E hoʻolei iā Aluminum vs Has ir iron - hoʻopau i ke alakaʻi koho koho

1. Hōʻikeʻike

ʻO ka alumini hoʻolei a me ka hao hao ʻelua o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe nui i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻoihana.

Hāʻawi nā mea ʻelua i nā ala e hana i nā ʻāpana ʻano ʻupena paʻakikī, akā, ʻokoʻa lākou i ka nui, luhi, ʻano ikaika, Kauhini, nā hana kīwī, pale ʻana i ka corrosion a me ke kumukūʻai ola.

ʻO ke koho ʻana ma waena o lākou he mea kūʻai aku ma waena o ke kaumaha, luhi, E kāʻei i ke kū'ē, markinpalibility, ke kumu kūʻai a me ke kaiapuni hana.

Hoʻohālikelike kēia ʻatikala i nā mea ʻelua ma nā koʻi ʻenehana a hāʻawi i ka ʻikepili hiki ke hana a me ke alakaʻi koho.

2. He aha ka alumini hoʻolei?

Hūnā. pili i nā ʻāpana i hana ʻia e ka ninini ʻana i ka alumini hoʻoheheʻe (a i ʻole alumini alumini) i loko o ka poni a hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ka geometry hope a kokoke paha.

No ka mea, he haʻahaʻa ko alumina, maikaʻi fluidity ma ka alloyed ano, a me kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻO ka alumini hoʻoheheʻe he koho i makemake ʻia i kahi geometry paʻakikī, kaupaona kukui, He mea nui ka conductivity thermal a i ʻole ka corrosion.

ʻO nā ala hoʻolei no ka alumini ka hoʻolei make kiʻekiʻe, haʻahaʻa-puʻi a me ka umekaumaha hoʻolele hoʻoheheʻe mau, Sand cread, a me ka hoʻokomo kālā (nalowale-wax) Kauhi; hāʻawi kēlā me kēia ala i nā palena like ʻole i ka mānoanoa o ka pā, paulapua, ka pololei ana a me ka waiwai mechanical.

Nā hiʻohiʻona

• Māmā māmā: makana ≈ 2.6–2.8 g/cm³ (maki 2.70 g / cm³).
• Modulus elastic haʻahaʻa: ʻO ka modulus opio ≈ 69-72 GPA (≈ 69 GPa maʻamau).
• Maikaʻi maikaʻi thermal: ʻokoʻa nā mea hoʻohui akā pinepine 100–200 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹; ʻo ka alumini maʻemaʻe he ~237 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹.
• ʻO ke kū'ēʻana o ka corrossion maikaʻi: hana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni oxide paʻa; hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka hana me ka anodizing a i ʻole ka uhi ʻana.
• ʻO ke ʻano haʻihaʻi ductile: ʻO ka nui o nā alloy Al i hoʻolei ʻia he ductile kūpono (Ke hilinaʻi nei i ka alloy a me ka mālama wela).
• Hana maʻalahi: nā ikaika oki haʻahaʻa a me ka machinability maikaʻi no nā alloys he nui.
• Recyclable: hiki ke hana hou ʻia ka alumini me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka ikehu e hoʻihoʻi i ka hana mua.

Nā alumini alumini maʻamau (ʻohana cast maʻamau)

3. He aha ka hao?

Hae hao He ʻohana ia o nā ʻāpana hao-kāpona i hana ʻia ma ka ninini ʻana i ka metala i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā mole a ʻae iā ia e paʻa..

ʻO ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale ai i nā hao hao mai nā kila, ʻo ia ko lākou ʻano kaona nui (maki >2.0 wt% c) a me ke alo o kalapona kiʻi i loko o ka microstructure as-cast.

Hiki ke kalapona ma ke ʻano he graphite (i kekahi mau morphologies) a i ʻole e like me ka hao carbide (cementite) ma muli o ke kemika alloy a me nā kūlana paʻa.

ʻO kēlā graphite - a me ka matrix e hoʻopuni ana iā ia - e hoʻomalu i ka hana mechanical, machinability a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā ʻano ʻano hao hao like ʻole.

