1. Hōʻikeʻike
ʻO ASTM A36 ka kikoʻī maʻamau no ke kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i hoʻohana nui ʻia no nā pā, kinona, nā kaola a me nā ʻāpana welded i ke kūkulu ʻana a me nā noi hoʻolālā maʻamau.
He waiwai no ka wānana, ductile mechanical properties, weldability maikaʻi a me ka loaʻa ākea i nā ʻano huahana he nui.
A36 ʻaihue kīwī ʻaʻole ia he huila ikaika kiʻekiʻe - aia kona hoʻopiʻi i ka hoʻokele waiwai, ʻoʻoleʻa paʻa i nā mahana ambient, a me ka maʻalahi o nā lole.
Pono nā mea hoʻolālā e noʻonoʻo i kona ikaika haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻano ʻino kumu (ʻO ke kila māmā ʻole e ʻele) a me ka paʻakikī paʻakikī i ka wā e hoʻoholo ai inā ʻo A36 ka mea kūpono no kahi ʻāpana a hale paha.
2. He aha ka ASTM A36 Carbon Steel?
ʻO ka ASTM A36 ka kikoʻī maʻamau no kahi kalapona haʻahaʻa, ʻano kila kila i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana maʻamau a me ka hana ʻana.
He wili wela, kila māmā i hoʻolālā ʻia e hāʻawi i ka wānana, ductile mechanical behavior, weldability maʻalahi a loaʻa ākea i nā papa, kinona, nā kaola a me nā huahana wili ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana ʻia no ke kūkulu hale, Nā alahaka, nā kumu mīkini a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka hana maʻamau.
No ke aha e pili ai ka inoa
ʻO ka inoa ʻo "A36" mai ka ASTM kikoʻī kahi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ai ka mea (ASTM A36/A36M).
ʻO ka helu "36" e pili ana i ka ikaika hua liʻiliʻi loa ma ksi (36 ksi ≈ 250 Mpa) pono e hui ka mea i kona ʻano ʻōwili ʻia.
ʻO kēlā metric hoʻokahi ke kumu i mālama pinepine ʻia ai ʻo A36 ma ke ʻano he kila hoʻolālā paʻamau i nā wahi a me nā ʻoihana..
Nā ʻano huahana maʻamau:
- Nā papa ʻōwili wela (mānoanoa mai kekahi mau millimeters a i 150+ mm)
- Nā ʻano hana (O wau, Huh, C, U pauku), nā kihi a me nā kahawai
- Nā BaRS: puni, huinaha a palahalaha (no ka mīkini a me ka hana ʻana i nā blanks)
- ʻO nā ʻōwili a me ka pepa i ʻōwili ʻia (palena mānoanoa)
3. ʻO ka hui kemika o ASTM A36 Carbon Steel
| Mua | Laulā maʻamau (Wt.%) - hōʻike |
| KālekaʻAʻI (C) | ≤ ~0.25–0.29 (NA LAPORL THELELY KOMIA) |
| Mang kāne (Mn) | ~0.60–1.20 |
| Phoshorus (P) | ≤ 0.04 (max) |
| Sulfur (S) | ≤ 0.05 (max) |
| Silikino (A) | ≤ 0.40 - 0.50 (piu) |
| keleawe, I, Cr, Mo | koena a haʻahaʻa ppm pae |
4. Mea Mechanical o ASTM A36 Carbon Steel
ʻO nā waiwai i hōʻike ʻia ʻelele no ka ʻōwili wela, as-rolled ASTM A36. Pili nā waiwai maoli i ka mānoanoa o ka ʻāpana, ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻōwili a me ke kemika wela.
