Nā mea nānāʻole i loko o ka 316 Hāʻawi kaʻohana i ke kū'ē kū'ē, ʻO ka hana mechanication, a me nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi.
Akā naʻe,, ʻO Subtled Alloying hoʻololi i ka hoʻololiʻana o ka crabon 316L(1.4404 / 1.4432)a iʻole i hoʻohuiʻia i loko 316No(1.4571)-ʻO nā mea inu nui e pili ana i keʻano ma nā wahi kaua, ʻO nā wahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, a me nā noi kūikawā.
ʻO kēia hoʻohālikelike hohonu i nā mea e weheʻole ai i kā lākou mau chemistries, Nā Manaʻo Metrics, a me nā kālepa kālepa pono, hiki i nā mīkini hana e koho i ka papa kiʻekiʻe no nā kūlana lawelawe.
1. Alloy chemistry & ʻO nā hoʻolālā stabillization
I ka puʻuwai o kēlā me kēia papa hana i ka mea maʻamau 16-18% chromium, 10-14% nickel, 2-3% molybdelum Manoi. Eia naʻe, ʻO nāʻano liʻiliʻi e hāʻawi i nā hopena nui:
| Mua | 316 | 316L | 316No |
|---|---|---|---|
| KālekaʻAʻI (max) | 0.08% | 0.03% | 0.08% |
| Titanium | - | - | 0.5-0.7% |
| Chromium | 16-18% | 16-18% | 16-18% |
| Nickel | 10-14% | 10-14% | 10-14% |
| Mybrideum | 2-3% | 2-3% | 2-3% |
| Wood (≈) | 20 | 20 | 20 |
- 316L (1.4404/316S1, 1.4432/316S13) Loaʻa i ka "kūlana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa", Keiki K <0.03% No ka paleʻana i ka chromium-Carbide i ka manawa i loko o ka 425-815 ° C Sentitization.
- 316No(1.4571)emulates i ka paleʻana ma ka hoʻohuiʻana i ka 0.5-0.7% titanium, ʻO nā mea hea nā carbontrides titnium (No(C, N)) ʻO kēlā kalepa o ke kalaiwa ma mua o nā chromium carbides ke hana.
NOEHUI, ʻO ka 316l a me 316TI resist Controlular i hoʻonohonohoʻia (Igc) pono, Ahea i UnMODIFED 316 koi pono i ke kāohiʻana i nā mea wela wela a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau.
2. Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion & Intergranilaular
Ke kohoʻana i nā mea hele kū'ēʻole no nā noi koʻikoʻi, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, ke kū'ē kū'ē i ka hoʻouka kauaʻana (Iika), ʻo ka pinepine pinepine ka manaʻo.
Oiai 316, 316L (1.4404/316S11 a me 1.4432 / 316S13), and 316No(1.4571)nā mea hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū e kaʻana like i kahiʻano ākea likeʻole, ko lākouʻano ma lalo o nā kūlana kūpono e hoʻopaʻaʻia i nā ala nui.
E hōʻoia pono i ke koho koho kūpono, He mea nui ia e nānā i kā lākou hana mai nā hana maʻamau a me nā mea maʻamau, Kākoʻoʻia e kaʻikepili empirical.
ʻOihana Laulāula'āinaʻo ka lehulehu
ʻEkolu mau heluʻekolu-316, 316L, a me 316ti-e hāʻawi i ke kū'ē i ka paleʻana i ka corrosion maʻamau ma kahi ākea ākea, mua ma muli o ko lākou chromium kiʻekiʻe (16-18%) ʻo Mybdelum (2-3%) anter.
I nā hopena o nā mea hoʻoponopono, e like me 3.5% Nacl ma 25 ° C, Hōʻike ka hōʻikeʻana i ka hōʻikeʻana i ka hana aneane 0.02 i 0.04 MM / makahiki ma waena o nā heluʻekolu.
Ke hōʻike nei i nā pihi PolaridArize 0.02-0.05 Ma / cm², e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻokumuʻana o nā kiʻi kūʻai paʻa a me ke ola pono'ī.
I nāʻenehana Acidicial Acidic, e like me ka dilly sulfuric acid (Holak₄, 1 M), ʻO nā kaupaona momona momona e hōʻoia i nā helu pohō nui i hoʻohālikelikeʻia no nā helu āpau, AVERIGING 0.015 g / cm² · h.
