ʻO Austempeed Ductile hao (Adi) hoʻohui i nā kumukūʻai kumukūʻai o ka hao o ka hao.
Mahalo i kona micsstruc moltruty Unique, Loaʻaʻo ADI i nā miliona miliona o nā'āpana o ka honua, ʻO ka mea i kū pono ai i ke kū'ēʻana, paʻakikī, a e lole i ka hana.
I nā māhele aʻe, Ua hānai mākou i ka weheweheʻana i ka wehewehe a Adi, ka hoʻoiliʻana, moloka, waiwai, a me nā noi honua maoli, Kākoʻoʻia e kaʻike helu helu a me nā meaʻikeʻole.
1. He aha ka haoʻo Austempered Drika (Adi)?
ʻO Austempeed Ductile hao (Adi) he papa o ka papa hana kiʻekiʻe-hana e hoʻokūkū ai i ka hoʻolālā o ka hoʻolālā Ui Me ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī e hoʻohālikelikeʻia i kēlā mau kiloki koho.
He aha ka hoʻonohonohoʻana o ADI ʻO ke kaʻina hana hoʻonaʻauao kūikawā i kapaʻiaʻo "Austempering".
e hoʻololi ana i ka microstructure i kahi ultra-paʻakikī a me ka lole i kapaʻia puka waho-ʻO ka hui pūʻana o ka accular ferrite a me ke kiʻekiʻe-carbon i hoʻopaʻaʻia austente.
Hāʻawi kēia hoʻololi i ADI A kūlike o nā waiwai: ikaika kiʻekiʻe, maikaʻi maikaʻi, ʻO ke kū'ēʻana i nā pale, a me nā hana maikaʻi loa, nā mea āpau e mālama ai i ka mancrivability a me ka hale hoʻokipa.
ʻO ia kaʻenehana e lanakila ai i nā hana kālepa maʻamau ma waena o ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī i ka ikaika.
Kālā Hana Hoʻohui
Oiai kikowaena kikowaena ʻO ADI like me ia o kēlā o ka hao ductile maʻamau, o kekahi Hoʻoponoponoʻia nā mea'ē aʻe E hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī, Ka hoʻonohonohoʻana no Concoule, a me ke kūpaʻa o ka aussite.
ʻO ka mea e pili ana i kahiʻano maʻamau (Ma ke kaumaha):
| Mua | Kaonaʻeha (%) | Hana |
|---|---|---|
| KālekaʻAʻI (C) | 3.4 - 3.8 | Hoʻoiho i ka hana kiʻi kiʻi a me ka ikaika |
| Silikino (A) | 2.2 - 2.8 | Hoʻonui i ke kiʻi kiʻi, Koho aku Ferrite |
| Mang kāne (Mn) | 0.1 - 0.3 | Hoʻomoʻa i ka paʻakikī, Mālama i ka haʻahaʻa e pale ai i ka hoʻokumuʻana i ka carbide |
| Magnesum (Mg) | 0.03 - 0.06 | Pono no ka kiʻi kiʻi spohertize |
| keleawe (Cu) | 0.1 - 0.5 (Koho koho) | Hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ikaika paʻakikī a me ka ikaika |
| Nickel (I) | 0.5 - 2.0 (Koho koho) | Hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī, hoʻopaʻaʻia |
| Mybrideum (Mo) | 0.1 - 0.3 (Koho koho) | Hoʻomaikaʻi hou i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe |
| Phoshorus (P), Sulfur (S) | ≤ «.03 | Mālamaʻia i kahi liʻiliʻi e pale ai i ka brittleness |
Hoʻolaha i ka Aupuni Hemolele
- 1930S-40s: Nā mea noiʻi ma Kelemānia a me ka U.S. Uaʻike muaʻia ka hoʻololiʻana o ka isothermal i ka hao o Ductile i hanaʻia.
- 1950S: ʻO kaʻoihana kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa i hoʻopaʻaʻia no ka hoʻokeleʻana o nā knuckles a lawe i nā caps, ʻO ka hōʻemiʻana i ka paona o ka paona e 15-20% ua hoʻohālikelikeʻia i ke kila.
- 1970s-90s: ʻO ka paʻakai paʻakai a me nā papa hana a me nā'ōnaehana flidized-flidized Adi 650 (650 MPA UT OTS) i Adi 1400 (1400 MPA UT OTS).
- I kēia mau lā: Ua mālamaʻo ADI i nā piliona o nā'āpana i kēlā me kēia makahiki, Mai nā mea hana pump i makani-turbine hibs.
2. ʻO ke kaʻina Austempering
Ke hoʻololi nei i ka hao ductile i loko o kahi hao ductile ductile (Adi) Nā Hinges ma luna o kahi papa hanaʻekoluʻekolu.