| Waiwai | MAKAINA WAU / Waiwai liʻiliʻi | Nā memo |
| ikaika hua liʻiliʻi (RP0.2) | 36 ksi (≈ 250 Mpa) | Ke kumu o ka inoa A36; e hoʻohana ma ke ʻano he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa no ka hoʻolālā kūkulu mua ʻana ke hōʻike ʻole ʻo MTR i ka waiwai kiʻekiʻe. |
| Ikaika ikaika (Rm) | 58 - 80 ksi (≈ 400 - 550 Mpa) | ʻOkoʻa ka laulā me ke ʻano huahana a me ka mānoanoa; hōʻoia i ka waiwai pololei ma MTR. |
| Ewangantion | ≥ 20% (i 2 i / 50 mm gauge ka lōʻihi) | Hōʻike i ka ductility maikaʻi; emi ka elongation me ka mānoanoa nui. |
| Modulus olasticity (E) | ≈ 200 GPA (29,000 ksi) | Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka waiwai kila kumu no ka ʻoʻoleʻa a me ka helu deflection. |
Modulus shear (G) |
≈ 79 GPA (11,500 ksi) | Hoʻohana ʻia no ka helu torsion a me ka shear deformation. |
| Lakiō o Poisson (n) | ≈ 0.28 | Waiwai maʻamau no nā kila hana haʻahaʻa carbon. |
| Paʻakikī paʻakikī (Hbw) | ~ 120 - 160 Hbw | Ka laulā hōʻike no ke kūlana like-rolled; pili me ka ikaika tensile. |
| ʻO ka paʻakikī o ka hopena Charpy | ʻAʻole i kuhikuhi ʻia e ASTM A36 | ʻAʻole koi ʻia ka paʻakikī o ka hopena; E kuhikuhi i ka hoʻāʻo CVN inā manaʻo ʻia ka lawelawe haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a haʻihaʻi koʻikoʻi. |
5. O ka kino & ʻO nā mea wela o ka ASTM A36 Carbon Steel
ʻO nā helu i hāʻawi ʻia he ʻelele MAKAINA WAU nā waiwai ma kahi a i ʻole kokoke i ka lumi wela ke ʻike ʻole ʻia - pili nā waiwai maoli i ke kemika, ka mōʻaukala ʻōwili/homogenization a me ka mahana.
| Waiwai | Waiwai maʻamau (luna iho) | Palapala hoʻomaʻamaʻa |
| Huakai | ≈ 7.85 g · cad (7850 kg·m⁻³) | Hoʻohana no ka lehulehu, inertia a me ka helu ana i ke kaumaha. |
| Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua, k | ≈ 50–60 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ (≈54 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia ma 20–25 °C) | Hāʻule ka conductivity me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana; mea nui no ke kahe wela, hoʻolālā hoʻoluʻu a kinai. |
| ʻO ka mana wela, cp | ≈ 460–500 J·kg⁻¹·K⁻¹ (hoʻohana ≈ 470 J · kg⁻¹ · ke Kg e like me ka waiwai kūpono ma 20-25 °C) | piʻi ka cp me ka mahana; hoʻomalu i ka ikehu e pono ai no ka wela/hoʻalili ʻana i nā ʻāpana. |
| TRUFMUSIKI, α = k/(ρ·cp) | ≈ 1.4–1.6 × 10⁻⁵ m²·s⁻¹ (hoohana k = 54, ρ = 7850, cp = 470 → α ≈ 1.46×10⁻⁵) | Hoʻomalu i ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka mahana i loko o ka mea (pane wela kuewa). |
| Coefficient o ka hoonui wela laina, αL | ≈ 11.7–12.5 × 10⁻⁶ K⁻¹ (MAKAINA WAU: 12× 10-K⁻¹) | E hoʻohana no ka helu ʻana i ka ulu wela a me ka wehe ʻana i nā hui. |
Hoʻohemo melū (kokoke.) |
Solidus ≈ 1425 ° C; wai ≈ 1540 ° C | ʻOkoʻa iki nā pae hehee/solidus me ka haku mele ʻana. ʻAʻole hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻolālā hoʻolālā maʻamau. |
| Emissivity (pili i ka ʻili) | 0.1 - 0.95 (kila oxidized maʻamau ≈ 0.7-0.9; ʻōlinolino ≈ 0.05-0.2) | E hoʻohana no nā kumu hoʻohālike hoʻololi wela; E koho mau i ka emissivity e like me ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka ʻili a me ke kūlana oxidation. |
| ʻO keʻano o ka uila (luhi) | ≈ 0.10 - 0.20 μΩ·m (≈ 1.0–2.0 ×10⁻⁷ Ω·m) | ʻOkoʻa me ke kemika a me ka mahana; pili i ka hoʻomehana uila a me nā poho eddy-current. |
| ʻO ke ʻano mākēneki | Ferphanevic ma lalo o ka lae Curie (~770 °C no ka hao) | Hoʻopili nā waiwai magnetic i ka NDT (Mpi) a me ka hana hoʻomehana induction. |
6. Hana hana: hana, ka mīkini a me ka hana anu
Hana (anu & wela):
- Hoʻokumu maikaʻi ʻia nā huahana ʻōwili wela A36 ma ke kulou ʻana, kaʻa a me ke kaha kiʻi maʻalahi.
