6061 Aluminim vs. 7075 Aluminum

1. Hōʻikeʻike

ʻElua o nā mea i hoʻohana nuiʻia e hoʻohanaʻia 6061 vsa. 7075 aluminum.

ʻOiai noʻelua no ka 6xxx a me 7xxx series, Pauliu, ʻO kā lākou mau Chemistries a me nāʻano hana maikaʻi loa.

NOEHUI, nā poʻe hoʻolālā i ka aterpace, aitompetitive, Marine, a me nā ʻoihana hāmeʻa pono e koho i ka alloy e kūlike me kā lākou mau koi kikoʻī.

Hōʻike kēia ʻatikala i kahi kikoʻī, ka nānā ʻana i nā manaʻo nui o 6061 kūwaho 7075 aluminum.

E ʻimi mākou i kā lākou haku mele, hoʻohālikelike i nā ʻano mekini a me ke kino, e nānā i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka hana, e loiloi i ke kumukūʻai a me ka loaʻa, a hāʻawi i nā alakaʻi kūpono no ke koho ʻana i ka alloy.

2. Nā mea kanu o nā 6061 vsa. 7075 Aluminum

3. Hoʻohālikelikeʻia nā mea hoʻohuiʻikei

E hoʻomaopopo pehea 6061 vsa. 7075 Hanaʻiaʻo Alumini Alloys i ka lawelawe, Pono nā Engineers e hoʻohālikelike i ko lākou ikaika, ka ikaika, kumaikalua, paakiki, a me kaʻehaʻeha o kaʻeha ma waena o nā mea maʻamau.

4. O ka kino & Nā manaʻo nani o 6061 vsa. 7075 Aluminum

5. Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion & Hana kūlohelohe

ʻO Oxʻi'Ā & Hoʻolauna

E hoʻomohala nā alloysʻelua, adreint al₂o (2-5 nm mānoanoa) aneane hiki i kaʻikeʻana i ka lewa. Ua kū'ē kēia kiʻi Student.

Pitting & Intergranur corrosior

• 6061: Kona keleawe (Ç0.40 %) a laiina (Ç ».80 %) Mālama i ka paleʻana o ka piko maikaʻi-i loko o nā acidly acidin a iʻole chloride-laden.
  I ka astm b117 Saly-Saly, 6061 kū'ē maʻamau i ka lua ʻana luna 200 Nā hola hola me ka uhi ole.
• 7075: Zink kiʻekiʻe (5.1-6.1 %) a me ke keleawe (1.2-2.0 %) hoʻonui nā pae i ka maʻalahi i ka lua, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ion chloride.
  Nui loa, hiki i ka huhū T6 ke hoʻoulu i nā palena o ka palaoa, e alakaʻi ana intergranur corrosior ina aole overaged (T73).
  Ma na hoao ana i ka paakai, 7075-Hōʻike paha ʻo T6 i ka lua i loko 50–100 hola ke ole anodized a sila pono.

Nā mea kino kino

• Anodizing:

• • 6061: Hana maikaʻi ma lalo o Type II (lupulakai) aodize, e hana ana i ka 5–15 µm oxide e pale ana i ka luhi a me ka pala.
    Hiki i ke ʻano ʻaʻahu paʻakikī III ke hiki i 15-25 µm no ka pale ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu.
  • 7075: Pane maikaʻi ʻole i ka anodize sulfuric ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o nā mea hao; Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka mea hoʻomālamalama a i ʻole chromic acid anodize e mālama i ka pono o ka ʻili.
    Pono e hana pono ʻia ka ʻaʻahu paʻa i mea e pale ai i nā pilikia o ka sila; He mea nui ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ma hope o ka anodizing no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka chloride lōʻihi.

• Nā constings: Chromite hoʻololi (Inidite) ma 6061 Hāʻawi 1000 h+ ola paʻakai,
  heaha 7075 koi pinepine i ka trivalent zinc phosphate a i ʻole hex-chromate lapaʻau a me nā topcoats organik e hoʻokokoke i ka hana like.