I kēlā me kēia kahua-austetinizing, isothermal quanching, and Kōkuhi'Āina-Must e hoʻomau ma lalo o nā kūlana nānā ponoʻole e hāʻawi i ka makemake Ausfetritic moloka.
Austetinizing
Ka mua, nā mea wela wela i ka 840-950 ° C a e lulu no 30-60 mau minuke per 25 mm o ka pauku. I loko o kēia paʻa:
- Nā kāwele, e hōʻoia ana i ka carbon i nā homogeneously ma keʻano o ka hao hao.
- ʻO kahi mea hoʻomohala Austetitic piha, e hoʻonohonoho ana i ka baseline no ka hoʻololiʻana o ka hoʻololiʻana.
E kāohi ana i ka lewa gurnary-pinepine i ʻO nā wahi i hoʻopauʻia-Prevents i ka oxidation a me ka decarburtion, e hiki ai ke hōʻole i ka paʻakikī.
Isothermal quanching
Koke ma hope o ka austenitizing, E hoʻokaʻawale i ka RAPID i kahi isorthermalʻauʻau mahope o Meaning. Hoʻohui nā pūnaewele maʻamau:
- ʻO kaʻauʻau paʻakai (E.g., Nano₂-Know mokahau) i hoʻopaʻaʻia ma 250-400 ° C
- ʻO nā hulu manu Ke hoʻohana nei i nā one mane a iʻole nā'āpana alumina
- ʻO Pyomer Ticenchants Nā mea hana no ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana i ka wela wela
Nā hōʻailona kī:
- Quedetch helu: Pono e oi aku 100 ° C / s ma o Msia and Bs (Hoʻomakaʻo Martike a me Bainite) nā mahana e pale ai i ka hoʻokumuʻana o ka momi.
- HOIAKI: Nā wahi mai 30 MAKANAKAI (No nā'āpanaʻokoʻa) i 120 MAKANAKAI (No nā'āpana > 50 mm), Eʻae i ka carbon e hoʻokaʻawale a me ka ausferrite e hana ai i nā mea likeʻole.
Ma ka hopena o ka ISOTORLLL HOLD, ʻO ka Microstoructure ferrite interrtwinged me ʻO Carbon-Hoʻohui Austente, Ke hoʻopuka nei i ka hui pūʻana o ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī.
Kaʻoluʻoluʻana a me ka stabilization
Hope loa, Hoʻopau i nā hale kūʻai i kaʻauʻau quanch a me ka maloʻo i ka lewa. Kēia hana:
- Stabilizes i hoʻopaʻaʻia austente, Ke pale nei i ka Martisite i makemakeʻoleʻia ma keʻano hou.
- E hōʻoluʻolu i nā kūlana noho ua hoʻokomoʻia i ka wāʻo REPID Quiking.
A puni, Ke nānā nei ka mahana i ka papa i ka papa e hōʻoia ai i nā'āpana e hele ma waena o ka A₁ Hoʻokani kahi wahi (~ 723 ° C) Ke loliʻole o nā loli.
ʻO nāʻano hana hoʻoikaika koʻikoʻi
ʻEhā mau mea nui e hoʻoikaika ikaika i ka maikaʻi ADI:
- PAUKU PAUKU: Pono nā'āpana Thucker i nā manawa nui; Kōkua nā mea hana simulation e kōkua i ka wānana i nā mea kanu nani.
- Loko o ka hoʻonohonohoʻana: ʻO ka paʻakai paʻakai a me ka wai wai e loaʻa ai ke kahe koko ma waena o ± 5 ° C.
- ʻO kaʻaha hoʻokolokolo Queench: ʻO nā mea kūpono kūpono e pale aku i nā "wela wela" e hiki ke alakaʻi i nā micsstructures.
- OLELO MAINGETRY: Pono nā kihi a me nā mea pili i nā mea e pono ai nā mea hoʻolālā-pono e hoʻoponopono i nā manawa e pono ai.
3. Nā microstructure a me nā mea noiʻi
Puka waho
Ka lama o Adi, puka waho, kūlike:
- Maikaʻi ferrite maikaʻi Nā papa (tion: ~ 0.2 μm)
- Hoʻokomoʻiaʻo Carbon-itridhed austente nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni
ʻO ka maʻamau, he adi 900 Kumu (Uts ~ 900 mpa) piha 60% ferrite and 15% Mālama iā Austente Ma ka leo, me ʻO nā nodule kiʻi AVERIGING 150 nodules / mm².
NODULE Morphology
Nā nodularity kiʻekiʻe (> 90%) and sperical kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi E hōʻemi i nā mea hoʻokūkū koʻikoʻi a hōʻole i nā pale, ka hoʻonuiʻana i ke ola kaumaha e ka 50% ʻO keʻano o ka hao ductile maʻamau.