ʻO ka hao hao ka mea hana o ke kaumaha, ʻaʻahu-pale a me ka vibration-sensitive noi no ka mea, he mea waiwai ke hoolei ma na ano nui a paʻakikī paha, hāʻawi maikaʻi i ka damping, a hiki ke hana ʻia ma o ke kemika a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka wela (E.g., e wela ana) i ka nui o na waiwai.

Nā hiʻohiʻona nui

• Mālama ka graphite morphology i nā waiwai. ʻO ke ʻano, ka nui a me ka mahele o ka graphite (hākehu, pōpopo, hoʻopili ʻia) hoʻomalu i ka tensile ductility, paʻakikī, ʻoʻoleʻa a me ka machinability:

• • Paʻala (hinahina) mooki hana maikaʻi ka machinability a me ka damping akā haʻahaʻa ka ikaika tensile a me ka notch sensitivity.
  • Froanceral (nodular/ductile) mooki ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ikaika tensile a me ka ductility.
  • graphite paʻa (Cgi) ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ikaika a me ke kūpaʻa luhi wela ma mua o ka hao hina ʻoiai e mālama ana i ka pulu maikaʻi.

• ʻO ka maikaʻi loa. Hoʻopau nā nodules graphite/flakes i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka nalu elastic, no laila makemake ʻia nā hao hao no nā papa hana mīkini, nā poloka ʻenekini a me nā hale kahi e hoʻopaʻa ai ka pulupulu i ka walaʻau a me ka haʻalulu.
• ʻO ka ikaika compressive maikaʻi a me ke kūpaʻa ʻaʻahu. ʻOi aku i ka pearlitic a me ka hao keʻokeʻo; kūpono no ke kaumaha kaumaha, nā wili a me nā ʻāpana lole.
• Mākaʻikaʻi i ka haʻalulu (kekahi mau helu). ʻO ka hao hina he notch sensitive a hōʻike i ka elongation haʻahaʻa; ʻO ka hao ductile e hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka paʻakikī akā ʻokoʻa ke ʻano mai nā kila.
• Maikaʻi no ka hoʻolei ʻana nui/paʻakikī. Hoʻokumu maikaʻi ʻia ka hoʻolei ʻana i ke one a me ka hana ʻana i ka pūpū; shrinkage, mālama ʻia ka hānai ʻana a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke kuhikuhi me nā ʻenehana foundry maʻamau.
• ʻO ka envelop hoʻolālā ākea ma o ka mālama ʻana i ka post-solidification. Ma o nā lāʻau wela (hana maʻamau, Annae, e wela ana) And Allole (I, Cr, Mo),
  Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā hao hao mai nā māka ʻaʻahu paʻakikī a hiki i nā māka hana paʻakikī (E.g., ADI—Hao Austempered Ductile Iron).
• Paʻa wela maikaʻi ma nā papa he nui. Mālama kekahi mau hao hao i ke kūpaʻa a me ka ikaika i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā alumini alumini.

Nā ʻano hao hao maʻamau

Aia ma lalo kahi hōʻuluʻulu kūpono o nā ʻohana hao nui, nā ʻano kemika maʻamau, microstructure a me nā waiwai hōʻike / noi.

4. Hoʻohālikelikeʻia nā mea hoʻohuiʻikei

Hōʻike ʻia nā helu ma ke ʻano he hana, pae hoʻokumu Nā Kūlana maʻamau (ʻaʻole i hōʻoia ʻia ka liʻiliʻi/maxima) no ka mea, hilinaʻi nui nā waiwai maoli i ke kemika pololei, alanui hoolei, 'āpana liʻiliʻi, a me nā wela wela.

Nā pae waiwai mīkini maʻamau - ʻelele hoʻolele alumini a me nā māka hao hao

5. Noʻonoʻo i ke kaʻina hana wela a me ka hoʻolei ʻana

ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka hana paʻa

• Malting Point / wai: hehee na alumini alumini i ka ~ 550-650 ° C Nā haʻona (alumini maʻemaʻe 660.3 ° C).
  Paʻa ka hao hao ma nā mahana kiʻekiʻe (~1150–1250 °C ma muli o ka haku mele) a hana i ka graphite a i ʻole ka cementite ma muli o ka haku mele ʻana a me ka nui o ka hoʻoilo.
• Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua: ʻO nā alumini alumini e hana maʻamau i ka wela ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka hao (pinepine 2-4× kiʻekiʻe), e pili ana i ka hoʻolili ʻana, ka māmā paʻa a me ke ʻano anuanu.
• Hoʻemi solidification: typical linear shrinkage no na alumini alumini ~1.3–1.6%; ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hao hina hina (~0.5-1.0%), ʻoiai micro- a me ka macro-shrinkage e pili ana i ka mānoanoa o ka ʻāpana a me ka hānai ʻana.