Pela no, No ka hoʻolahaʻana o ka maʻamau, ʻAʻole i noho ma waena o ka hopena 316, 316L, a 316ti.
Ke kū'ē i ka hoʻouka kauaʻana (Iika)
Akā naʻe,, E piʻi nā paʻakikī i ka wā i hōʻikeʻia ai nā huahana i keʻano haʻahaʻa, aneane 425° C a 815 ° C.
I loko o kēia puka aniani, Hiki ke loaʻa i nā palena chromium ma nā palena he nui, e alakaʻi ana i keʻano kūloko, E hui pū me ka carbon e hui pū me ka chromium e hana i nā chromium chromium (Cr23c6).
Kuhiʻia ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana o ka hana ma lalo nei:
| Kumu | NA MANAOLO DOLIAMERA (%) | Paʻakikī paʻakikī | Astm A262 E hoʻomaʻamaʻa E ho'āʻo (Kaumaha emi) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 316 | ≤ 0.08 | High | 0.015-0.025 g |
| 316L | ≤ 0.03 | Haʻahaʻa loa | < 0.002 g |
| 316No | ≤ 0.08 + No | Haʻahaʻa loa | < 0.001 g |
- 316 Kila kohu ʻole: Me kahi kiko'ī maʻamau maʻamau (≤0.08%), 316 E koho pono i nā chromititates chromium chromium i ka wā i hōʻikeʻia ai ka wela, ka hanaʻana i ka hoʻouka kauaʻana i ka intergranuular a iʻole ka wikiwiki a iʻole ka hopena-anened ma hope o ka welding.
- 316L fesalless kila: ʻO ka "l" e hōʻike i nā "haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa", ≤ ≤0.03%.
ʻO kēia hōʻemi nui i hōʻemi i ka chromimizes chromium carbide i ka wā hoʻomaha, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ke kū'ēʻana i ke kū'ēʻana.
Astm A262 hana e hōʻoia e hōʻoia i ka momona momona haʻahaʻa, Ke hoʻokumuʻana i 316L e like me kahi koho hilinaʻi nui loa no nā hana i hanaʻia. - 316Ti mea kila: Ma kahi o ka hilinaʻiʻana ma ka hoʻokele carbon, 316E hoʻohui i ka Titarium (~ 0.5%) e hana hou i nā carbides titinium (TIC) a ko Carboverrides.
ʻO kēia mau mea hoʻohui i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe aʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale i ka chromium mai nā palena palaoa, Ke hoʻonohonoho pono nei i ka mea e kū'ē i ka ISA.
I nā hua'ōlelo kūpono, ʻO ka 316l a me 316ti e hāʻawi i nā mea likeʻole e like me ka mea i hoʻopiliʻia i loko o nā noi o nā hana maʻamau.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻEnehanaʻo Stabilization Mechanim, a me kēia mauʻokoʻa e hoʻohālikelike ai i ka hana mechanical, E like me ka huliʻana ma hope.
3. ʻO ka hana mele mele kiʻekiʻe
I ka nui o nā lawelawe lawelawe ma mua 600 ° C, 316No (1.4571) Hōʻike i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ikaikaʻana i ka ikaika:
| Keka ao | 316L yield ka ikaika | 316Ti e hāʻawi i ka ikaika |
|---|---|---|
| 650 ° C | ~ 60 mpa | ~ 80 mpa |
| 700 ° C | ~ 45 mp | ~ 65 MPA |
| 750 ° C | ~ 30 mpa | ~ 45 mp |
Eia hou, creep relatture ola a 700 ° C COPENT E KOLOHE 20-30% me 1.4571 kūwaho 1.4404,
e hana ana i ke koho koho no furnace muffles, ʻO nā Tubes wela, a me kekahi nā mea lawelawe e hoʻomau nei I ka 600-800 ° C Rub.
He ʻokoʻa, 1.4404ʻO ka ikaika e hāʻule i luna 600 ° C, Ke hoʻopauʻana i kāna mau noi noi-kiʻekiʻe.
