʻe.
• Beyreellium Kina (ʻO nā kālā a Copper Bopper-Beryllium): He kūpono kūpono loa kēia alloy kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe no nā noi
  e koi i ka hana uila a me ka ikaika e hoʻonuiʻia ai, e like me nā mea pili a me nā pilina uila.

Ke hoʻopauʻana i nā kaʻina hana

Ua hanaʻia ke keleawe i loko o keʻano i makemakeʻia, Hiki iā ia ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā kaʻina hana likeʻole e hoʻomaikaʻi i kona helehelena, Kākau, a iʻole ka maikaʻi.

E hoʻopili ana kēia mau kaʻina i ka polish, Wehe, a me ka uhi.

• ʻO ka hoʻopololei: Hoʻohanaʻiaʻo Pollishing i keʻano o ke keleawe a hoʻonui i kona helehelena. Hoʻohana pinepineʻia ia no nā mea kūʻai keleawe e like me nā mea nani a me nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻolālā.
• Electroplating: Hoʻohana pinepineʻia nā keleawe me nā metala'ē aʻe, e like me ke gula a me ke kala, e hoʻonui i konaʻano a hoʻohui pū paha i nā waiwai hou e like me ke kū'ēʻana i ke kū'ē.
• Pāpale: E uhiʻia paha ka keleawe me nā pale pale e pale ai i ka tarnishing a hoʻonui i ka durability. ʻO nā lole maʻamau e pili ana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni a iʻole nā ​​kiʻi pale pale.

3. ʻO nāʻano keleawe a me kā lākou mau helu

ʻO ke keleawe he metatile Version me kahi ākea ākea o nā noi. Hiki ke hoʻonuiʻia kona mau waiwai e alloying me nā mea'ē aʻe.

Ma lalo, Eʻimi mākou i nāʻano keleawe nui o ke keleawe a me kā lākou mau hōʻailona e kōkua i ke alakaʻiʻana i kāu koho koho.

3.1. Lole keleawe (Ke kūʻaiʻoleʻia)

Ua ukuʻia ka keleawe maʻemaʻe no kāna hana uila maikaʻi loa a me ka hewa, Ke kūpono nei i nā noi i nā'ōnaehana uila, nā mea hana wela, a me hou aku.

Nā helu maʻamau o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe:

• C11000 (Electrolytic paʻakikī): ʻO kēia papa ka mea nui loa i hoʻohana nuiʻia ma muli o kāna hana uila e pono ai (e pili ana 100% Iac).
  He kūpono kūpono no ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka uila, Nā mana mana, a me nā mea lako uila'ē aʻe.
• C10100 (ʻO nā keleawe oxygen-manuahi): Hāʻawiʻo Oxygen-FIPPER i kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ma o ka weheʻana i ka oxygen,
  Ke hana nei i ke koho koho i makemakeʻia no nā noi kiʻekiʻe e like me nā kīhāpai, Nā'ōnaehana uila, a me nā mea hana leo kiʻekiʻe.

3.2. ʻO nā hui keleawe

ʻO nā mea kūʻai akuʻo Copper e hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻia e ka hoʻohuiʻana i ka keleawe me nā metala'ē aʻe e like me zinc, kū, aluminum, aʻo Beryllium e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai e like me ka ikaika, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, a kau pale.

• keleawe (ʻO nā alloys keleawe-zinc)
  

  Hanaʻia nā kohola keleawe i hanaʻia e ka hoʻohuiʻana i ke keleawe me Zinc, hāʻawi i ka mīkini maikaʻi a me ke kū'ēʻana.
  Hoʻohana nuiʻia ke keleawe ma ka plumbing, Nā'Āpana Pūnaewele, a me nā mea kani mele.

• • C36000 (ʻO ke keleawe manuahi manuahi): Kaulana no kona manikini maikaʻi loa, Hoʻohana pinepineʻiaʻo C36000 e hana i nā'āpana i nā'āpana a me nā pono.

    

  • C27000 (Nā keleawe keleawe): Hāʻawi kēia alloy i kahi kaulike maikaʻi o ka ikaika a me ke kū'ēʻana, Hoʻohana pinepineʻia i nā noi noi.

• Bronze (ʻO nā alloys keleawe-tin):

  Bronze, i hana mua i ke keleawe a me ka tin, kaulanaʻia no kona paʻakikī a me ke kū'ēʻana e komo ai, Ke kūpono nei i kūpono no nā noi kiʻekiʻe.