Nā hana kīwī & hoʻohana maʻamau

• Kiola aluminum: hana pinepine ia e make buring (ikaika nui), mau loa, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, and Sand cread.
  ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe make ʻana e hoʻopau maikaʻi i ka ʻili a me ka hiki ke hiki i ka paia lahilahi; nui nā lima hoʻolei one, mea prheys, a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana paʻakikī me ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
• Hae hao: maki Sand cread (one ʻōmaʻomaʻo, Shell) and nalowale-foam/Shell no nā ʻano paʻakikī.
  ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o ka hao he mea maʻamau. ʻO ka hao hoʻoheheʻe e ʻae i nā ʻāpana nui a me nā hoʻoheheʻe kaumaha.

Nā mea hana dimensional & paulapua

• ʻO ka alumini hoʻoheheʻe: ʻoi loa ka mana kūpono o nā ala hoʻolei - nā hoʻomanawanui maʻamau i ka laulā ± 0.1-0.5 mm no nā ana he nui (pili i ka nui), ili hoʻopau Ra pinepine 0.8-3.2 μm e like me-lawe.
• alumini paʻa mau: hoʻomanawanui ± 0.25–1.0 mm, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka hoʻolei ʻana i ke one.
• Ka hao one: nā hoʻomanawanui koʻikoʻi, maʻamau ± 0.5–3.0 mm ma muli o ka nui a me ka pau; ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka ʻili, Ra pinepine 6-25 μM as-cast ke ʻole ka mīkini.
• Hiki i ka mānoanoa o ka pā: hiki i ka alumini make ke hana i na paia lahilahi (<2 mm) ma ka waiwai;
  ʻO ka hao hoʻoheheʻe maʻamau e koi i nā ʻāpana ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa e pale aku i nā hemahema a e hānai i ka emi ʻana, ʻoiai hiki i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i kēia manawa ke loaʻa i nā ʻāpana lahilahi no nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi.

Machinability a me ka hana lua

• Aluminum nā mīkini maʻalahi i nā wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe a me nā ikaika haʻahaʻa; maikaʻi ke ola mea hana; He haʻahaʻa nā haʻawina machining no nā ʻāpana make-cast.
• Hae hao ʻokoʻa nā mīkini - ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hao hina i ka mīkini ma muli o ka graphite e hana ana ma ke ʻano he mea wāwahi chip a me ka lubricant.;
  ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hao ductile a pono i nā mea hana like ʻole; ʻO ka ʻoki ʻana i ka hao e hopena pinepine i nā ʻāpana palupalu a koi i nā māka mea hana kūpono.

6. Kūleʻa ʻino a me nā Kaiapuni Hana

• Hūnā.: kū i ka corrosion ma muli o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni paʻa; hana maikaʻi ma ka lewa, ʻino ʻino a me nā kaiapuni moana inā koho ʻia nā mea hao / uhi kūpono.
  Hoʻomaikaʻi hou aku nā ʻōnaehana anodizing a me ka pena i ka lōʻihi a me ka helehelena.
• Hae hao: mea ferrous pili i ka pala (oxiyan) ma nā wahi pulu; pono nā pale pale (Nā pena, Wehe), pale cathodic a i ʻole ka hui ʻana no ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.
  I kekahi mau noi (Nā poloka mīkini), hana maikaʻi ʻia ka hao ma muli o ka pale ʻaila a me nā kaiapuni i hoʻomalu ʻia.
• ʻO ka hana kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe: hae hao (ʻoi aku ka hina a me ka ductile) paʻa ka ikaika ma nā mahana kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka alumini.
  E hāʻule koke ka ikaika o ke alumini i ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana ma luna o ~150-200 °C, e kaupalena ana i kona hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenekini wela a i ʻole nā ​​mea i ʻike ʻia inā ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻohuihui kūikawā a i ʻole ka hoʻoluʻu.