ʻO ka hakakāʻana o ke kaumaha (SCC) Ke hoʻopau nei

• 6061: Hōʻike i ka liʻiliʻi o ka pilikia SCC i nā ʻano hoʻonohonoho ambient a me ka ʻinoʻino ke mālama pono ʻia ka wela (T6 a i ʻole T651).
• 7075: Ma T6, 7075 Ua kaulana ʻo ia i ka SCC ma lalo o ke koʻikoʻi tensile a me nā kūlana humid.
  Overaging i T73 Oole T76 hiki ke hoʻemi i ka SCC ma o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā η-precipitates, ma ka lilo o ~10–15 % ikaika.
  Pono nā mea hoʻolālā e noʻonoʻo i nā pale pale a i ʻole nā ​​ʻano ʻokoʻa no ka koʻikoʻi, kaiapuni pulu.

6. Wawahua & Ka lole o 6061 vsa. 7075 Aluminum

6061 Aluminum

Wawahua: Kūpono. ʻO nā kaʻina hana maʻamau (GMAW/MIG, Gtaw / huli, kuʻi kūʻē, ʻO ka pīhoihoi i ka uēʻana) holomua me ka māwae liʻiliʻi.
Loaʻa nā mea hoʻopihapiha hoʻopihapiha maʻamau 4043 (Al-5Si) and 4047 (Al-12si).

• Ka ikaika ma hope o ka weld: Ma hope o ka welding, ʻO kahi mokuʻāina e like me T6 ua hoʻopilikia ʻia; koi pinepine nā ʻāpana weld T4 + T6 ka elemakule hou e loaa hou ~ 90 % o ka ikaika nui.
• Kāle Uhiʻi: Kakaikahi ma 6061 ina e wela mua (80–120 °C) a hoʻohana ʻia nā māmā holo haʻahaʻa.

Markinpalibility & Hana: Palapala maikai (~ 60–70 % no 2011 hoʻoili), me ka māmā māmā (200-300 m / i) a me nā mea hana carbide.

7075 Aluminum

Wawahua: Paʻakikī. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o Zn a me Cu nā mea i hoʻoulu i ka wela a me ka nalowale o ka huhū.

• ʻO ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe maʻamau:ʻO ka pīhoihoi i ka uēʻana (FSW)—makemake ʻia no ka mea e pale ana i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a mālama i ka nui o ka wela kumu.
• Fusion ulding: I ka wā e pono ai, GTAW me 5356 Kāla Rulu hiki ke hoʻohanaʻia, aka, o ka wahi wela (HAZ) loaʻa i ka nalowale ikaika.
  Post-weld, a T73 a i ʻole T76 ka ʻelemakule hou he mea nui ia e hoʻihoʻi hou i kekahi ikaika a hōʻemi i ka pilikia SCC.

Markinpalibility & Hana:

• Markinpalibility: Maikaʻi loa i kaʻilihune (40-50 % no 2011 hoʻoili), e koi ana i nā hānai lohi (100-200 m / i) a me ka mea hooluolu ikaika.
• Hana: Limited anu formability; hoʻonā pinepine ʻia nā ʻāpana (410 ° C), kinai koke, a laila hana mehana e hōʻemi i ka māhā.

7. Kālā, Loaʻaʻia & Kahi hoʻokumu

Nā kumukūʻai pili pili

• 6061: Kūʻai maʻamau a puni $2.50–$3.00/kg (ma muli o ka pepa, papaʻi, a iʻole extussion).
• 7075: Kauoha i ka uku ma kahi o $3.00–$3.80/kg, Oole 20-30 % ma mua o 6061, e hōʻike ana i konaʻike kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻoili kūikawā.

Nā kumuwaiwai & Nā Kūlana Kūlana

• 6061: Loa loa a paʻa loa i loko she wallpaper (0.5-300 mm), papaʻi, Nā BaRS, tuku, and Kuhi. ʻO nā manawa alakaʻi 2-4 mau pule No nāʻano hana maʻamau a iʻole nāʻano.
• 7075: ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea maʻamau papaʻi (a i 200 mm mānoanoa), Ua kalaʻia, and Nā Papa Manaʻo.
  ʻO ka loaʻaʻana o ka loaʻaʻana o ka loaʻaʻana, a alakaʻi i nā manawa alakaʻi i 6-8 mau pule No nā'āpana-nui.