- Keʻano anuanu (kulou ana, noho ') kūpono i loko o nā palena hoʻolālā - e hōʻoia i ka radii piʻo a me nā palena hōʻemi e kūlike me ka mānoanoa a me ka huhū e pale aku ai i ka pohā..
Manaʻo ʻia nā radii piko liʻiliʻi maʻamau i ka hana ʻana i nā papa a hilinaʻi i ka mānoanoa a me ke kūlana wili.
Machimen:
- Maʻalahi nā mīkini A36 me nā mea hana kalapona maʻamau a me ka carbide. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka machinability me nā kila māmā ʻē aʻe; pili nā māmā māmā a me nā hānai.
Nā ukana puʻupuʻu kaumaha, Hiki i nā ʻoki ʻoki hohonu a me ka mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi ʻole ke hoʻoikaika i ka ʻili a hoʻemi i ke ola o ka mea hana.
Nā hopena hana anu:
- ʻO ka piʻo ʻana a i ʻole ke kaha kiʻi ʻana e hoʻonui i ka hua ma ka ʻāina ma ka paʻakikī paʻakikī; hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i ke kaumaha ma hope inā pono e hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka ductility.
7. ʻO ka ulana a hui pū
Wawahua: Kūpono. ʻO ka maʻiʻo kalapona haʻahaʻa a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i kaupalena ʻia e hana maʻalahi iā A36 me nā ʻenehana hoʻohui maʻamau a paʻa. (Smaw, Gtaw, GMAW/MIG, Pcow).
Koho metala piha:
- Nā mea hoʻohana maʻamau: nā lāʻau hoʻopiha kila māmā / uea (E.g., ER70S moʻo no GMAW, E7018 a i ʻole E7016 no SMAW) kūpono no ka ikaika a me ka ductility.
E koho i nā mea hoʻohana e hāʻawi i ka ductile, metala weld kūʻē māwae.
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua a interpass:
- No ka mānoanoa pā maʻamau (<25 mm) a me nā kaiapuni maikaʻi, ʻaʻohe wela mua koi mau. No nā ʻāpana mānoanoa, nā ami kaohi, a i ʻole nā kūlana ambient anu, haahaa haahaa (E.g., 50–150 °F / 10-65 ° C) hoemi i ka pohā o ka hydrogen a me ke koena o ke kaumaha.
He mea nui ka hoomalu ana i ka wela interpass no ka welds multi-pass.
ʻO ka hana wela wela (Pwht):
- ʻAʻole koi ʻia no ka hapa nui o nā hui welded A36. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka PWHT e hōʻemi i ke koena o ke kaumaha a i ʻole ke koi ʻia ke kaʻina hana weld (nā mea koʻikoʻi paʻakikī a luhi paha), akā, nele ka A36 i ka paʻakikī;
Hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia ka PWHT i ka annealing hoʻomaha hoʻomaha (E.g., ~600–650 °C) ma mua o ka paakiki.
8. ʻO ka hana wela: nā mana a me nā palena no A36
ʻAʻole ʻo ASTM A36 kahi huila wela i ka manaʻo o ke kinai & ka paakiki huhu (ʻO ke kalapona haʻahaʻa a me ka nele o ka hoʻohuihui e pale i ka hoʻololi martensitic).
Nā lāʻau wela maʻamau:
- Annalile / Hana maʻamau: hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka palaoa a hoʻihoʻi i ka ductility ma hope o ka hana anu nui a i ʻole ka welding. ʻO nā mahana hoʻohui maʻamau maʻamau ~ 700-900 °C ma muli o ka mānoanoa a me ka hopena i makemake ʻia.