Kaʻina hana
- Mālama i nā mahana (250 ° C) E hoʻonui i nā'āpana ferite a me ka lōʻihi (elongation ~ 12%).
- Mālama i nā wela kiʻekiʻe (400 ° C) Makemakeʻo Austente a me ka ikaika (UTS i 1 400 Mpa) I ke kumukūʻai o Elongation (~ 2%).
4. Nā mea iʻikeʻia o ka hao duclempered ostempeed (Adi)
| Waiwai | Adi 800/130 | Adi 900/110 | Adi 1050/80 | Adi 1200/60 | Adi 1400/40 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ʻO Austempering Temppering (° C) | ~ 400 | ~ 360 | ~ 320 | ~ 300 | ~ 260 |
| Ikaika ikaika (Mpa) | 800 | 900 | 1050 | 1200 | 1400 |
| Ka ikaika (Mpa) | ≥500 | ≥600 | ≥700 | ≥850 | ≥1100 |
| Ewangantion (%) | ≥10 | ≥9 | ≥6 | ≥3 | ≥1 |
| Hālulu (Mauka Hbwl) | 240-290 | 280-320 | 310-360 | 340-420 | 450-550 |
| Hopena paʻakikī (J) | 80-100 | 70-90 | 50-70 | 40-60 | 20-40 |
| Nā noi maʻamau | Nā lima hoʻopiʻi, nā brackets | Lihao, Nā Kūlana | Nā holohaʻana, Nā lima pōhaku | Kākau, nā brackets | Kauluhi, nā leo, komo i nā'āpana |
'Ikeʻikeʻike:
Adi: ʻO Austempeed Ductile hao
800: e hōʻike ana i ka ikaika o ka ikaika haʻahaʻa o ka mea 800 Mpa
130: Hōʻike ka mea liʻiliʻi loa o ka elongation o ka waiwai 13% (i.e. 130 ÷ 10)
General Noing format: ADI X / y.
X = ka ikaika o ka densile, ma mpa
Y = ka liʻiliʻi loa, i 0.1% (i.e. Y ÷ 10)
5. Kaluhi & ʻO keʻano hana
- ʻO ka momona momona kiʻekiʻe: Adi 900 Uku 200 Mpa a 10⁷ nā kupu, ua hoʻohālikelikeʻia 120 Mpa no ka hao kino drika.
- Ka hoʻomakaʻana: Hoʻomaka i nā mokupuni a Austentite a me nā micro-Vilk, ʻaʻole ma ke kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi, lohi ana.
- ʻO ka paʻakikī (K_IC): Nā wahi mai 30 i 50 Mka · √m, ma ka papa me nā kinipōpō i hala.
6. Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion & Hoʻokōʻana o ke kaiāulu
Mālama a me ka Alloying (E.g., 0.2 wt % Cu, 0.5 wt % I) E hoʻoikaika i ke kū'ēʻana o Adi:
- ʻO nā hōʻike SPRY SPRAY: Hōʻikeʻo Adi kahi hōʻike 30% ʻO nā helu Corrosioni haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka hao ductile i loko 5% Nā Kūlana Nacl.
- ʻO nā wai kaʻa kaʻa: Mālama i ka hana mechanical ma hope 500 huh I nā aila mīkini a me nā mea hoʻohana.
7. ʻO ka hoʻokō a me ka hana a me keʻano kiʻekiʻe
Austente kūpono
Malalo ʻO ka ho'ēmiʻana iā Cyclic (50-300 ° C), Nā mea kūʻai aku Adi >75% o kona ikaika o kona lumi, ke kūpono kūpono no exhaust inifolds and ʻO nā hale heʻe.
Pale pale
A 250 ° C malalo 0.5 Upuna, Hōʻikeʻo Adi i kahi ʻO ka helu CREE-State Crep < 10⁻⁷ S⁻¹, 'Oʻoiaʻiʻo <1% deformation ma luna 1 000 huh of Service.
Akā naʻe,, pono e kaupalenaʻia nā mea hoʻolālā i ka hoʻolahaʻana i < 300 ° C to prevent ausferrite destabilization and loss of hardness.
8. Hoʻolālā & Nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo
- Nā'āpana'āpana'āpana: Nā Kūlana Hoʻohui Austempering > 50 MM me kaʻole o nā hana kiʻekiʻe.
- Markinpalibility: ADI machines like 42 Hrc nā pāpale; ua'ōleloʻia nā wikiwiki eʻoi aku ai i nā'ōwili maʻamau ma keʻano o ka hao 20%.
- Welding & Hōʻano hou: E hana ana i ka ulana ma Marmite; pono prereat (300 ° C) and post-weld ausferritization e hoʻihoʻi i nā waiwai.
Nui loa, Nā Hana Hana (E.g., finite-element solidification models) HELP EVANIO goting and Kāleka for defect-free ADI castings.