4. Huahuai, Hana & Markinpalibility
ʻOiaiʻo kāna mau kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻe, 316No (1.4571) Hāʻawi i nā hana kālepa-hana i nā mea hana i kēlā me kēia lā:
- Hopena paʻakikī: At -50 ° C, 316Ti chapy v-nonch ikehu 10-15 j, ua hoʻohālikelikeʻia 20-25 j No ka 316l-kahi hōʻailona o ka hoʻemiʻana i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
- Keʻano anuanu: ʻO nā carliotrides porniumum, ka hoʻonuiʻana i nā kumukūʻai hana-paʻakikī e 10-15% a hōʻemi i ka hana hoʻokō ma mua o kaʻokiʻana.
- Markinpalibility: Hōʻike Hōʻike Shop 25% lole lole kiʻekiʻe I ka wā ma ka lā 316ti, kalaiʻia e ka paʻakikī ti(C, N) Nā Manaʻo.
Like, 316L kūwaho i loko hohonu loa, Ka pāpaleʻana, and machining, Ke hoʻolauleʻa nei i kaʻoi loa o ka lōʻihi a me nāʻano papa kiʻekiʻe.
No laila, no ka Nā'āpana helu, nā wahiʻala hohonu, Oole ʻO ka machight kiʻekiʻe, 316L pinepine e hōʻoia hou i nā kumukūʻai hou.
5. Hoʻopau ʻili & Keʻano kūpono
Pono nā Polishers: 316No'S PRICS Carliotride nā mea iʻikeʻia i kekahi manawa e like me ka "stiet-huelo" i ka wā e pau ana (Bsen 10088-2:1995 ʻAʻole. 8).
Ma ka hoʻohālikelike, 316L (1.4404/1.4432) ʻO nā mea hou aʻe e like me nā papa e like me nā Ra < 0.2 }m Loaʻa ma nā'ōnaehana uila uila.
NOEHUI, nā noi noi Pūnaewele Pūnaewele, Nā Kūlana Kūʻai Kūʻai, Oole Nā lako hana o Plarmaceutical makemake maʻamau i ka 316l.
6. ʻO keʻano kūloko: Pitting & SCC
Hiki i keʻano o ka lehulehu o General Corrosion ma waena o nā helu, aka, ke kū'ē kū'ē (anaʻia e ka piko o ka helu kūlike, Wood) and ʻO ke kūleʻaʻana o ke kalaʻana (SCC) Hiki i nā paepae hiki:
- I 3.5% Nacl i 25 ° C, Uaʻoi aku ka nui o ka piʻiʻana +500 mV vsa. Ag / Agcl no ka 316l a me 316ti.
- Akā naʻe,, ʻO nā ho'āʻo lōʻihi lōʻihi 50 ° C Hōʻike ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā pits ma kahi cm² I ka 316l (≈2 Pits / cm²) ma mua o 316ti (≈5 Pit / cm²), paha ma muli o ke koena o ka sulfur a iʻole nā manaʻo.
- Hōʻike nā hōʻike SCC i ka hoʻopiliʻana i ka mgcl₂ hōʻike a 30 ° C lalo no 316ti versus 316l, Ke manaʻo nei i ka manaʻo nui loa.
No laila, i chrloside-waiwai, ʻO nā wahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, 316L ʻO ka paleʻana o ke aupuni kūloko.
7. Wawahua & ʻO ka hana wela wela
Elua 316L (1.4404/1.4432) a 316ti Wākē E maʻalahi me nā mea maʻamau 316L. Eia naʻe:
- 316L fet Hāʻawi i ka paleʻana o Robus Corrosion i loko o ka undertal metal a hoʻopau i ka hopena weld-feent.
- 316No (1.4571) Nā hana i kekahi manawa pono ʻO nā mea hoʻopiʻi Niobium-Stabium (E.g., En iso he 1600-s ncr20nn) e mālama i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻe i ka haz.
- Rus-Line Attack, kahi'ōwili i hoʻopiliʻia i loko koke o ka laina fusion, hiki i ka lā 316ti haz inā he lohi ke kumu o keʻano o ka maikaʻi.
Ma ka hōʻuluʻulu, 'ōnaehana lāʻau Eʻike i nāʻeha liʻiliʻi a me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa me 316L weld freated, e pili ana i nā mea hao makua.
8. Nā noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo & Loaʻaʻia
Mai kahi kūlana kūpono, 316L (1.4404/1.4432) nā kumukūʻai maʻamau 10-15% liʻiliʻi per kiloggram ma mua o 316No (1.4571), e hōʻike ana i ka uku o ka hoʻonuiʻana i nā noi batinium a me nā pale kūpono maikaʻi.