• • C51000 (Phosphor Bronze): Aiaʻo Phosphor Bronze, e hoʻonui ana i ka ikaika a hoʻopaʻa i ke kū'ē,
    ʻO ke kūpono kūpono no nā pilina uila, punawai, a me nā bearings.
  • C61400 (Ailunimina bronze): A me ke keleawe a me ka alumini, Hāʻawi kēia Alloy i ka ikaika maikaʻi loa, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion (nui loa i loko o ke kai), a kau pale.

• Beyreellium Kina (ʻO nā kālā a Copper Bopper-Beryllium):

  Uaʻikeʻia kēia mau hana no ko lākou ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ʻO ka hana uila uila maikaʻi, a me ke kū'ēʻana.

• • C17200 (Beyreellium Kina): ʻO ia kekahi o nā mea kūʻai keleawe maʻamau maʻamau, Hoʻohana nuiʻia no nā noi e koi ana i ka ikaika momona kiʻekiʻe,
    e like me nā pili uila uila a me nā pūnāwai ma ka aerospace a me nāʻoihana kaʻa.
  • C17000 (Beyreellium Kina, Ikaika ikaika): Hāʻawi kēia papa i ka ikaikaʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o C17200 a ua hoʻohana pinepineʻia no nā mea hana pololei.

• Ailunimina bronze (ʻO nā alloys copper-aluminim):

  ʻO keʻanoʻo Aluminim Bronze he kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe,
  Ke kūpono nei i ke koʻikoʻi no nā noi kiʻekiʻe a me nā noi.

• • C95400 (Ailunimina bronze): Me ka 11% Nāʻikepili Aluminim, Ua hoʻohana pinepineʻia kēia Alloy no nā mea hana mane a me nā cylinders hydraulic.
  • C95800 (Ke keleawe kiʻekiʻe): ʻO kahi mea ikaika loa o ke keleawe alumini, He kūpono kūpono no Aerospace a me nā noi Automotive.

3.3. ʻO nā mea kūʻai kūʻai kūʻai kūikawā

Ua hoʻohana pinepineʻia nā Copper-Nickel a me nā koho balota-alakaʻi i nā waiwai i hoʻohanaʻia no ko lākou mau waiwai i hoʻonuiʻia ma nā noi kiko'ī, e like me nāʻenehana moana a me nā noi kiʻekiʻe.

• Keleawe-nickel alloys: ʻO kēia mau mea makemake nui loa i keʻano o ke kai kai, e hana ana iā lākou i kūpono no ka poʻe kālepa a me nā noi noi.

• • C70600 (90/10 Copping-nickel): Hoʻohanaʻia ma nā wahi moana no nā mea hana wela a me ke kīwīʻana i ke kai, Hāʻawi kēia alloy i ke kū'ēʻana i ke kū'ēʻana.
  • C71500 (70/30 Copping-nickel): Hāʻawi i ka ikaika i hoʻonuiʻia a me ke kū'ēʻana,
    Ua hoʻohanaʻiaʻo C71500 i nā noi noi hou aku, me nāʻenehanaʻoihana a me nā wahi moana.

• ʻO nā koho back-alakaʻi: Ua hoʻohuiʻia kēia mau mea hāʻawi e alakaʻi i ka machinibility, e hana ana iā lākou i kūpono no nā'āpana kiʻekiʻe-lawe nui e like me nā kumulāʻau a me nā kumu.

• • C93200 (I alakaʻiʻia i ka keleawe tin): He kūpono kēia alloy no nā lāʻau, Kāhele, a me nā pua e pono ai ka mīkini maʻalahi a me ka lawe nuiʻana.

4. Nā mea nui o ke keleawe

ʻO nā waiwai a Copper i nā mea e hana ai i kahi mea waiwai nui i kēlā me kēiaʻoihana likeʻole.

Kona hui pūʻana o ka pono, O ka kino, a me nā mea i loaʻa i nā mea e pono ai ke hoʻohanaʻia i loko o kahi ākea ākea, mai ka uila uila e hoʻonaninani ai i nā exmirasi.

ʻIke i kēia mau mea nui e hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka copper i hoʻohana ponoʻia ma kekahi papahana.