- Sysfe-relief anneal: wela wela (~ 550-650 ° C) e hoemi i ke koena weld stress.
- Quetch & huhū: ʻaʻole kūpono no ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka ikaika ma muli o ke kalapona haʻahaʻa/hardenability; ʻO ke kinai ʻana e hoʻohua i ka paʻakikī liʻiliʻi a me ka distortion nui.
Hoʻolālā Hoʻolālā: mai hilinaʻi i ka mālama wela e hoʻonui i ka ikaika; e koho i ke kila ʻoi aku ka ikaika inā makemake ʻia nā koʻikoʻi i ʻae ʻia.
9. ʻO ka hana ʻino a me nā hoʻolālā pale ʻili
ʻinoʻino i loko: ʻO A36 he kila kalapona ʻole a e ʻino (hana iron oxide) i ka wā e ʻike ai i ka makū a me ka oxygen. Pili ka uku i ke kaiapuni (kaulike, aloha, nā mea haumia).
Nā pale palekana:
- Pūnaehana pena: pnriner + topcoats (epoxy, Poelurhane) he waiwai no ka pale lewa.
Hoʻomākaukau ʻili (pahū abrasive i Sa 2½, SSPC SP10) hoʻomaikaʻi i ka adhesion a me ka lōʻihi. - Garvalirigigling: wela-dip galvalizing (HDG) hāʻawi i ka palekana mōhai; hoʻohana mau ʻia no nā lālā o waho, nā mea hoʻopaʻa a me nā mea i ʻike ʻia i ka wā.
- Mālamaʻo Cashodic: hoʻohana ʻia no nā hale i lalo a kanu ʻia paha (Nā pāpale + Palapala Alamoo).
- ʻO nā hāʻawi ʻino: e kuhikuhi i nā hāʻawi mānoanoa a me nā papa hoʻonohonoho nānā ʻana i nā kaiapuni koʻikoʻi.
Mālama: He mea koʻikoʻi ka nānā ʻana i kēlā me kēia manawa a me ka hoʻopā ʻana no ke ola lōʻihi o ka lawelawe ʻana - ʻo ka hiki ʻole o ka uhi ʻana e hiki ai i ka corrosion kūloko a me ka lua..
10. Nā noi maʻamau o ASTM A36 Steel
ʻO A36 ka koho paʻamau kahi e hoʻokele waiwai ai, ʻO ka loaʻa a me ka maʻalahi o ka hana ʻana he mea nui ia. Hoʻokomoʻia nā noi maʻamau:
- Nā hale kūkulu hale: beams, nā kolamu, nā papa a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana
- Nā alahaka (nā ʻāpana ikaika ʻole), nā ala hele wāwae, nā paepae
- Hana maʻamau: Nā Frame, Kākoʻo, nā kaʻa kaʻa
- Nā kumu mīkini, urowing, ʻāpana ʻaʻole kaomi
- ʻO nā lako a me nā hui welded kahi e pono ai ka ductility a me ka weldability
11. Loaʻa & Nā palena o ka ASTM A36 Carbon Steel
Pono Pono
- Kumukūʻai-kūpono: ʻO ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa ma waena o nā kila hoʻolālā (30-40% ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā kila HSLA e like me A572 Gr.50, 70-80% ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ke kila kila 304).
- ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka weldability: Hoʻopau i ka preheating no nā ʻāpana lahilahi, e hoemi ana i ka manawa hana a me ke kumukuai.
- Hiki maikaʻi ke kaʻina hana: Maʻalahi e hana, huila, a paʻa, kūpono no nā mea maʻalahi a paʻakikī.
- Loaʻa ākea: kaulahao lako honua, me nā ʻano huahana like ʻole (Nā papa, Nā BaRS, kinona, Ua kalaʻia) a me nā nui.
- Ikaika ikaika: Hoʻokō i ka hapa nui o nā koi kūkulu (Nā Puke Static, haahaa dynamic haawe) me ka ʻole o ka ʻenekinia.
Nā palena nui
- ʻAʻohe kūʻē i ka corrosion: Pono e pale i ka ʻili no nā kaiapuni waho a i ʻole ka corrosive; ʻaʻole kūpono no nā noi kai/kemika me ka uhi ʻole ʻia.