Alakaʻi i nā wā & Nā Palapala Kūʻai

• 6061: ʻO ka lawelaweʻana o ka honua a me ka recyclability a me ka recyclability e hōʻoia i ka hopena kūpono, ʻOiai ke koi nei i nā spekes i loko o ka kaʻa kaʻa a iʻole nā'āpana kūkulu.
• 7075: Hiki i nā fnoctucations ma Aerospace ke kumu hiki ke kumu i nā pōkole kūponoʻole-no nā papa nui (> 100 mm) a iʻole nā ​​hōʻailona kiʻekiʻe (T6 / T73).
  Pono maikaʻi nā kauoha hoʻolālā i mua.

8. Nā noi o 6061 Aluminim vs. 7075 Aluminum

Ke kuhikuhiʻana i ka alumini no ka noi noi, Pono nāʻenehana i nā kaulike kaulike, Ke kaumaha, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, a me ka mea hana.

6061 Aluminum (US a96061)

Marine a me ka hoʻomaʻiʻana

• Nā moku moku a me nā scanchions: Welded 6061-t6 t6 tubing counters cortswater ma lalo o ka type II Aladize, pinepine ma 1 ½–2 in. NO.
• Hale Pum Bilge: ʻO nā kino make-cast a mīkini 6061-T651 e kūpaʻa i ka hoʻomau mau ʻana a hāʻawi i ka hana leak-leak..
• Lako Paa (ʻO nā kāleʻa, Maka Paa): Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia a hoʻolei ʻia paha i ka 6061-T6 no ka lōʻihi lōʻihi; hōʻike hoʻāʻo paʻakai > 1 000 h i ka lua mua.

ʻO ka hana moʻomeheu a me ka hoʻolālā

• Na Pani Puka Puka: 6061-T6 extruded profiles (E.g., 2 i. × Nokia 3 i. pauku) ma nā ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe e noho ʻole ka corrosion no 20+ makahiki ma kahakai.
• ʻO nā kiaʻi a me nā Balustrades: Weled 6061-T6 hui me 1 i. nā koho kūkaʻi a me 1 i. Hāʻawi nā lima lima i ka ikaika ʻelua (Hāleʻa ≈ 275 Mpa) a me ke kū'ēʻana.
• E kakau inoa i na pou a me na kokua: ʻO nā paneli metala-metala i hana ʻia a me nā pale welded i hana ʻia mai ka 6061-T4/T6 e mālama i ka paʻa ʻana o ka nui i nā loli wela mai −20 °C a 50 ° C.

Autoomotive a me ka halihali

• Nā lālā Papa Māmā: 6061-T6 nā lālā keʻa i hoʻokuʻu ʻia a me nā pale kaʻa noho (Hāleʻa ≈ 275 Mpa) ho'ēmi i ke kaupaonaʻana ma luna o 15% versus mild steel cheel me kaʻole o ke kaumahaʻana.
• Nā'ōlelo aʻoaʻo a me nā'āpana chassis: Welded 6061-t651 tubing (E.g., 2 i. × Nokia 2 i. nā'āpana pahu) kākoʻo i nā mea uku i ka wā e kū ai i ke alaʻala-paʻakai.
• ʻO nā kāpena kālā i hoʻopauʻia: ʻO CNC-MACEVED 6061-T6 CAPS i nā kaila cyclic e hoʻomau ana i ka 120 ° C a hāʻawi i ke kauʻana i ka paleʻana i ka nānāʻana i nā apo i loko o nā radiators a me nā condensers.

Nā mea hoʻohana uila a me nā wela wela

• ʻO nā kelepona a me nā papaʻaina wela: Pio 6061 nā kiʻi kiʻi (300 mm × 100 mm × 10 MM Fins) ʻO ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka hana o ka mālamaʻana i ka 6061 (~ 167 wa / m · K) e hōʻole i ka 50-100 w mai CPUS.
• Nā'āpana pālani a me nā chassis: ʻO nā'āpana-metal 6061-T4 / T6 panels (1-3 mm mānoanoa) pale i nā electronics mai emiʻoiai e mālama ana i ka hoʻopauʻana i kahi leki.