Eʻimi kākou i nā mea waiwai nui a me nā waiwai pilikino o ke keleawe iʻoi aku ka kiko'ī:

Kōkua Hōʻa

• Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion:
  Ua kaulanaʻo Copper no kāna hikiʻole ke pale aku i ka corrosione, nui loa i loko o ka atmospheric a me nā wahi moana.
  I ka wā i hōʻikeʻia ai i ka lewa a me ka wai, ʻano keleawe kūlohelohe kahi pale pale pale i hakuʻia i loko o nā cuchote cuchote a me ke keleawe colfate.
  Hana kēia patina ma keʻano he pale pale pale e pale i ka oxidation hou, Hoʻonui nuiʻana i ka longity ono.
  Ua holo ʻoi aʻe ka manawa, Hiki i kēia patina ke lilo i hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa i nā noi a me nā noi pili.
• Ke hana hou nei:
  ʻO ka pale o Copper i ka hapa nui o nā acids e hana i nā mea he nui.
  Akā naʻe,, Hiki iā ia ke hana me nā mea paʻakikī loa, e like me ka nitric acid a me ka sulfuric acid, a hiki i kēia ke alakaʻi i keʻano o nā paʻakai keleawe.
  I ka hapa nui o nā kūlana, ʻaʻole i emi wikiwiki ke keleawe aʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea i hoʻohālikelikeʻia i nā metala'ē aʻe.
  ʻAʻole e hoʻokaʻawale i ke kaʻina oxidation i keʻano o keʻano o ke keleawe, Ke hoʻoikaika nui nei i nā noi lōʻihi.
• Kahiki Galvaniko:
  I ka wā e hele ai ka Copper i ka hoʻopiliʻana me nā metala ikaika e like me ka alumini a iʻole ke kila i ke alo o kahi electrolyte (e like me ka paʻakai paʻakai), Hiki mai paha keʻano o Galvancer.
  E hana kēia i ka wā e hana ai nā metala dissimular i kahi hopena electrochecical, kumu o nā metals (ʻO ka maʻamau maʻamau) i keʻanoʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o kona iho.
  ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ponoʻana a me ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i ke kīʻana e pale ai i ka calvanic corrosio i nā noi i nā noi e pili ana i nā hui pū me nā metala'ē aʻe.
• Ke kūlohelohe:
  ʻO ka paʻaʻana o nā copper o keʻano o ka weheweheʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona. Ke kū'ē nei ia i ka degradation mai kaʻikeʻana i nā mea kūlohelohe likeʻole e like me ka haʻahaʻa, ea, AOAO.
  Hanaʻia kēiaʻano maikaʻi i ke kumukūʻai kūpono no nā noi o waho e like me ka hale, kukupupuole, a me nā wahi moana.
  Hoʻohana pinepineʻia ia ma ke kūkuluʻana i nā hale, Nā alahaka, a me ka infrastructure e pono ai e hoʻopau i nā kūlana o nā kūlana.

Nā Pūnaewele Pūnaewele

Huakai:

ʻO ka lole keleawe he kiʻekiʻe loa o ka 8.96 g / cm³, ʻO ka hāʻawiʻana i kāna kūpaʻa a me ka hana kūpono.
ʻOiai e hiki i kēia density kiʻekiʻe ke loaʻa kahi pōʻino i nā noi koʻikoʻi (e like me Aerospace), Hāʻawi ia i ke keleawe i kahi manaʻo o ka loaʻaʻana a me ka ikaika i ka nui o nā hoʻohana'ē aʻe.
Hana kēia waiwai i ke kumukūʻai kūpono no nā noi i kahi o ka paʻaʻana a me ke kaumaha a me ke kaupaonaʻana he liʻiliʻi loa, e like me nā'ōnaehana uila a me ke kūkuluʻana.

Malting Point:

ʻO nā mea kūʻai keleawe he nui i lalo o keʻano he nui o ka manika kiʻekiʻe o 1,085 ° C (1,984° F), ka mea e kūpono ai no nā noi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.
Hiki iā ia ke hoʻonuiʻia i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe me ka nalowaleʻole o kānaʻano hana a iʻole ka hana.
He mea nui kēia waiwai i nāʻoihana e like me nā mea kālepa wela, Nā'ōnaehana HVAC, a me nā mea waiwaiʻoihana,
Pono e mālama i ka lole keleawe e mālama i kāna hana i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe ma keʻano o ka liloʻana i nāwaliwali.

Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua:

ʻO keʻano o ka Copper's Thermal, me kahi waiwai o 385 W / m · c · k, Ke hana nei i ka lua wale nō i ke kala i nā'ōlelo o ka wikiwiki.
Uaʻaeʻia kēia hanaʻo Thermal kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ia ka mea nui i nā'ōnaehana hoʻoluʻu, nā mea hana wela, a me kāki.
He kūpono ke keleawe no nāʻoihana e koi ana i ka hoʻololiʻana i ka wela wela, e like me nā mea uila,
hoʻookuʻu, a me nā'ōnaehana hoʻoliʻi kaʻahele Automotive, E like me ka hōʻoiaʻana i ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana i ka wela wela e mālama i ka hana'ōnaehana.

Mea kūʻai uila:

ʻO ka hana uila uila o Copper kahi o kāna mau waiwai kaulana loa, me kahi waiwai o 59.6 × 10 ^ 6 s / m.
Hana kēia waiwai i ke keleawe o ke koho no ke kohoʻana i ka uila uila, Nā papaʻaina circuit, a me nā mea pili, E like me ka mea e loaʻa ai ka mea uila e kahe ma o ka paleʻana i keʻano o ka minimal.
ʻO keʻano kiʻekiʻe o ke keleawe e hōʻoia i kēlā mau polokalamu uila e pono ai, inā i loko o nā mea noho noho, nā lako hana nui, a iʻole nā ​​mea uila kiʻekiʻe.

Mallebility a me ka thictility:

Hiki i ka maikaʻi o ka Colplebility i ka hammered a iʻole i hoʻopiliʻia i loko o nā'āpanaʻili me kaʻokiʻole, ʻOiai eʻae ana kāna ductility e hukiʻia i loko o nā wili a me ka wāwahi.
ʻO kēia mau waiwai he mea nui loa i ka hanaʻana o nā wili uila a me nā'āpana keleawe'ē aʻe e pono ai ke kūpono a me ka ikaika.
Hiki ke maʻalahi i ka Copper i kahi maʻalahi a hanaʻia i mea kūpono no nā noi e pili ana i nā kiko'ī a me nā kiko'ī maikaʻi, e like me nā mea uila a me nā'āpana hoʻonaninani.

Ka hoʻonuiʻana:

Ua loaʻa i ka Copper i kahi kūpono o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka hoʻonuiʻana (16.5 μM / m · m · ° C mai 20 ° C i 100 ° C), ʻO keʻano e hoʻonui ai a me nā mea hana me nā loli like.
Pono e laweʻia kēia i nā noi i nā noi kahi e nui ai nā loli o keʻano, E like me ka nui o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka hoʻopiʻiʻana i ke kaumaha a hiki i ke kaumaha o nā'āpana.
ʻO nā waiwai o ka Copper's World World Proteies e hōʻike pinepineʻia i nā hoʻolālā no nā'ōnaehana e pili ana i nāʻano likeʻole.

Nā waiwai magnetic:

ʻO ka Copper kahi meaʻole-magnetic, ʻO ia kahi hana koʻikoʻi i nā noi e pono ai e hoʻemiʻia nā mea hoʻokūkū magnetic.
ʻo kahi laʻana, i nā mea uila e like me nā mea lapaʻau e like me nā mea lapaʻau a me nā mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia,
ʻO keʻano non-magnetic o ke keleaweʻaʻole e hoʻopilikia i ka heleʻana i ka hana o ka'ōnaehana.
Hana kēia i ke keleawe he koho kūpono loa i ka hanaʻana o nā mea uila uila a me nā'ōnaehana e hana ana i nāʻenehana i koiʻia.

5. Nā noi o ke keleawe

ʻO nā mea keleawe he mea kūponoʻole me ka nui o nā noi e pili ana i nā hana ma waena o nāʻoihana he nui.

ʻO kāna hui kūʻokoʻa o nā mea uila maikaʻi a me keʻano o ke aniani, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, aʻo ka hewa e hana ai i nā mea i manaʻoʻia ma nāʻano'āpana likeʻole, mai kaʻenehana uila e pono ai i ke olakino.