7. ʻO nā pono o ka hoʻoheheʻe alumini vs

ʻO nā pono alumini hoʻolei

• Mālama kaumaha: ~ 62.5% ʻoi aku ka māmā no ka nui like ma mua o ka hao - koʻikoʻi i ka lawe ʻana no ka hoʻokele waiwai.
• Ke alakaʻiʻana i ka thermal: ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wela (kōkua no nā mea hoʻololi wela, nā poʻo cylinder i ka automotive ma hope o ka hoʻolālā kūpono).
• ʻO ke kū'ēʻana o ka corrossion maikaʻi e like me-lawe; anodizable no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pale a me ka nani.
• Hiki i nā hiʻohiʻona lahilahi a me ka paʻakikī (ka make nui) - hiki i nā ʻāpana i hoʻohui ʻia a me ka mālama ʻana i ke kumu kūʻai i luna.
• ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana hou ʻana a me nā kumukūʻai hoʻouna e pili ana i ka lehulehu.

ʻO nā pono hao hao

• ʻOi aku ka ʻoʻoleʻa a me ka damping: maikaʻi no nā hale e koi ana i ka rigidity a me ka mana vibration (Nā kumu hana mīkini, Nā Hale Hōʻikeʻike).
• ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻaʻahu a me nā waiwai tribological: ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā hao pearlitic a me ke keʻokeʻo ma nā wahi abrasive/ʻaʻahu.
• ʻOi aku ka ikaika compressive kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa wela ma nā wela kiʻekiʻe - hoʻohana ʻia no nā poloka mīkini hana kaumaha, Nā Line Cylinder, a me nā rotors kaʻa.
• ʻO ka maʻamau e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke kumu kūʻai maka no ke kilo a me ka hana hoolei ikaika no na pauku nui loa.

8. Ka palena o ka Aluminum hoolei me ka hao hao

Ka palena alumini

• 'Āuhae haʻahaʻa: koi i nā ʻāpana keʻa nui a i ʻole nā ​​iwi ʻaoʻao e loaʻa i ka ʻoʻoleʻa like - hiki ke hōʻemi i kekahi mau pono kaumaha.
• Haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe-mehana ikaika: nalo ka ikaika o ka alumini ma nā mahana kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hao.
• Liʻiliʻi ke pale ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu: ʻoi aku ka palupalu o ka alumini hoʻoheheʻe maʻamau; pono i nā lāʻau lapaʻau (paʻakikī paʻakikī, Nā pāpale) no nā ʻili koʻikoʻi ʻaʻahu.
• Porosity a me nā kinoea pili kino: Hiki i ka alumini i ka porosity kinoea a me nā hemahema inā ʻaʻole mālama ʻia ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka hoʻolei ʻana..

Nā palena hao

• Mea prheys: ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻāpana - maikaʻi ʻole no nā noi paona.
• ʻO ke ʻano tensile palupalu: Hōʻike ka hao hina i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a hiki ke haʻihaʻi ma lalo o ka hopena; pono e noʻonoʻo ka hoʻolālā no ka notch sensitivity.
• E ʻino inā ʻaʻole pale ʻia: pono nā uhi a i ʻole ka hoʻokele corrosion.
• Haʻahaʻa thermal conductivity ma mua o Al (hoʻolohi lohi i ka wela); makemake paha i nā hoʻololi hoʻolālā hoʻoluʻu.

9. Aluminum hoolei me ka hao: Hoʻohālikelike ʻokoʻa

Alakaʻi koho (nā lula pili pono)