Eia hou, ʻO ke kumukūʻai o ka honua o 316l ma mua o 316ti e kahi mea o 5:1, Ke hōʻoia nei i ka wā pōkole ke alakaʻi i nā manawa a me nā wahi ākea.
NOEHUI, no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa- i nā papahana haʻahaʻa-haʻahaʻa, 316L pinepine i hāʻawi pinepine i ka hui maikaʻi o ka hana a me ka hoʻokele waiwai.
9. Noi & Nā koho koho
| Kūlana lawelawe | ʻO ka papa koho | 'Āpana |
|---|---|---|
| Lumi-lumi, hana i hanaʻia | 316L | Ke kū'ē neiʻo Magc igc, paʻakikī, huhu |
| Ke hoʻomau nei iā 600-800 ° C i hōʻike | 316No | Hoʻonui i ka ikaika, Kau Creep |
| ʻO Pharma & ʻO ka ho'ōlaʻana i ka meaʻai | 316L | ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻana, ʻO nā wahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa |
| Nā'āpana hohonu a iʻole paha | 316L | ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ʻO ka hana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa |
| Nā'āpana kiʻekiʻe-chrlode | 316L | ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā paepae / scc |
| Nā kīʻaha koʻikoʻi me nā ukana wela | 316No | ʻO Microstrucle, hōʻemiʻia ka hopena paʻakikī |
10. Nāʻokoʻa ma waena 316 vs 316l vs 316ti mea kila kila
| KākauohaHuna | 316 | 316L | 316No |
|---|---|---|---|
| NA MANAOLO DOLIAMERA | ≤ 0.08% | ≤ 0.03% | ≤ 0.08% + Hoʻohuiʻiaʻo Titaria |
| ʻO keʻano hana | Nookahi | Ke kala kala | Titanium (No) Hoʻopaʻaʻia |
| Pale aku i ka corrosition intergranur | Loli (Ma hope o ka welding) | High (ʻOiai ma hope o ka welding) | High (ʻOiai ma ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe) |
| Ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe (>600° C) | Ilihune | Ilihune | Kūpono |
| Pitting a me ka pale scc | Maikaʻi loa | ʻOi loa ka maikaʻi | Loli |
| Wawahua | Loli (ka pilikia o kaʻike) | Kūpono (ʻAʻoheʻike) | Maikaʻi loa, Akā e koi i nā mea hou |
| ʻO ka hana anuanu | Maikaʻi loa | Kūpono | Loli (haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa) |
| Hoʻopau i ka hopena (ʻO ka hoʻopololei) | Maikaʻi loa | Kūpono | E pohō i nā meaʻala |
| Kālā | Papa kuhikuhi | 5-10% kiʻekiʻe aʻe 316 | 15-20% kiʻekiʻe aʻe ma mua o 316l |
| Loaʻaʻia | 'Ōulaʻula | 'Ōulaʻula | 'Ōula (Nui) |
| Nā noi maʻamau | Ka hoʻohanaʻana o kaʻoihana | Hana i hanaʻia, Marine, olakino | Nā lako hana kiʻekiʻe, Nā meakino, nā ipu koʻikoʻi |
11. Hopena
I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, 316L (1.4404/1.4432) kū i waho e like me ka ʻO ka hana hana, Ke hāʻawi nei i ka paleʻana o ka corrossion, wawahua, kumaikalua, a me ke kumukūʻai-kūpono ma waena o ka nui o nā noi.
He ʻokoʻa, 316No (1.4571) e nānā i loko ka mahana kiʻekiʻe, creep-senply nā wahi, kahi i mālamaʻia ai kāna papa matchnium ma luna o ka ikaika a me nā microstructural kūpono ma luna 600 ° C.
Ma ka mālama ponoʻana i keʻanoʻoihana, Nā koi WELD, Nā manaʻo i hoʻopauʻia, a me nā mea kūʻai aku.
Hiki i nā mīkini ke hoʻohana i kēia mau meaʻike e kuhikuhi i keʻano he 316-series alloy, e hōʻoia ana i ka hana a me ka waiwai ma luna o ke ola lawelawe o kaʻoihana.
LangHe ʻO ke koho kūpono kūpono no kāu hana hana e pono ai inā makemakeʻoe i ka maikaʻi kiʻekiʻe nā huahana kila kila.