Uila a me nā uila

• ʻO ka maleʻana a me nā kaula: ʻO ka lole keleawe keʻano maʻamau no ka uila uila ma muli o kānaʻoihana electrical kiʻekiʻe.

  

  Hoʻohanaʻia nā koho keleawe i nā mea a pau mai nā laina i hoʻounaʻia i nā laina o ka mana i nā kaʻa hale.
  Ka paleʻana o ke keleawe e hōʻoia ai i ka hōʻemi nuiʻana o ka ikaika, Ke kūpono nei ia no nā'ōnaehana uila kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.

• ʻO nā Motors a me nā hoʻololi: He mea pono keʻano kiʻekiʻe o ka Colpor no ka hana kūpono o nā hana uila a me nā hoʻololi,
  i loaʻa i loko o kahiʻano o nā mea hana, mai nā hale hana hale i nā mīkini hana.
  Ua hoʻohanaʻia nā pale keleawe i nā hoʻololiʻana a me nā mortors no ka mea e hōʻoia ai lākou i ka hoʻohana ponoʻana i ka mana uila.
• Nā papa helu circuit (Pcs): Hoʻohanaʻiaʻo Copper i nā pcbs ma muli o kona hiki ke hana i ka uila a me keʻano o ka mahana kiʻekiʻe i komo i loko mea uila hana ai.uk.
  E komo nā mea kūʻai keleawe i ka papa e hana i nā ala e pili ana i nā ala uila e hoʻopili ai i nāʻano likeʻole o nā mea uila.
• Nā hao pā'ālua: Hoʻohanaʻiaʻo Copper i ka hanaʻana o nā pā, me nā mea i hoʻohanaʻia ma nā kaʻa uila (Evs).
  Nā'āpana copper, e like me nā mea kanu a me nā mea hōʻiliʻili o kēia manawa, kōkua e hoʻonui i ka pono a me ka hilinaʻi o nā'ōnaehana pā, nui ma nā noi noi kiʻekiʻe e like me ka halihali uila.

Ka plubbing a me ke kūkuluʻana

• Nā pipes a me nā kūpono: ʻO ka Copper ka mea i kohoʻia no nā'ōnaehana plumbing no nā kenekulia.
  ʻO kāna pale kū'ē, durability, a me nā waiwai antimicrobial e kūpono ai i nā pipes wai, ka mea i noho ma nā hale noho a me nā mea kūʻai aku.
  Hoʻohana nuiʻia nā paila keleawe no nā'ōnaehana wela a me ke anuanu, E like me nā'ōnaehana hoʻomehana.
• ʻO ka hale noho a me nā gutters: Ua hoʻohanaʻia nō hoʻi ke keleawe i loko o ka kūkulu haleʻana, kūikawā no ka hale, Kaukaihau, a me nā downspouts.
  Mālamaʻo ia i ke kū'ēʻana i kahi ola lōʻihi, ʻOiai ma nā kūlana maikaʻi.
  Ua holo ʻoi aʻe ka manawa, ulu ka colpps i kahiʻano green patina, e pale hou aku iā ia mai ka pōʻino o ke kaiāulu.
• Nā'ōnaehana HVAC: Hoʻohana pinepineʻia ka Copper i ka hoʻomehana, lihue, a me ke kūlana ea (Hvac) Pūnaehana, mua ma ka'ōpū.
  Hiki i konaʻano kiʻekiʻe ke lawe aku i keʻano e hoʻoneʻe i ka wela wela, ʻo ia ka mea nui no ka hanaʻana o nā'āpana o ka ea a me nā pumps wela.

Autoomotive a me ka halihali

• ʻO nā mea uila uila ma nā kaʻa: Ua hoʻohana nuiʻiaʻo Copper i loko o kaʻoihana kaʻa kaʻa no ka hoʻolimalimaʻana i nā harness, Nā Kākoʻo, a me nā'āpana uila'ē aʻe.
  Me ka uluʻana o nā kaʻa uila (Evs), Manaʻoʻia ke kumukūʻai keleawe e hoʻonuiʻia ma muli o kona hoʻohanaʻana i nā pā, ʻO nā mokuahi uila, a me nā pale.