Hvac a me nā lako hana

• ʻO nā mea hoʻonani: Die-hoʻolei a hoʻolei paha i nā lā he 6061-T6 mau mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia i ka hoʻouluʻana 100 ° C, Me ka strain creep < 0.5% luna 10 000 h at 50 Mpa.
• Pump ideller i nā pale: ʻO nā vanes 6061-T6 i hoʻolei ʻia i ka mīkini e kū i ka kahe wai mau, e hōʻike ana i ka ʻaʻahu maikaʻi loa a me ka pale ʻana i ka erosion.

7075 Aluminum (Mākou a97075)

Aerospace a me ka pale

• Nā Kāleʻa Spar Wing a me nā Papa Fuselage: ʻO nā ʻāpana 7075-T6 i ʻōwili ʻia a paʻi ʻia (E.g., 50 mm × 150 mm nā ʻāpana) pale i nā haʻawe piʻo pōʻaiapuni o 350 MPa no > 10⁶ nā kupu.
• Na Lai Hoopae: 7075-T651 kalaiwa (ka mānoanoa o ka pā 20-50 mm) hāʻawi i ka ikaika kūloko > 500 MPa a me −40 °C, koʻikoʻi no nā haʻahaʻa touchdown kiʻekiʻe.
• ʻO nā mea hoʻolālā Missile a me Rocket: Hana ʻia i ka mīkini 7075-T73 (huhū) pale aku nā ʻāpana i ke koʻikoʻi-corrosion māwae i loko o nā wahi hoʻokuʻu-pad haʻahaʻa.

ʻO kahi kaʻa kiʻekiʻe & Motorport

• ʻO nā lima hoʻokuʻu ʻia a me ka pahu pahu Roll Cage: ʻO nā paipu 7075-T6 i hana ʻia e CNC (E.g., 40 mm OD, 3 mm pā) hoʻomanawanui i nā koʻikoʻi torsional > 1 500 Nm oiai e hoemi ana unsprung mass e ~ 30%.
• Nā huila hoʻopāpā Turbocharger: 7075-T6 impellers (20–40 mm anawaena) hoʻomau i ka wikiwiki o ka lau > 100 m/s a pale aku i ke kolo ma 200 ° C no > 1 000 huh.

Nā lako hāmeʻa

• ʻO nā FICYCLE FUMS a me nā papa: 7075-ʻO T6 Tig-Weld Dug TUBMTS (E.g., 28 mm mai × 1 mm pā) kaupaona ~ 1.2 kg no kahi papa piha piha a me ka hoʻopiliʻana i nā ukana momona o 250 Mp on ~ 10⁶ km o ke kohu leo.
• Ke hoʻopaʻa neiʻo Snowboard i nā papa: ʻO ka 7075-T6 mau papa (150 mm × 100 mm × 5 mm) pale aku i nā ukana make > 3 kn at -20 ° c me ka deformation deformation (< 0.5 mm).

Nā'āpana i hoʻohuiʻia

• Nā Kūlana Kūlana Optical: 7075-T73 mau papa papa hana (300 mm × 200 mm × 10 mm) E hoʻopaʻa i ke kuleana i ± 0.05 mm ma ka hanaʻana i nā mahana o 20-40 ° C me kaʻole o ka creep.

Nā'āpana mīkini kiʻekiʻe

• ʻO nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā'āpana: CNC-Makihana 7075-T6 Housings (mānoanoa 15-30 mm) pale aku i nā kaumaha kūloko > 600 Mpa, e hiki ai i nā hana hoʻohālikelike hou aku no nā hoʻoiho kiʻekiʻe.
• Nā pipiʻi i nā makana a me nā kāne kāne: Hākūʻia, T6 7075 ʻO nā mea i kūʻaiʻia ma Steel-BIELD ma 7075-T651 mau kino e hāʻawi i ka pale i lalo 500 ° C a me nā mea hoʻokūkū kelepona > 800 Mpa.