• E koho i ka alumini kala i ka wā: hoemi nui, hoʻoheheʻe wela, ʻO ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona ʻoi aku ka nui (E.g., nā wahi kino o ka automotive, sinks wela, Nā Mālama'Aiʻau).
  E hoʻohana i ka alumini die casting no nā puke kiʻekiʻe a me nā paia lahilahi, ʻāpana waiwai nui; E hoʻohana i ka A356-T6 i ka wā e koi ʻia ai ka hana hoʻolālā kiʻekiʻe a me ka mālama ʻana ma hope o ka wela.
• E koho i ka hao hao i ka manawa: luhi, kūwaho, ʻO ke kūpaʻa ʻaʻahu a i ʻole ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lawelawe lawelawe ka mea nui (E.g., Nā kumu hana mīkini, Nā'āpana pale, nā hale hana kaumaha, nā laina lole abrasive).
  E koho i ka hao ductile no nā ʻāpana hana e pono ai ka paʻakikī a me kekahi ductility tensile.
  E hoʻohana i ka hao hina i ka wā e hoʻohuʻu ai a machinability (no nā hana mīkini kaumaha) He mea koʻikoʻi a ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi ka tensile ductility.
• Ke kanalua, loiloi i nā kālepa pae ʻōnaehana: ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻāpana hao ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi no ka kg akā hoʻonui i nā kumukūʻai o lalo (fuiel (, hana mālamaʻia, hoʻopiha);
  like, Hiki i ka alumini ke hoʻemi i ka nui o ka ʻōnaehana akā makemake paha i nā ʻāpana nui a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻokomo e hoʻokō ai i ka paʻakikī / ʻaʻahu i nā pahuhopu ola - holo i kahi ʻāpana pae., ʻoʻoleʻa a me ka hoʻohālikelike kumukūʻai.

10. Hopena

ʻO ka alumini hoʻoheheʻe a me ka hao hao he mau mea hoʻohui, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kēlā me kēia i nā hiʻohiʻona kahi e kūlike ai kā lākou mau waiwai kūʻokoʻa me nā koi noi.

ʻO nā pahu alumini ka mea maʻalahi, nā ʻāpana hana kiʻekiʻe (nā EV kaʻa, AerERPPACE, mea uila) mahalo i kona ratio ikaika-a-kaumaha, Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua, a paʻakikī castability. </lōʻihi>

ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ka hao hao i ka hana kaumaha, nā noi pili kālā (Hana Pūnaewele, paipu kukulu, nā ʻenekini kuʻuna) ma muli o kona pale ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu, ʻO ka papaʻaina, a me ke kumukuai haahaa.</lōʻihi>

 

FaqS

ʻEhia ka ʻoi aku o ka māmā o ka ʻāpana alumini hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma mua o ka ʻāpana hao hoʻolei like?

Nā mānoanoa maʻamau: alumini ~2.7 g/cm³ vs ka hao hoolei ~7.2 g/cm³. No ka nui o nā mea like, alumini e pili ana 62.5% māmā (I.e., like-volume alumini nuipa = 37.5% o ka hao nui).

Hiki i ka alumini ke pani i ka hao i loko o nā poloka ʻenekini?

Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka alumini no nā poloka ʻenekini hou a me nā poʻo cylinder e mālama i ke kaumaha.

Pono ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hao i ka hoʻolālā akahele no ka ʻoʻoleʻa, ka hoʻonuiʻana, nā hoʻolālā liner cylinder (E.g., nā laina hoʻolei ʻia, lima lima hao) a me ka nānā ʻana i ka luhi a me ka ʻaʻahu.

No nā noi haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe a wela paha, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hao a i ʻole nā ​​alumini alumini kūikawā.

ʻO ka mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi: alumini hoʻolei a i ʻole hao?

Ma kahi no ke kilo kumu, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hao; ma a pakahi ke kumu o ka pane e pili ana i ka leo, hoao (pipiʻi nā make make make), manawa mīkini, a me nā koina o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻoikaika kino (E.g., hoʻohana wahie ma nā kaʻa).

No nā helu kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka alumini make-cast ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kumu kūʻai.

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻaʻahu ʻana?

Hae hao (ʻoi aku ka hao pearlitic a keʻokeʻo paha) hōʻike maʻamau i ke kūpaʻa ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka alumini as-cast.

Hiki ke mālama ʻia ka alumini a hoʻopaʻa ʻia paha no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike i ka hao paʻakikī me ka ʻole o nā kaʻina hana..

Hoʻolei i ka ʻeleʻele alumini?

ʻAʻole ʻeleʻele ka alumini e like me ka hao; hana ia i papa ʻokesa e pale ai i ka ʻino hou aʻe. Ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana (kope kikpo, alohaʻo Galvanika) hiki i ka alumini ke ʻino a makemake paha i nā uhi a i ʻole ka pale cathodic.