- ʻO ka paʻakikī haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa palena: ʻAʻole i hoʻololi ʻia ʻo A36 ma lalo o 0°C, ʻAʻole ʻōlelo ʻia no nā noi cryogenic (E.g., Nā hale Arctic).
- ʻO nā wela-nani-mālama: ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoikaika nui ʻia ma o ka mālama wela (ʻoi loa ka ikaika tensile ~ 550 MPa); ʻaʻole lawa no nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe.
- Ke kū'ē i ka luhi haʻahaʻa: ʻAʻole kūpono no nā haʻawe hoʻoikaika ikaika (E.g., nā'āpanaʻenehana automotive) - e hoʻohana i ka HSLA a i ʻole nā mea hao hao.
12. Hoʻokō maʻamau & Nā Kaulike International
ʻIke ʻia ʻo ASTM A36 ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, me nā kūlana like ma nā wahi ʻoihana nui, e hōʻoia ana i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā palena palena:
| Kahuna | Kūlana Kaulike | Mākaʻikaʻi kahua noho | Nāʻokoʻa kī |
| Europa | I 10025-2:2004 | S235JR | Haʻahaʻa hoʻohua ikaika (235 Mpa vs. 250 MPa no A36 ≤19 mm); like ductility a weldability. |
| Kina | Gb / t 700-2006 | Q235B | Ka ikaika 235 Mpa; ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka phosphorus/sulfur (≤0.045% vs. ʻO A36 0.040% P, 0.050% S). |
| Iapana | HE G3101:2015 | SS400 | ʻAʻole i kuhikuhi ʻia ka ikaika hua (tersele 400-510 Mpa); kūlike no nā noi hoʻolālā. |
| ʻInia | Oe 2062:2011 | E250A | Ka ikaika 250 Mpa; kūpono me A36 i ka hana a me nā mīkini. |
13. Ka hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike — A36 vs. ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ke kila kila
| Aspect | A36 (baseline) | A572 Gr 50 (Hsla) | A992 (Nā hiʻohiʻona socialral) | A514 (Q&T pā ikaika kiʻekiʻe) |
| Papa metallurgical | Haʻahaʻa-carbon kila māmā (ʻōwili wela) | Ikaika-ikaika, haʻahaʻa-alilo (Hsla) | HSLA hoʻolālā me ke kemika hoʻomalu ʻia no nā kiʻi | Ua hala & wahine maila, kiʻekiʻe-ikaika alloyed pā |
| Hua liʻiliʻi maʻamau | 36 ksi (≈е50 MPA) | 50 ksi (≈345 MPa) | 50 ksi (≈345 MPa) | 100 ksi (≈690 MPa) |
| Ka laulā tensile maʻamau | 58-80 ksi (≈400–550 MPa) | 60-80 ksi (≈415–550 MPa) | 60-80 ksi (≈415–550 MPa) | ~110–140 ksi (≈760–965 MPa) (nāʻano likeʻole ma ka papa) |
| Ewangantion | ≥ ~20% (pili i ka mānoanoa) | ~18–22% ('āpana'āpana) | ~18–22% | Haʻahaʻa — pinepine ~ 10–18% (pauku a me ka wela) |
| Wawahua (hale kūʻai) | Kūpono; nā mea hoʻohana maʻamau | Maikaʻi loa; hana like me A36 | Maikaʻi loa; i kuhikuhi ʻia no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā kolamu/kaola | ʻOi aku ka koi - pono e hoomaluia ka wiliwili; preheat/interpass a me ka WPS kūpono e koi pinepine ʻia |
Hiki ke mālama wela |
ʻAʻole hiki ke mālama i ka wela no ka ikaika | ʻAʻole i manaʻo ʻia no ke kinai ʻana; hoʻoikaika ʻia e ka hana kemika/thermomechanical | ʻAʻole hiki ke mālama i ka wela no ka hoʻoikaika ʻana | Hana wela (Q&T) - ikaika i loaʻa ma ke kinai ʻana & huhū |
| Paʻakikī / ʻano haʻahaʻa wela | Maikaʻi no ka lawelawe maʻamau; e kuhikuhi i ka CVN inā pono | ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī ma luna o A36 (ma muli o spec) | Maikaʻi - kemika kikoʻī no nā ʻāpana kūkulu a me ka paʻakikī i hoʻomalu ʻia | Hiki ke loaʻa ka paʻakikī maikaʻi inā kuhikuhi ʻia, akā pono ka mana; pilikia o ka hana ma'alahi inā 'a'ole i ho'olako pono 'ia |