9. Nā noʻonoʻo kānāwai & Nā Kūlana Kūʻai koho

ʻO ke kālepa-ikaika-i-kaumaha

• Koho 7075 Inā noi kāu hoʻolālā i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a iʻole ka ikaika i kēlā me kēia papa hana,
  ʻO Aerospace Wing i nā mea hoʻohālikelike a iʻole nā ​​mea hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū ma kahi e kaupaona ai i nā mea kaumaha o 15-25 % ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka wellingtability.
• Koho 6061 I ka manawa kūpono (310 MPA TENNERILE) ʻO nā manawa a me ka wā e pau ai ka lōʻihi a me ka uku a me ka hanaʻana i nā mea hana-e like me nā mea i hanaʻia e nā mea noi a iʻole nā ​​noi automotive.

Kaiualoa & Nā mea kūlohelohe nā'ōlohelohe

• 6061 e ulu i ka haʻahaʻa, kailoa, a iʻole nā'ōnaehana ACIDIC ACIDIC-E.G., ʻO ka hana'ilikikia, Ka Haleakae, ʻO nā mea kūʻai akuʻo Folar Pand-no ka mea haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (< 0.40 %) Hoʻemi i ka loaʻaʻana o ka loaʻaʻana.
• 7075 pono e kaupalenaʻia e hoʻopiliʻia a iʻoleʻia. Inā hoʻohana i waho, noi paʻakikī paʻakikī (Tymei) a me nā sila me ka acetate necket.
  HE MAU NUI, E noʻonoʻo iā T73 huhū e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kū'ē scc akā eʻae iā ~ 10 % ikaika ikaika.

Welded vs. Machine vs. Hoʻolei i nā māhele

• 6061 he kūpono no nā mea i halaʻoleʻia: MINALL, ʻO ka ikaika post-weld (~ 80-99 % o ka papa), a me ka launa pū me nā uea hoʻopihapiha maʻamau.
• 7075 ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i mālama ʻia no machine Oole Hapai ʻāpana kahi liʻiliʻi a hoʻololi ʻia paha e ka wili ʻO ka pīhoihoi i ka uēʻana. E pale i nā humuhumu weld nui, ke ole ka piha makahiki hou (T73 a i ʻole T76) hiki ke hiki.

ʻO ka loiloi uku uku

• Ina kumu kūʻai kumu he kumu hoʻokele, 6061 (≈ $2.50/kg) ʻo ka maʻamau he 20-30 % ʻoi aku ma mua o 7075 (≈ $3.00/kg). No nā hale nui, hui keia margin.
• Ina hana ma ka nuipa he koʻikoʻi—e.g., Ke mālama nei 2 kg ma a 50 kg hui—7075 hiki ke hoapono i kona uku.
  Akā naʻe,, pono kekahi e helu i nā koina hana hou: 7075 hoʻonui pinepine i ka manawa machining (20 % ʻoi aku ka lohi o ka hānai) a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela inā makemake ʻia ka wili.

10. Kū like & Nāʻaoʻaoʻekahi

ʻO ka hana wela wela

• 6061: Ke hoʻokolohua nei nā mea noiʻi Rra ka- (Hoʻihoʻi hou a ʻelemakule) e pana i nā ikaika T6 ma luna 350 Mpa ʻoiai e mālama ana i ka ductility.
  Hōʻike nā hopena mua i kahi 5-10 % loaʻa ka ikaika me ka nele o ka elongation.
• 7075: Novel nā kaʻina o luna-Sich e like me T76 (120 ° c × 24 h ukali ia e 160 ° c × 8 huh)—hiki ke hoopau i ka SCC oiai e malama ana i ka ≈ 90 % o ka T6 570 Mpa.
  Ke puka mai nei kēia mau kaʻina hana i nā kahua aerospace kahi i ʻoi aku ai nā palena palekana ma mua o ka ikaika maka.