  

• Nā kākela a me nā radiators: Hoʻohanaʻiaʻo Copper i nā laina Brake Automotive, radiators, a me nā mea kālepa wela ma muli o konaʻano kiʻekiʻe a me ka ikaika.
  Kōkuaʻo Copper e mālama i ka'ōnaehana hoʻoliʻiliʻi o ke kaʻa, pale aku i ka hanaʻana i ka wā o ka hana.
• Nā kaʻa uila a me nā kaʻa Hybrid: E like me ka aitompetitive nā hana hana hana ma nā kaʻa uila a me nā kaʻa hybrid, ʻO ka noi no ke keleawe ke hoʻonui nei.
  He mea nui ke keleawe i ka hanaʻana o nā mea ejector, Nā Puʻuwai, a me ke kauʻana i ka infrastructure, Hāʻawi i ka hoʻohana ponoʻana i ka uila a me ka hana holomua.

Hōʻano hou i ka ikehu a me nāʻenehana'ōmaʻomaʻo

• Nā'ōlaʻi Soola: Hoʻokaniʻo Copper i kahi hana koʻikoʻi i nā'ōnaehana ikaika hou, maʻamau i loko o keʻano o ka lā.
  Ua hoʻohanaʻiaʻo Copper i Photovoltatic (Pv) nā'ōlaʻi no nā mea pili i nā pilina uila a me ka neʻeʻana e halihali ana e halihali ana i nā mea uila.
  Hoʻopilikia ka hana a ka mea waiwai maikaʻi loa i ka maikaʻi o nā'ōnaehana mana.
• ʻO nā'āpana makani: ʻO ka makani makani e hilinaʻi nui i nā keleawe no ko lākou mau'āpana uila, komo pū me nā mea hana a me nā hoʻololi.
  Hoʻohanaʻia ka keleawe i nā makani o nā mea hana e hōʻoia ai i ke hoʻololi ponoʻana i ke hoʻololiʻana i ka ikaika o ka mīkini uila.
• Geothermal a me ka ikaika hydroelectric: Ua hoʻohanaʻiaʻo Copper i loko o Geothermal a me ka hydroelectric.
  ʻO nā mea e hiki ai i nā mea e hiki ai i nā mea e hiki ai i nā mea hoʻololi maikaʻi loa e pono ai no nā kālepa wela i hoʻohanaʻia ma nā'ōnaehana geothermal,
  aʻo ka paleʻana o ke kuʻekuʻeʻana he kī e hōʻoia i ka lōʻihi o nā mea i hōʻikeʻia i ka wai i loko o nā'ōnaehana hydroelectric.

Nā noiʻenehana

• Nā mea hana wela: Hoʻohana nuiʻia ka keleawe i nā kālepa wela, ʻO nā mea hana e pili ana i ka wela wela mai kahi medium a i kekahi.

  

  Ma muli o kāna alakaʻi kiʻekiʻe, ʻO ke keleawe he maikaʻi loa i nā noi e like me ka wikiwiki, Hoʻolālā ka ea, a me nā'ōnaehana hoʻololiʻoihana.

• Nā mīkini hana a me nā lako hana: Hoʻohanaʻiaʻo Copper i ka hana o ka mīkini hanaʻoihana, e komo pū ana, Nā Vilves, a me nā mea hoʻonaninani, Ma muli o kona paleʻana i ka corrosion a me nā lole.
  I nā noi i kahi o ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ke koʻikoʻi e pili ana, Nā pāpale keleawe, e like me ka bronze, hana pinepineʻia.
• Nā mea hana paʻa a me nā mea halihali: Nā pāpale keleawe, e like me ka bronze, hoʻohanaʻia ma ka hanaʻana o nā mea paʻa o kaʻoihana,
  Kāhele, a me nā lāʻau ma muli o ko lākou ikaika kiʻekiʻe, E kāʻei i ke kū'ē, a me ka hiki ke kau i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.
  ʻO kēia mau noi e maʻamau i nāʻoihana e like me Aerospace, reflan, a me nā mīkini kaumaha nui.