9. Nā noi nui & Nā mea hoʻohālike e pili ana i kaʻoihana
- Kaʻa kaʻa: Kauluhi, lihao, Nā'āpana i hoʻokuʻuʻia
- Kahahana: nā mea hana pump, Nā'āpana Valve, nā mea hoʻohālikelike
- Ka ikehu hou: makani-turbine hibs, hydro-turbine shafts
- E puka mai ana: Hoʻohuiʻiaʻo Adi Powsers Adi
10. Hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike me nā kumuwaiwai'ē aʻe
Adi vs.. ʻO ka hao ducle drivat (ʻO Ferritic-Pearlitic Grades)
| Aspect | ʻO Austempeed Ductile hao (Adi) | ʻO ka hao ducle drivat (Kumu 65-45-12, etc.) |
|---|---|---|
| Ikaika ikaika | 800-1400 mPA | 450-650 mpa |
| Ewangantion | 2-13% (depending on grade) | A i 18%, lower for higher strength grades |
| Hālulu | 250-550 hb | 130-200 hb |
| E kāʻei i ke kū'ē | Kūpono (iho iāʻoe iho ma lalo o ka ukana) | Loli |
| Ka ikaika momona | 200-300 mPA | 120-180 mpa |
| Kālā | ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma muli o ka mālama wela | Haʻahaʻa ma muli o ke kaʻina maʻalahi |
ʻO Austempered Ductile Iron vs. Ua hala & Wahine maila (Q&T) Kukui Kekuhi
| Aspect | ʻO Austempeed Ductile hao (Adi) | Ua hala & Pākuʻiʻiaʻo BEEEPE (E.g., 4140, 4340) |
|---|---|---|
| Ikaika ikaika | Hoʻohālikelike: 800-1400 mPA | Hoʻohālikelike a kiʻekiʻe paha: 850-1600 mPA |
| Huakai | ~ 7.1 G / cm³ (10% māmā) | ~ 7.,85 G / cm³ |
| Ka hiki | Luna loa (2-3x ia o ke kila) | Haʻahaʻa |
| Markinpalibility | ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi ma hope o Austempering | Hoʻololi - hilinaʻi i ke kūlana huhū |
| Wawahua | Paʻa, koi i ka wela mua | ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi me nā kaʻina kūpono |
| Kumukūʻai a me ke ola | Haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no nā'āpana | ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ka uku mālama |
Adi vs.. Austempered mardelitic (Amp)
| Aspect | Adi | Austempered mardelitic (Amp) |
|---|---|---|
| Moloka | Puka waho + Mālama iā Austente | Martissite + Mālama iā Austente |
| Paʻakikī | ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma muli o nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi | Haʻahaʻa akāʻoi aku ka paʻakikī |
| Ke hoʻololi nei i ka paʻakikī | ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi ma luna o ka hale noho | Koi i ke kalaʻana i ka mālamaʻana a me ka mālama wela |
| Nā wahi noi | Kaʻa kaʻa, Ke Alanui, Hoʻohana hā'ālua mana | Aerospace, nā mea hana hāmeʻa |
Sustaintability & ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike o ka ikaika
| ʻAnoʻano | EMBEDIED DOX (Mj / kg) | Recyclability rating | Nā lekaʻole |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adi | ~ 20-25 mj / kg | >95% | Hana kūpono; recyclable ma ka hoʻomanaʻoʻana |
| Q&T Steel | ~ 25-35 mj / kg | >90% | ʻO ka hana wela wela a me ka ikaika o ka ikehu |
| Apana Apana Aluminum | ~ 200 mj / kg (wahine) | ~ 70% | Koi ikaika kiʻekiʻe; Ke kaupaona nei |
| ʻO ka hao ducle drivat | ~ 16-20 mj / kg | >95% | ʻO ka hapa nui o ka hana uila |
11. Hopena
ʻO Austempered Ductile hao i nā mea ikaika ikaika o ka hoʻolapalapaʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ke kila e like me ka hana.
Ma ka haku Ke kaʻina hana Austempering, kakai ʻO ka micsstruc moltructic, a me ka hoopau Hoʻolālā Pūnaewele, Wehe i nā meaʻenehana i nā noi mai Automotive e hoʻonui hou i ka ikaika nui, paʻakikī, a me ka uku uku.
E like me ke kaʻina hana, nano -naying, a me ka hoʻohui hoʻohui me ka hanaʻana, Ua hoʻokūkūʻo Adi i ka hālāwaiʻana i nā pilikia o ka lāʻapōpō.
LangHe ʻO ke koho kūpono kūpono no kāu hana hana e pono ai inā makemakeʻoe i ka maikaʻi kiʻekiʻe ʻO Austempeed Ductile hao (Adi) Nā huahana.