ʻO nā'ōnaehana a me nā mea hoʻonā

• Nā Pepa ʻaʻahu: Ma ka laminating 6061 luna 7075 nā lole, hana nā mea hana i nā paneli e hui pū ana i ka ikaika koʻikoʻi o 7075 me ka weldable o 6061, corrosionion-resistant.
  Hōʻike nā hoʻāʻo e hiki ke kākoʻo i kēlā mau cores 30 % ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ukana i loko o nā panela sandwich ʻoiai e mālama ana i ka pono o waho i nā lewa corrosive.
• Metala-Matrix Composite (MMC): Hoʻokomo i nā nanoparticles SiC i loko o kahi 6061 Oole 7075 ke hoʻokolokolo ʻia nei ka matrix no nā hui aerospace o ka hanauna e hiki mai ana.
  Hōʻike ʻia nā prototypes mua 20 % hoʻonui i ka ʻoʻoleʻa me ka hoʻopaʻi haʻahaʻa liʻiliʻi, akā ke hoʻomau nei ka ʻenehana ma muli o ka paʻakikī o ka hana.

Hoʻohui hoʻohui hoʻohui

• Powder-Fed Fusion: Paʻi ʻana o 6061 ke nee nei ka pauda, loaʻa kokoke-100 % mānoanoa a me ka tensile ikaika o 280 Mpa i nā ʻāpana i kūkulu ʻia.
  Akā naʻe,, 7075 Ke kū nei ʻo PBF i nā pilikia: ka pohā wela ma muli o ka paʻa wikiwiki.
  Hōʻike ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela in-situ i loko o ke keʻena kūkulu - hoʻokahi haʻawina i hōʻike ʻia 200 Mpa tensile in as-built 7075, e ala ana i 450 Mpa ma hope o ke kūkulu ʻana i ka ʻelemakule.
• Kuhikuhi i ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka ikaika (DED): Hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, DED o 7075 uhi ʻia ma luna o ka ʻaʻahu 7075 hiki i nā forgings ke hoʻihoʻi a hiki i 90 % o ka ikaika kumu.
  Eia naʻe, ʻO ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka dilution a me ka microstructure e noho mau ana i kahi pilikia ʻenehana.

11. He aha kaʻokoʻa ma waena 6061 and 7075 alluinum alloy?

Eia kahi pōkole papa hoʻohālikelike ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena 6061 vsa. 7075 Apana Apana Aluminum:

12. Hopena

Lākahi, ke koho ma waena o kēia mau mea ʻelua Apana Apana Aluminum e pili ana i nā mea nui o ka noi:

• E koho 6061 no na hale wiliwiliia, ma haole featty, papaʻi nā hopena hōʻike, a me nā mea hana maʻamau i loaʻa ka ikaika haʻahaʻa, ka maʻalahi o nā fabrication, a ʻo ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion lōʻihi ka mea nui.
• E koho 7075 no nā ʻāpana hana kiʻekiʻe i ka aerospace, Motorport, a me ka pale ma hea ʻO kēlā me kēia kilokani i mālama ʻia e unuhi ʻia i nā loaʻa hana maoli—ʻoiai nā mea hoʻolālā e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka SCC a e ʻae i ka wiliwili ʻoi aku ka paʻa a i ʻole ka hana ʻana.

E nānā ana, ka holomua ʻana i nā ʻenehana mālama wela (E.g., ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana a me ka ʻelemakule hou no 6061,

hou overaging protocols no 7075) a me nā hoʻonā mea hybrid (e like me ka ʻaʻahu a i ʻole nā ​​laminates composite) e hoʻohiki e hoʻopōʻino hou i nā laina ma waena o kēia mau ʻāpana.
Akā naʻe,, ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke koho ʻana i nā mea i kahi ʻike maopopo o kēlā me kēia huila ikaika, kumaikalua, Pūnaewele kūleʻa, a me ka mea hana,

hiki i nā ʻenekinia ke hoʻomau i ka hāʻawi palekana, kumu kūʻai, a me nā hoʻolālā hana kiʻekiʻe ma ke ʻano o nā noi alumini hou.

 

LangHe Hāʻawi i ka hilinaʻi, kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe i hana ʻia nā ʻāpana i kūpono i nā kūlana honua koʻikoʻi.

Inā makemake kāu papahana i ka mīkini pololei, nā hoʻolei ʻana i ka corrosion, a i ʻole nā ​​hana hoʻoheheʻe i hana ʻia, LangHe ʻo kāu hoa hana hilinaʻi.

Kāhea iā mā˚ou I kēia lā e kūkākūkā i kāu papahana hou.