Nā huahana kūʻai

• Nā kālā a me nā medials: Ua hoʻohanaʻiaʻo Copper i ka mikina i ka liʻiliʻi o nā kālā a me nā medil ma muli o kona mau durability, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, a me ka hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale maʻalahi i nā hoʻolālā.
  I nā'āina he nui, Hoʻohanaʻiaʻo Copper i ka hui pū me nā metala'ē aʻe, e like me nickel, E hana i nā kālā a me nā mea e hoʻomanaʻo ai.
• Kōhai: ʻO keʻano o ke keleawe a me ke kalaʻulaʻula e hana ai i kahi mea i hanaʻia no nā mea waiwai.
  ʻO ka pinepine pinepineʻia me nā metala'ē aʻe, e like me ke kala a gula paha, e hana i nā hoʻolālā kūʻokoʻa ma nā bracelets, apo, Nā Haleakai, a me nā mea hana'ē aʻe.
• Nā mea kani: Nā pāpale keleawe, keleawe (he keleawe-zinc alloy), hoʻohanaʻia ma ka hanaʻana o nā mea kani e like me nā pū, sikiophone, a me nā cymbals.
  ʻO nā waiwai a nā mea waiwai a me ka hiki ke hanaʻia i loko o nā kiko'ī maikaʻi e hana i nā mea kūpono e hana ai no ka hanaʻana i ke kani kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO nā noi olakino a me ke olakino

• ʻO nā waiwai antimicrobial: He waiwai ko Copper i nā waiwai Antimicrobial, ʻO ia ka mea e pono ai i nā hoʻonohonoho olakino.
  Hoʻohanaʻia nā koho balota ma ka hanaʻana o nā polokalamu lapaʻau, komo me nā mea kani, puni, a me nā mea kūʻai.
  ʻO ka hiki i ka waiwai ke hoʻonāukiuki i ka uluʻana o ka nui o ka Baicteria, Nā maʻi, a he koʻikoʻi ka fungi no ka hoʻemiʻana i nā maʻi i nā haukapila a me nā clinics.
• ʻO nā mea hana ortthopedic: Hoʻohanaʻia nā Copper a me nā mea kūʻai aku i ka hana i ka hanaʻana o kekahi mau mea hana Orthopedic, e like me nā mea hoʻohui likeʻole.
  ʻO ka biocompabitiblibliblibliblibliblibliblibliblibliblibliblibliblibliblibliblibliblibliblibility a me ka hiki ke hoʻolaha i ka ho'ōlaʻana e hana ia mea i mea makemakeʻia no kēia mau noi olakino.
• Nā Hoʻohana lapaʻau: Hoʻohanaʻiaʻo Copper i nā lako olakino e like me nā thermometers, X-Ne Nā Hana Kūlana, a me nā pono hana diagnostic.
  ʻO ka hiki ke lilo i Copper i ka wela a me ka uila e pono ai ke koʻikoʻi no ka hana pololei no ka hanaʻana o nā mea lapaʻau he nui.

Aerospace a me ka pale

• Nā wahi mokulele: Ua hoʻohana nuiʻiaʻo Copper a me kāna mau maʻi AerERPPACE Nā noi ma muli o ko lākou mea hana maikaʻi loa a me keʻano uila, me ka hiki i ko lākou hiki ke hoʻomau i nā mahana wela.
  Hoʻohanaʻia ka keleawe ma ka mokulele mokulele, Nā Kūlana Hui Pūmail, nā mea hana wela, a me nā'āpana kūponoʻole.
• Kālā Sensam: I kaʻoihana pale, Hoʻohanaʻiaʻo Copper i kahi mau noi noi, me nā'ōnaehana kamaʻilio aupuni, a me ka radar.
  ʻO keʻano kiʻekiʻe a me ka loaʻaʻana o ke keleawe e hana ai i kahi mea koʻikoʻi no nā'ōnaehana e pono ai ka hana kūpono.

6. Hopena

ʻO nā mea keleawe he mea kūponoʻole i ka hōʻikeʻana i ka hōʻike o ka manawa, Ke pāʻani nei i kahi hana koʻikoʻi ma nāʻoihana kahiko a me nāʻoihana hou.

Kona hana maikaʻi loa, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, a me keʻanoʻole ma nā noi likeʻole e hana i kahi waiwai koʻikoʻi ma nā kahua nui.

Ma ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i konaʻano likeʻole, Nā Kaumaka, a me na waiwai, Hiki iāʻoe ke koho i ke keleawe maikaʻi loa no kāu mau pono kiko'ī a hōʻoia i ka hana maikaʻi no kāu mau papahana.

Ināʻoe eʻimi nei i nā huahana keleawe kiʻekiʻe-maikaʻi, ke koho ana LangHe ʻO ka hoʻoholo kūpono loa no kāu hana hana.

Kāhea iā mākou i kēia lā!