| NoMame & ʻO ka hana anuanu | ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi | Maikaʻi loa, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kua; liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ma mua o A36 | Maikaʻi no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole | Limited — ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me A36/A572; ʻAʻole ʻōlelo ʻia ka hana anu no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikaika piha |
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā pae mānoanoa o ka pā/ʻano |
Lehulehu, waihona wili maʻamau | Lehulehu; loaʻa maʻamau i ka pā a me nā ʻano | ʻO ka nui o nā ʻano a me nā kaola ākea ākea | ʻO ka pā kaumaha maʻamau (Nā'āpana Thuker) no nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe |
| Nā noi maʻamau | Nā papa hana maʻamau, nā brackets, nā lālā koʻikoʻi ʻole | Nā alahaka, nā lālā kūkulu hale, nā ʻāpana hoʻolālā kahi i ʻae ʻia ke koʻikoʻi e hōʻemi i ke kaumaha | Nā lāʻau lapaʻau ākea / kolamu i loko o nā hale - kūlana ʻoihana no nā ʻano hana | Nā papa mīkini ikaika kiʻekiʻe, mea eli, nā lālā hoʻolālā koʻikoʻi |
| ʻO nā kumuwaiwai pili | Hoʻohaʻahaʻa (waiwai loa) | Loli | Loli (like me A572) | High (uku no ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me Q&T hana) |
| Hoʻolālā kālepa | Uku haʻahaʻa, hana maʻalahi akā ʻoi aku ka kaumaha | Mālama kaumaha, ʻoi aku ke koʻikoʻi ʻae ʻia, ka mana hana ʻokoʻa haʻahaʻa | Hoʻolālā ʻia no ke kūkulu ʻana i ka hana kila (pauku tolerances, ʻeleu ʻeleʻele) | Hiki ke hoʻemi nui i ke kaumaha akā pono i ka wiliwili / hana a me ka NDE |
14. Ke Kekauple, mālama a hana hou
Ola lawelawe: Me nā'ōnaehana pena maʻamau a me ka mālama, ʻO nā ʻāpana hoʻolālā A36 ka mea maʻamau i nā makahiki i hala i ka lewa haʻahaʻa. Pono nā wahi ʻino a i ʻole ka moana i ka mālama ʻana a i ʻole ka galvanizing.
Hōʻano hou & mālama: He maʻalahi ka hoʻoponopono Weld. Nā nānā hale, ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka corrosion a me ka recoating i ka manawa e hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola.
Recyclabiality: Hiki ke hana hou ʻia ke kila (kekahi o nā mea ʻenekinia hana hou ʻia). Hoʻopau koke ʻia ka ʻōpala A36 i loko o nā kapuahi uila (Kamaoaf) a i ʻole nā wili hui; hiki ke ho'ākāka i nā mea i hana hou ʻia.
15. Hopena
ʻO ASTM A36 kila māmā/haʻahaʻa kalapona he mea pōhaku kihi no ka hana kila maʻamau no ka mea e hui pū ʻia ka hoʻokele waiwai, ʻike ʻia nā waiwai ductile a me ka hana pololei.
ʻO ia ke koho kūpono i ka wā e kūlike ai nā ukana a me nā kūlana kaiapuni i kāna envelop hoʻolālā a inā ʻo ka maʻalahi o ka hana ʻana a me ke kumu kūʻai ke kumu nui..
Akā naʻe,, i ka wā i ʻae ʻia nā koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui, HE KAHAI HAim ANA, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a i ʻole ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion, pono nā mea ʻenekinia e loiloi i nā kila kūkulu ʻoi aku ka ikaika, Nā huila HSLA, nā kila hoʻoheheʻe a i ʻole nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kūʻokoʻa e like me ke kūpono.
